RESUMEN
Intensive Care to facilitate Organ Donation (ICOD) consists of the initiation or continuation of intensive care measures in patients with a devastating brain injury (DBI) in whom curative treatment is deemed futile and death by neurological criteria (DNC) is foreseen, to incorporate organ donation into their end-of-life plans. In this study we evaluate the outcomes of patients subject to ICOD and identify radiological and clinical factors associated with progression to DNC. In this first prospective multicenter study we tested by multivariate regression the association of clinical and radiological severity features with progression to DNC. Of the 194 patients, 144 (74.2%) patients fulfilled DNC after a median of 25 h (95% IQR: 17-44) from ICOD onset. Two patients (1%) shifted from ICOD to curative treatment, both were alive at discharge. Factors associated with progression to DNC included: age below 70 years, clinical score consistent with severe brain injury, instability, intracranial hemorrhage, midline shift ≥5 mm and certain types of brain herniation. Overall 151 (77.8%) patients progressed to organ donation. Based on these results, we conclude that ICOD is a beneficial and efficient practice that can contribute to the pool of deceased donors.
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Cuidados Críticos , Obtención de Tejidos y Órganos , Humanos , Estudios Prospectivos , Masculino , Femenino , Obtención de Tejidos y Órganos/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , España , Adulto , Lesiones Encefálicas , Muerte Encefálica , Unidades de Cuidados IntensivosRESUMEN
With the aim of consolidating recommendations about the practice of initiating or continuing intensive care to facilitate organ donation (ICOD), an ad hoc working group was established, comprising 10 intensivists designated by the Spanish Society of Intensive Care and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC) and the Spanish National Transplant Organization (ONT). Consensus was reached in all recommendations through a deliberative process. After a public consultation, the final recommendations were institutionally adopted by SEMICYUC, ONT, and the Transplant Committee of the National Health-Care System. This article reports on the resulting recommendations on ICOD for patients with a devastating brain injury for whom the decision has been made not to apply any medical or surgical treatment with a curative purpose on the grounds of futility. Emphasis is made on the systematic referral of these patients to donor coordinators, the proper assessment of the likelihood of brain death and medical suitability, and on transparency in communication with the patient's family. The legal and ethical aspects of ICOD are addressed. ICOD is considered a legitimate practice that offers more patients the opportunity of donating their organs upon their death and helps to increase the availability of organs for transplantation.
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Cuidados Críticos/normas , Trasplante de Órganos/métodos , Donantes de Tejidos , Obtención de Tejidos y Órganos/métodos , Muerte Encefálica , Lesiones Encefálicas , Comunicación , Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Muerte , Toma de Decisiones , Ética Médica , Humanos , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Atención Dirigida al Paciente , Sociedades Médicas , España , Cuidado Terminal/métodos , Obtención de Tejidos y Órganos/éticaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of screening history on the incidence of cervical cancer from 2000 to 2010 in Asturias. DESIGN: Retrospective study. LOCATION: All public hospitals in Asturias. MEAN MEASUREMENTS: From 374 women diagnosed with cervical cancer were retrieved. Clinical information, FIGO stage and all previous cytological data were extracted from clinical and histopathological records. Proportional differences were assessed using chi-square tests. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Women between 25 and 70years had no records of a previous cytology within 5.5years of cancer diagnosis in 65.6%. This proportion was related with older age, presence of symptoms and an advance tumor stage at diagnosis. Women over 70years old had no records of a previous cytology in 83.3%. CONCLUSION: An organized cervical cancer screening program and optimal quality of the system, monitored through audits, could help to reduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Asturias.
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Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/diagnóstico , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/mortalidad , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Contribution over time of human papillomavirus (HPV) types in human cancers has been poorly documented. Such data is fundamental to measure current HPV vaccines impact in the years to come. We estimated the HPV type-specific distribution in a large international series of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) over 70 years prior to vaccination. Paraffin embedded ICC cases diagnosed between 1940 and 2007 were retrieved from eleven countries in Central-South America, Asia and Europe. Included countries reported to have low-medium cervical cancer screening uptake. Information on age at and year of diagnosis was collected from medical records. After histological confirmation, HPV DNA detection was performed by SPF-10/DEIA/LiPA25 (version1). Logistic regression models were used for estimating the adjusted relative contributions (RC) of HPV16 and of HPV18 over time. Among 4,771 HPV DNA positive ICC cases, HPV16 and HPV18 were the two most common HPVs in all the decades with no statistically significant variations of their adjusted-RC from 1940-59 to 2000-07 (HPV16-from 61.5 to 62.1%, and HPV18-from 6.9 to 7.2%). As well, the RC of other HPV types did not varied over time. In the stratified analysis by histology, HPV16 adjusted-RC significantly increased across decades in adenocarcinomas. Regarding age, cases associated to either HPV16, 18 or 45 were younger than those with other HPV types in all the evaluated decades. The observed stability on the HPV type distribution predicts a high and stable impact of HPV vaccination in reducing the cervical cancer burden in future vaccinated generations.
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Papillomavirus Humano 16/genética , Papillomavirus Humano 18/genética , Invasividad Neoplásica/genética , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/epidemiología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Asia , América Central , ADN Viral/genética , ADN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Europa (Continente) , Femenino , Papillomavirus Humano 16/clasificación , Papillomavirus Humano 16/patogenicidad , Papillomavirus Humano 18/clasificación , Papillomavirus Humano 18/patogenicidad , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Invasividad Neoplásica/patología , Adhesión en Parafina , Estudios Retrospectivos , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/genética , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/virologíaRESUMEN
The aims of this study were to assess the overexpression of p16 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cervical carcinoma tissue blocks and to determine its concordance with the human papillomavirus (HPV) status using the SPF10-LiPA25 polymerase chain reaction System and its correlation with the histologic type of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) and individual HPV genotypes. A total of 205 retrospectively collected ICC cases were analyzed by p16 immunohistochemistry. HPV detection was performed by polymerase chain reaction using SPF10 broad-spectrum primers, followed by deoxyribonucleic acid enzyme immunoassay and genotyping by reverse hybridization line probe assay (LiPA25). Of 205, 188 analyzed (91.7%) ICC cases showed p16 overexpression, whereas 181 (83.3%) cases were HPV positive using HPV LiPA testing. One hundred and seventy four (84.9%) cases were both p16 and HPV LiPA positive, indicating a positive concordance of 89.9% between both techniques (κ index agreement of 0.43; P<0.001), and no statistically significant difference (McNemar test, P>0.05). Squamous cell carcinomas were strongly positive compared with the adenocarcinomas (93.6% vs. 75% of the cases, respectively). When performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cervical tissue specimens, the higher positivity rate of p16 immunohistochemistry as compared with HPV DNA testing may allow identifying HPV-related ICC cases in which HPV testing was negative.
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Carcinoma/virología , Inhibidor p16 de la Quinasa Dependiente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/virología , Carcinoma/metabolismo , ADN Viral/análisis , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Hibridación in Situ , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/metabolismoRESUMEN
Mucormycosis is an invasive opportunistic fungal infection with high mortality, mainly detected in people with COVID-19, especially those with underlying diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Mucormycosis prevalence is 0.005 to 1.7 cases per million inhabitants, and it has been increasing in countries like India and Pakistan. This mycosis can affect different organs, and clinical manifestations reflect the transmission mechanism. Frequent forms are rhino-orbital-cerebral and pulmonary. This disease should be suspected in patients with necrotic injuries on mucous membranes or skin. We present a case of a patient with diabetes mellitus and diagnosed with oral mucormycosis associated with COVID-19.
La mucormicosis es una infección fúngica oportunista e invasiva, con una elevada tasa de mortalidad. Se ha detectado principalmente en pacientes con COVID-19, especialmente en personas con enfermedades concomitantes como la diabetes mellitus. La prevalencia de las mucormicosis es de 0,005 a 1,7 casos por millón de habitantes y ha ido en aumento en países como India y Pakistán; puede afectar diferentes órganos y su forma clínica refleja el mecanismo de transmisión. Entre las formas frecuentes están la rino-orbital-cerebral y la pulmonar, por ello, debe sospecharse mucormicosis en los pacientes con lesiones necróticas en mucosas o piel. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con antecedentes de diabetes mellitus que fue diagnosticado con mucormicosis oral asociada a la COVID-19.
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COVID-19 , Mucormicosis , Humanos , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , COVID-19/complicaciones , COVID-19/epidemiología , Complicaciones de la Diabetes , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Enfermedades de la Boca/microbiología , Mucormicosis/complicaciones , Mucormicosis/epidemiología , Mucormicosis/diagnósticoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution in invasive cervical cancer (ICC) is critical to guide the introduction and to assess the impact of HPV prophylactic vaccines. This study aims to provide specific information for Spain. METHODS: 1043 histological confirmed ICC cases diagnosed from 1940 to 2007 from six Spanish regions were assembled. HPV DNA detection was performed by SPF(10) broad-spectrum PCR followed by deoxyribonucleic acid enzyme immunoassay and genotyping by reverse hybridization line probe assay (LiPA(25)) (version 1). RESULTS: Of 1043 ICC cases, 904 were HPV DNA positive (adjusted prevalence: 89.1%). The eight most common types, in decreasing order, were HPV 16, 18, 33, 31, 45, 35, 52 and 56, accounting for more than 90% of cases. HPV 16 and 18 contributed to 72.4% of all HPV positive ICC cases. In cervical adenocarcinomas, this contribution increased up to 94%. HPV 16 and 18 relative contributions showed a stable pattern over the 60 year study period. HPV 45, 18 and 16-positive ICC cases presented at younger ages than cases with other HPV types (adjusted mean age: 43.8, 45.2, 52.6 and 57.7 years, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: HPV 16 and 18 accounted together for a 72.4% of positive cases, with no statistically significant changes in their relative contributions over the last decades. In 94% of cervical adenocarcinomas we identified at least one of the two HPV types included in the current vaccines (HPV 16/18). Results suggest a major impact of HPV vaccines on reduction of ICC burden in Spain in the HPV vaccinated cohorts.
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Alphapapillomavirus/genética , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/epidemiología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/virología , Adenocarcinoma/epidemiología , Adenocarcinoma/virología , Adulto , Anciano , Alphapapillomavirus/inmunología , Alphapapillomavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Genotipo , Papillomavirus Humano 16/genética , Papillomavirus Humano 16/inmunología , Papillomavirus Humano 16/aislamiento & purificación , Papillomavirus Humano 18/genética , Papillomavirus Humano 18/inmunología , Papillomavirus Humano 18/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/genética , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/inmunología , España/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Knowledge about the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in invasive cervical cancer is crucial to guide the introduction of prophylactic vaccines. We aimed to provide novel and comprehensive data about the worldwide genotype distribution in patients with invasive cervical cancer. METHODS: Paraffin-embedded samples of histologically confirmed cases of invasive cervical cancer were collected from 38 countries in Europe, North America, central South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Inclusion criteria were a pathological confirmation of a primary invasive cervical cancer of epithelial origin in the tissue sample selected for analysis of HPV DNA, and information about the year of diagnosis. HPV detection was done by use of PCR with SPF-10 broad-spectrum primers followed by DNA enzyme immunoassay and genotyping with a reverse hybridisation line probe assay. Sequence analysis was done to characterise HPV-positive samples with unknown HPV types. Data analyses included algorithms of multiple infections to estimate type-specific relative contributions. FINDINGS: 22,661 paraffin-embedded samples were obtained from 14,249 women. 10,575 cases of invasive cervical cancer were included in the study, and 8977 (85%) of these were positive for HPV DNA. The most common HPV types were 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, and 58 with a combined worldwide relative contribution of 8196 of 8977 (91%, 95% CI 90-92). HPV types 16 and 18 were detected in 6357 of 8977 of cases (71%, 70-72) of invasive cervical cancer. HPV types 16, 18, and 45 were detected in 443 of 470 cases (94%, 92-96) of cervical adenocarcinomas. Unknown HPV types that were identified with sequence analysis were 26, 30, 61, 67, 69, 82, and 91 in 103 (1%) of 8977 cases of invasive cervical cancer. Women with invasive cervical cancers related to HPV types 16, 18, or 45 presented at a younger mean age than did those with other HPV types (50·0 years [49·6-50·4], 48·2 years [47·3-49·2], 46·8 years [46·6-48·1], and 55·5 years [54·9-56·1], respectively). INTERPRETATION: To our knowledge, this study is the largest assessment of HPV genotypes to date. HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, and 58 should be given priority when the cross-protective effects of current vaccines are assessed, and for formulation of recommendations for the use of second-generation polyvalent HPV vaccines. Our results also suggest that type-specific high-risk HPV-DNA-based screening tests and protocols should focus on HPV types 16, 18, and 45.
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Adenocarcinoma/virología , Carcinoma Adenoescamoso/virología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/virología , ADN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/virología , Adenocarcinoma/epidemiología , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Adenocarcinoma/prevención & control , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Carcinoma Adenoescamoso/epidemiología , Carcinoma Adenoescamoso/patología , Carcinoma Adenoescamoso/prevención & control , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/prevención & control , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Pruebas Genéticas , Genotipo , Humanos , Cooperación Internacional , Modelos Lineales , Modelos Logísticos , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Invasividad Neoplásica , Papillomaviridae/inmunología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/patología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/uso terapéutico , Adhesión en Parafina , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Estudios Retrospectivos , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/epidemiología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/patología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The incidence of thyroid disfunction has not been analyzed in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Our objective was to analyze the relationship of the thyroid profile and in-hospital mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. This was a prospective single-center study involving critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU of a tertiary University Hospital. Thyroid hormones were measured through drawing blood samples from a central venous catheter at ICU admission and on the fifth day. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the variables associated with mortality. The ability of the different thyroid hormones to predict in-hospital mortality was evaluated by calculating the receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) and the area under the curve (AUC). A total of 78 patients were included in the study at ICU admission; 72 had their thyroid profile measured at day 5. In-hospital mortality reached 29.5%. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that variables associated with mortality were age and prior beta-blocker therapy at ICU admission and age fT4 at day 5. The AUC for in-hospital mortality predictions of fT4 at day 5 was 0.69. Thyroid responses are commonly observed in critically ill COVID-19 patients. fT4 at day 5 after ICU admission was associated with mortality.
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Introducción: la osteoartritis de rodilla (OR) se define como una enfermedad crónica, inflamatoria, degenerativa y progresiva, caracterizada por el deterioro del cartílago articular. Tiene manifestaciones clínicas y etiológicas diferentes según el grupo etario y se encuentra asociada con múltiples factores que intervienen en la fisiopatología, entre los que están: edad, raza, sexo, sobrepeso, obesidad y síndrome metabólico. Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo que influyen en el proceso degenerativo de la OR en la adultez temprana y tardía. Materiales y métodos: revisión sistemática de la literatura científica en diferentes bases de datos que incluyeron estudios de cohorte, transversales, casos y controles, evaluando los factores de riesgo predisponentes. Resultados: se seleccionaron 50 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios, identificando diferentes factores que afectan el desarrollo o progresión de la OR como las alteraciones metabólicas, sistémicas y estilo de vida que influyen en esta patología, además de factores modificables y no modificables. Conclusión: la OR es una afección de carácter multifactorial, donde la obesidad, la hipertensión arterial (HTA), el índice de masa corporal (IMC) elevado, los niveles altos de LDL, la debilidad muscular e incluso la profesión del paciente, son los principales factores predisponentes para desarrollar o aumentar su progresión.
Introduction: knee osteoarthritis (OA) is defined as a chronic, inflammatory, degenerative, and progressive disease, characterized by articular cartilage deterioration. It has different clinical and etiological manifestations according to age group and multiple contributing pathophysiological factors, among which are: age, race, gender, overweight, obesity and metabolic syndrome. Objective: to determine the risk factors leading to knee OA degenerative process in early and late adulthood. Materials and methods: a systematic review of the scientific literature which included cohort cross-sectional case-control studies evaluating knee OA predisposing risk factors, in different databases. Results: fifty articles which met the criteria and identified the various predisposing factors for developing knee OA such as metabolic, systemic and lifestyle alterations, in addition to modifiable and non-modifiable factors, were selected. Conclusion: knee OA is a multifactorial condition, where obesity, hypertension, high body mass index (BMI), high LDL levels, poor muscular strength and even the patient Ìs occupation are the main predisposing factors for developing or increasing knee OA progression.
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Humanos , Adulto , AncianoRESUMEN
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief as it contains inappropriately manipulated images in Figure 7B. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter, and apologies are offered to the readers of the journal that this problem was not detected during the submission process.
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The application of a copper IUD can perforate completely the uterus and involve adjacent organs such as the bladder, small bowel, colon, rectum or appendix. Once the diagnosis is established, complete extraction must follow. We present a case report of a 33 year-old patient in which a copper IUD was placed in a medical office, three months after a third cesarean, without history of sepsis. Ninety days after placement, the patient complained of menstrual irregularities (opsomenhorrea) without any other symptoms. On physical examination with speculum, the IUD's guide strings were not visible; a transvaginal USG was performed without visualization of the IUD in the uterine cavity. An abdominal CAT scan showed the presence of the IUD outside the uterus. Hysteroscopy-laparoscopy was performed with transoperatory fluoroscopy, which revealed the copper IUD inside the yeyunum, a complete extraction followed with entero-entero anastomosis. This case will show that IUD placement is not innocuous and that adjacent organ damage must always be considered and resolved immediately.
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Perforación Intestinal/etiología , Dispositivos Intrauterinos de Cobre/efectos adversos , Enfermedades del Yeyuno/etiología , Perforación Uterina/etiología , Adulto , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos del Sistema Digestivo/métodos , Femenino , Migración de Cuerpo Extraño , Humanos , Perforación Intestinal/diagnóstico , Perforación Intestinal/cirugía , Enfermedades del Yeyuno/diagnóstico , Enfermedades del Yeyuno/cirugía , Yeyuno/diagnóstico por imagen , Yeyuno/lesiones , Yeyuno/cirugía , Laparoscopía , Radiografía , Resultado del Tratamiento , Perforación Uterina/diagnóstico , Perforación Uterina/cirugía , Útero/lesiones , Útero/cirugíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe prior negative screening history and symptoms around the time of diagnosis of incident cervical cancer (CC) cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2010 within the Asturias public health system. METHODS: Records from 374 women diagnosed with CC between 2000 and 2010 from all public hospitals in Asturias were retrieved. Clinical information, FIGO stage and all previous cytological data were extracted from clinical and histopathological records. Proportional differences were assessed using chi-square tests. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Inter-observer agreement in cytology was checked by comparing concordance values using k-statistics. RESULTS: No prior screening history was recorded in 60.7% of CC cases and its absence increased with age and advanced stage. Advanced stage (e.g., ≥ II) at diagnosis was associated with age (>50 years) and adenocarcinoma (ADC) compared to younger women and those with a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). False negative smears were identified in 27.1% of women with CC (ADC 52.6% vs. SCC 16.2%, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Absence of prior screening history was common among CC cases. Organized actions to reduce "under screening" and the use of highly sensitive HPV-based tests could be useful strategies in reducing the burden of CC in Asturias.
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Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Tardío , Errores Diagnósticos/estadística & datos numéricos , Detección Precoz del Cáncer/estadística & datos numéricos , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Detección Precoz del Cáncer/psicología , Reacciones Falso Negativas , Femenino , Humanos , Hallazgos Incidentales , Persona de Mediana Edad , Variaciones Dependientes del Observador , Oportunidad Relativa , Vigilancia en Salud Pública , Análisis de Regresión , Estudios Retrospectivos , España , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Invasive penile cancer is a rare disease with an approximately 22 000 cases per year. The incidence is higher in less developed countries, where penile cancer can account for up to 10% of cancers among men in some parts of Africa, South America, and Asia. OBJECTIVE: To describe the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA prevalence, HPV type distribution, and detection of markers of viral activity (ie, E6*I mRNA and p16(INK4a)) in a series of invasive penile cancers and penile high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HGSILs) from 25 countries. A total of 85 penile HGSILs and 1010 penile invasive cancers diagnosed from 1983 to 2011 were included. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: After histopathologic evaluation of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples, HPV DNA detection and genotyping were performed using the SPF-10/DEIA/LiPA25 system, v.1 (Laboratory Biomedical Products, Rijswijk, The Netherlands). HPV DNA-positive cases were additionally tested for oncogene E6*I mRNA and all cases for p16(INK4a) expression, a surrogate marker of oncogenic HPV activity. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: HPV DNA prevalence and type distributions were estimated. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: HPV DNA was detected in 33.1% of penile cancers (95% confidence interval [CI], 30.2-36.1) and in 87.1% of HGSILs (95% CI, 78.0-93.4). The warty-basaloid histologic subtype showed the highest HPV DNA prevalence. Among cancers, statistically significant differences in prevalence were observed only by geographic region and not by period or by age at diagnosis. HPV16 was the most frequent HPV type detected in both HPV-positive cancers (68.7%) and HGSILs (79.6%). HPV6 was the second most common type in invasive cancers (3.7%). The p16(INK4a) upregulation and mRNA detection in addition to HPV DNA positivity were observed in 69.3% of HGSILs, and at least one of these HPV activity markers was detected in 85.3% of cases. In penile cancers, these figures were 22.0% and 27.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: About a third to a fourth of penile cancers were related to HPV when considering HPV DNA detection alone or adding an HPV activity marker, respectively. The observed HPV type distribution reinforces the potential benefit of current and new HPV vaccines in the reduction of HPV-related penile neoplastic lesions. PATIENT SUMMARY: About one-third to one-quarter of penile cancers were related to human papillomavirus (HPV). The observed HPV type distribution reinforces the potential benefit of current and new HPV vaccines to prevent HPV-related penile neoplastic lesions.
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Carcinoma/virología , ADN Viral/análisis , Papillomavirus Humano 16/aislamiento & purificación , Papillomavirus Humano 6/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/complicaciones , Neoplasias del Pene/virología , África , Anciano , Asia , Estudios Transversales , Inhibidor p16 de la Quinasa Dependiente de Ciclina/genética , Inhibidor p16 de la Quinasa Dependiente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Europa (Continente) , Genotipo , Papillomavirus Humano 16/genética , Papillomavirus Humano 6/genética , Humanos , América Latina , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , América del Norte , Oceanía , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Neoplasias del Pene/patología , ARN Viral/análisis , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
AIM: To determine if positive dual staining of p16/Ki-67 in cytology samples from women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) or normal cytological reports with presence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), helps in predicting the risk of developing high-grade cervical lesions during one-year of follow-up after a normal initial colposcopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One-hundred and sixty women with ASC-US, LSIL or otherwise normal cytology, but with the presence of high-risk HPV, were referred to the colposcopy Unit of our Hospital. Cytology and HPV testing were repeated and dual staining of p16/Ki-67 performed on a new cytological specimen, and subsequently patients were colposcopically assessed and prospectively followed-up for one year, after which the colposcopy was repeated. An optional intermediate colposcopical assessment after six months was also offered. RESULTS: Out of 143/160 women with a normal initial colposcopy, 13 were ultimately lost to follow-up. Out of the remaining 130, nine developed histologically verified cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or higher grade (CIN2+) lesions during the one-year follow-up period. Two thirds of them (6/9) were initially p16/Ki-67-positive. CONCLUSION: Biomarker detection may identify women at higher risk of CIN2+, and these women may benefit from early colposcopic assessment. Women who test negatively for the biomarkers could eventually follow a less aggressive protocol.
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Células Escamosas Atípicas del Cuello del Útero/patología , Inhibidor p16 de la Quinasa Dependiente de Ciclina/metabolismo , ADN Viral/análisis , Antígeno Ki-67/metabolismo , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/diagnóstico , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Células Escamosas Atípicas del Cuello del Útero/metabolismo , Células Escamosas Atípicas del Cuello del Útero/virología , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Colposcopía , Citodiagnóstico , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Clasificación del Tumor , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Papillomaviridae/genética , Papillomaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/metabolismo , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Pronóstico , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/metabolismo , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/virología , Frotis Vaginal , Adulto Joven , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/metabolismo , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/virologíaRESUMEN
The role of manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (SOD2/MnSOD) during tumor progression has been studied for several decades with controversial results. While SOD2 downregulation was initially associated with tumor initiation and was proposed as a tumor suppressor gene, recent studies have reported that SOD2 might favor tumor progression and dissemination. To our knowledge this is the first time that changes in SOD2 expression in three different types of tumors, i.e., prostate, lung, and colon cancer, are studied by analyzing both SOD2 mRNA and protein levels in a total of 246 patients' samples. In prostate samples, SOD2 protein levels were also increased, especially in middle stage tumors. In the case of colon and lung tumors both mRNA and protein SOD2 levels were increased in malignant tissues compared to those in nontumor samples. More importantly, all metastases analyzed showed increased levels of SOD2 when compared to those of normal primary tissue and healthy adjacent tissue. Together, these results suggest that a common redox imbalance in these three types of tumor occurs at intermediate stages which then might favor migration and invasion, leading to a more aggressive cancer type. Consequently, the ratios SOD2/catalase and SOD2/Gpx1 could be considered as potential markers during progression from tumor growth to metastasis.
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Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Catalasa/metabolismo , Neoplasias del Colon/patología , Glutatión Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Neoplasias del Colon/enzimología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/enzimología , Masculino , Neoplasias de la Próstata/enzimología , ARN Mensajero/genética , Superóxido Dismutasa/genética , Glutatión Peroxidasa GPX1RESUMEN
Abstract Background: Dyspnea is the most common symptom in heart failure. In the elderly, it is common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and depression. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea and its association with chronic diseases in primary care. Methods: A cross-sectional study, part of the Digitalis Study, including 633 individuals, between 45 to 99 years old, registered in a primary care program in Niteroi, Brazil. All participants underwent clinical evaluations, blood and urine collection, and responded to a questionnaire in a single day. Self-reports were used for the diagnosis of diseases. Results: Of the 633 individuals, 30% had dyspnea. In the crude analysis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease showed the strongest associations with the three types of dyspnea, followed by depression and heart failure. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease alone did not present any cases of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and heart failure alone showed a very strong relationship with this type of dyspnea. Conclusions: The different behavior of the associations of the types of dyspnea with major chronic diseases in patients in primary care can help in the better characterization of patients with heart failure.
Resumen Introducción: La disnea es el síntoma más común en la insuficiencia cardíaca. En los ancianos es común en la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y la depresión. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de disnea de esfuerzo, ortopnea y disnea paroxística nocturna y su asociación con enfermedades crónicas en la atención primaria. Métodos: Estudio transversal, parte del estudio Digitalis, que incluyó a 633 individuos, entre 45 y 99 años de edad, registrados en un programa de atención primaria en Niterói, Brasil. Todos los participantes se sometieron a evaluaciones clínicas, recolección de sangre y orina, y respondieron a un cuestionario en un solo día. Se usaron autorrelatos para el diagnóstico de las enfermedades. Resultados: De los 633 individuos, el 30% presentó disnea. En el análisis crudo la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica mostró las asociaciones más fuertes con los tres tipos de disnea, seguidos por la depresión y la insuficiencia cardíaca. La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, evaluada de forma aislada, no presentó ningún caso de disnea paroxística nocturna, y la insuficiencia cardíaca por sí sola mostró una relación muy fuerte con este tipo de disnea. Conclusiones: El comportamiento diferente de las asociaciones de los tipos de disnea con las principales enfermedades crónicas en pacientes en atención primaria puede ayudar a una mejor caracterización de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Disnea , Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica , Depresión , Disnea ParoxísticaRESUMEN
Recently, it has been proposed that the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) plays a crucial role in damaging cellular processes, such as neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. RAGE is a multiligand receptor belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface molecules acting as a counter-receptor for diverse molecules. Engagement of RAGE converts a brief pulse of cellular activation into sustained cellular dysfunction and tissue damage. Indeed, the involvement of RAGE in physiopathological processes has been demonstrated for several neurodegenerative diseases. It is the full-length form of RAGE the one constituting the cellular receptor which is able to activate intracellular signals. After the binding of ligands to RAGE, oxidative stress is increased; then, over-expression of RAGE produces vicious cycles that perpetuate oxidative stress and contribute to neuroinflammation by nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) up-regulation. The NF-kB activation promotes the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including RAGE expression, to induce a prolonged activation and promotion of signaling mechanisms for cell damage. Because inflammatory and oxidative events have been demonstrated to concertedly interact during neurodegenerative events, this review is aimed to discuss the role of RAGE as mediator of an interaction between inflammation and oxidative stress through NF-kB signaling pathway.
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Encefalitis/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Receptores Inmunológicos/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Animales , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Receptor para Productos Finales de Glicación AvanzadaRESUMEN
Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la ausencia de cribado en la incidencia de cáncer de cuello uterino durante el periodo 2000-2010 en el Principado de Asturias. Diseño: Estudio retrospectivo. Emplazamiento: Todos los hospitales públicos de Asturias. Mediciones principales: Fueron revisadas 374 historias clínicas de mujeres diagnosticadas de cáncer de cuello uterino. La información clínica, el estadio FIGO y los datos de las citologías previas fueron obtenidos de las historias clínicas e informes de anatomía patológica. Se realizó análisis bivariante utilizando el test de chi-cuadrado de Pearson y regresión logística para el cálculo de odds ratio e intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados: El 65,6% de las mujeres diagnosticadas de cáncer de cérvix entre los 25 y los 70 años no habían realizado una citología en al menos los 5años y medio anteriores al diagnóstico. Este porcentaje se relacionó con la mayor edad al diagnóstico, la presencia de síntomas asociados y con un estadio tumoral avanzado en el momento del diagnóstico. En las mujeres diagnosticadas con una edad mayor de 70 años se objetivó que el 83,3% no habían realizado ninguna citología con anterioridad al momento del diagnóstico. Conclusión: La implantación de un buen programa de cribado de cáncer cervicouterino y una calidad óptima del sistema en cada uno de los procedimientos que lo integran contribuiría a disminuir la incidencia y la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino en Asturias (AU)
Objective: To assess the impact of screening history on the incidence of cervical cancer from 2000 to 2010 in Asturias. Design: Retrospective study. Location: All public hospitals in Asturias. Mean measurements: From 374 women diagnosed with cervical cancer were retrieved. Clinical information, FIGO stage and all previous cytological data were extracted from clinical and histopathological records. Proportional differences were assessed using chi-square tests. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: Women between 25 and 70years had no records of a previous cytology within 5.5years of cancer diagnosis in 65.6%. This proportion was related with older age, presence of symptoms and an advance tumor stage at diagnosis. Women over 70years old had no records of a previous cytology in 83.3%. Conclusion: An organized cervical cancer screening program and optimal quality of the system, monitored through audits, could help to reduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Asturias (AU)
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Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/diagnóstico , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/epidemiología , Estadificación de Neoplasias/métodos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiología , Tamizaje Masivo/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Hospitales Públicos/estadística & datos numéricos , Hospitales Públicos , Intervalos de Confianza , Auditoría Médica/métodosRESUMEN
Neurological diseases comprise a group of heterogeneous disorders characterized by progressive brain dysfunction and cell death. In the next years, these diseases are expected to constitute a world-wide health problem. Because excitotoxicity and oxidative stress are involved in neurodegenerative diseases, it becomes relevant to describe pharmacological therapies designed to activate endogenous cytoprotective systems. Activation of transcription factor Nrf2 stimulates cytoprotective vitagenes involved in antioxidant defense. In this work, we investigated the ability of the antioxidant curcumin to induce transcription factor Nrf2 in a neurodegenerative model induced by quinolinic acid in rats. Animals were administered with curcumin (400 mg/kg, p.o.) for 10 days, and then intrastriatally infused with quinolinic acid (240 nmol) on day 10 of treatment. Curcumin prevented rotation behavior (6 days post-lesion), striatal morphological alterations (7 days post-lesion) and neurodegeneration (1 and 3 days post-lesion) induced by quinolinic acid. Curcumin also reduced quinolinic acid-induced oxidative stress (measured as protein carbonyl content) at 6 h post-lesion. The protective effects of curcumin were associated to its ability to prevent the quinolinic acid-induced decrease of striatal intra-nuclear Nrf2 levels (30 and 120 min post-lesion), and total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities (1 day post-lesion). Therefore, results of this study support the concept that neuroprotection induced by curcumin is associated with its ability to activate the Nrf2 cytoprotective pathway and to increase the total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities.