[Method of bronchoalveolar lavage for performing cytochemical examination in chronic nonspecific pulmonary inflammation]. / Metod obrabotki bronkhoal'veoliarnykh smyvov dlia provedeniia tsitokhimicheskogo issledovaniia pri khronicheskom nespetsificheskom vospalenii legkikh.

The method suggested includes the use of homogenizer terrilytin for removing excessive mucus from broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL). Cytochemical investigation of BAL neutrophils is reasonable to be performed if the viability of the cell suspension is not lower than 60%. Cytospectrophotometric examination is recommended for an unbiased evaluation of the neutrophil functional state.

[Local defense mechanisms in chronic nonspecific pulmonary inflammation]. / Mestnye mekhanizmy zashchity pri khronicheskom nespetsificheskom vospalenii v legkikh.

The mechanisms of non-immune and immune injuries in chronic nonspecific lung inflammation are analysed on the basis of authors' research and literature. The data given concern the changes of the bronchial mucociliary transport system, incomplete functions of alveolar macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in chronic inflammatory foci, increase in the number of intra- and extracellular bacteria, metabolism of lung phagocytes in different chronic inflammatory lung diseases. The urgency of lung phagocyte and lymphocyte investigation both in specific cellular and humoral immune reactions, as well as in realization of immunopathologic mechanisms developing in chronic inflammation is emphasized.

[Structural-functional characteristics of phagocytes in the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid in acute focal pneumonia]. / Strukturno-funktsional'naia kharakteristika fagotsitov bronkhoal'veoliarnykh smyvov pri ostroi ochagovoi pnevmonii.

The alveolar macrophages and neutrophils of the bronchoalveolar fluid from 37 patients with acute focal pneumonia were studied cytochemically. A comparison group consisted of 20 patients with primary chronic bronchitis, 11 subjects without pulmonary affections served control. Phagocytes with a high motile, oxygen-dependent bactericidal and hydrolytic activity as well as with increased level of absorptive capacity prevailed during the peak of the disease and its regression. At the phase of convalescence the number of phagocytes with a high oxygen-dependent bactericidal and hydrolytic activity decreased but their high absorptive activity was retained.

[Morphologic lung changes in a female patient with Zivert-Kartagener's syndrome]. / Morfologicheskie izmeneniia v legkikh u bol'noi s sindromom Ziverta-Kartagenera.

Histologic and ultrastructural pulmonary changes in a female with a classical Zivert-Kartagener's syndrome are described. Congenital anomalies of the columnar epithelium brushes as well as defects acquired in the process of inflammation (decreased number and various length of bruches with their orientation disturbances, additional doublets and the lack of basal bodies) were revealed at transmission and scanning microscopy level. Follicular bronchiectasis, chronic pneumonia, dystelectasies, emphysema result from the mucociliary clearance disturbance and are of an acquired nature.

[Bronchiectasis: a method of obtaining bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and studying its cytological characteristics]. / Bronkhoéktaticheskaia bolezn': sposob polucheniia bronkho-al'veoliarnykh smyvov i ikh tsitologicheskaia kharakteristika.

The bronchoalveolar fluid (BAF) cytology of 63 patients with bronchiectasis has been studied. BAF from 8 subjects without pulmonary pathology served as control. BAF samples were obtained after preliminary cleaning of the bronchial tree from the purulent contents. BAF cytosis was found significantly increased in bronchiectasis as compared to the control being observed even at minimal inflammatory activity in the lungs and due to elevated neutrophil count. Alveolar macrophage numbers reduced only in advanced inflammation. Lymphocyte count remained unchanged. BAF cytologic evidence objectively reflects the degree of the bronchoalveolar inflammation.

[Antioxidative status changes in golden syrian hamsters with experimental metabolic syndrome].

Some indices of the antioxidant status (content of the alpha-tocopherol, reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid, activity of the glutathione reductase and aryl-esterase) and lipid peroxidation processes in the liver, blood serum, and some blood serum lipoprotein fractions of the Golden Syrian hamsters of different sex and age status under high-caloric diet were investigated. It has been shown that the hypercaloric diet leads to a decreaseng of reduced glutathione content and increase of the level of lipid peroxidation products in the liver of experimental animals. The ascorbic acids content in male liver is decreased and in female liver is increased. In the blood serum under hypercaloric nutrition the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and alpha-tocopherol content a decrease in ApoB-lipoproteins and HDL is observed. Simultaneously the ascorbic acid content is increased in the blood serum of all experimental animals. Activation of free-radical oxidation both in the liver, and blood serum is more significant in males compared with females. The data obtained allow to suppose that atherosclerotic complications of metabolic syndrome development may be connected to the lipoprotein oxidant status infringement.

[Effect of chronic social stress on lipid metabolism in golden Syrian hamsters].

The changes of total lipids, lipoproteins and their fractions, free fatty acids, triacylglyceroles, free and esterified cholesterol levels and parameters of its metabolism in the blood serum and liver, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lysosomal lipase activity in the liver, and also post-heparin lipases activity in blood of hamsters with chronic social stress are investigated. Is has been shown, that in stressed animals the prevalence in early terms of chronic stress lipolysis above lipogenesis is observed. In later terms of chronic stress the lipogenesis activation is also observed which, alongside with active lipolysis, can cause hyperlipidemia in blood. The latter phenomenon is obviously more characteristic of males, while in females the main source of fatty acids in blood is probably lipolysis in the liver. Proatherogenic redistribution of lipoprotein fractions, which was observed at chronic stress, becomes complicated by changes of their transformations processes under blood lipases action, in particular, lipases disbalance: by increasing of hepatic lipase activity without lipoprotein lipase activity increase. The increase of CETP activity in HDL, which is observed at stress, can be accompanied by atherogenic LDLB accumulation in the blood plasma. The chronic social stress is proatherogenic owing to lipid and lipoprotein metabolism changes, which lead to the shift of balance during lipids transport and their use by tissues.

[Dynamics of the cytologic and bacterioscopic changes in bronchoalveolar washings in acute focal pneumonia]. / Dinamika tsitologicheskikh i bakterioskopicheskikh izmenenii v bronkhoal'veoliarnom smyve pri ostroi ochagovoi pnevmonii.

The authors analyze cytologic and bacterioscopic changes in bronchoalveolar washings in 37 patients with acute focal pneumonia on days 4 through 44 of the disease. Bronchoalveolar washings obtained from 11 subjects without pulmonary conditions were examined for control. Immunofluorescent examination of brush biopsy specimens of the bronchial epithelium from 4 patients, taken at the peak of pneumonia, has revealed respiratory viruses antigens. The highest numbers of free bacterial colonies and intracellular bacteria were detectable also at the peak of pneumonia. In contrast to reference specimens, patients' bronchoalveolar washings were characterized by elevated absolute counts of the neutrophils, bronchoepitheliocytes, and destroyed cells during the peak and regress of the disease. During convalescence these cell counts were essentially reducing though persisting significantly elevated as against the control. Absolute counts of alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar washings were virtually unchanged over the course of the disease. The authors claim that the cytologic and bacterioscopic characteristics of bronchoalveolar washings objectively and fully reflect the activity of the inflammatory reaction in the lungs.

[Dynamics of local defensive reactions in the lungs in acute experimental inflammatory process induced by respiratory syncytial virus]. / Dinamika mestnykh zashchitnykh reaktsii v legkikh pri ostrom éksperimental'nom vospalitel'nom protsesse, vyzvannom respiratorno-sintsitial'nym virusom.

Study has been made of broncho-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), the number and functional activity of lung phagocytes, with 42 mice BALB/c, induced by respiratory-syncytial virus. With virus inflammation a decreased number of lung macrophages, their stronger attraction and increased lung chemotaxis have been observed. The addition of bacterial infection was accompanied by an increase in lung neutrophil, lymphocyte and macrophage, a decrease in lung neutrophil chemotaxis, an increase in macrophage phagocytosis and BALT hyperplasia.