Final irrigation protocols may affect intraradicular dentin ultrastructure.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation protocols on the root dentin structure using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine lower bovine incisors were hemisected longitudinally and randomly divided into 13 groups (n = 3). After the root halves were reassembled, it was applied a specific irrigation protocol for each group, as following: G1, distilled water (control); G2, 0.9% saline; G3, saline + 17% EDTA; G4, saline + PUI; G5, saline + PUI + EDTA; G6 to G9 received the same protocol as above replacing 0.9% saline by 2.5% NaOCl; and G10 to G13 by 2% CHX. One-half of each sample was prepared and evaluated using SEM and the other one by TEM observations. RESULTS: TEM descriptive analysis showed modifications in dentin organic ultrastructure, characterized by the thinning of dentin collagen fibrils, caused by NaOCl, enhanced by EDTA and/or PUI. SEM analysis showed that NaOCl with PUI caused significantly larger erosion of the peritubular dentin than in all the other groups (P < 0.05), followed by NaOCl + EDTA and NaOCl + EDTA + PUI. CONCLUSIONS: NaOCl caused ultrastructural alterations in the dentin collagen, and enhanced by EDTA and/or PUI, promoted peritubular and intertubular erosion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The effect of irrigating solutions on dentin ultrastructure was still unclear. The acknowledgment about the kind of solution, concentrations, application time, and sequence of use was important to achieve the right sanitization without jeopardizing the dentin ultrastructure quality.

The effect of final irrigation on the penetrability of an epoxy resin-based sealer into dentinal tubules: a confocal microscopy study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of QMix, BioPure MTAD, 17 % EDTA, and saline on the penetrability of a resin-based sealer into dentinal tubules using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and to describe the cleaning of root canal walls by SEM. METHODS: Eighty distobuccal roots from upper molars were selected and randomly divided into four groups (n = 20) before root canal preparation according to the solution used in the final rinse protocol (FRP): QG (QMix), MG (BioPure MTAD), EG (17 % EDTA), and CG (control group: saline). Ten roots of each group were prepared for SEM, and images (×2000) from the canal walls were acquired. The remaining canals were filled with a single gutta-percha cone and AH Plus with 0.1 % Rhodamine B. The specimens were horizontally sectioned at 4 mm from the apex, and the slices were analyzed in CLSM (×10). Sealer penetration was analyzed with Adobe Photoshop software. RESULTS: QG and EG presented similar amounts of sealer penetration (P > .05). MG and CG presented the lowest penetrability values (P < .05). The best results for smear layer removal of the apical third of the root canal were achieved by the QG and EG groups when compared with MG and CG (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Seventeen percent EDTA and QMix promoted sealer penetration superior to that achieved by BioPure MTAD and saline. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Despite studies have not confirmed the relationship between sealing ability of endodontic sealers and their penetration in dentinal tubules, sealer penetration assumes importance, since endodontic sealers, unlike gutta-percha, are able to penetrate in dentinal tubules, isthmus, and accessory canals, filling the root canal system.

Levels of impulsivity in individuals with cannabis use disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Substance use disorder consists of the presence of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms, indicating continuous use of one or more substances by the individual. The literature points to the existence of a relationship between impulsive behavior, in which individuals tend to act thoughtlessly and with a lower level of planning, and consumption of substances including cannabis. OBJECTIVES: To examine the presence and severity of impulsivity in individuals with cannabis use disorder and investigate associations between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and impulsivity. METHOD: Participants completed a sociodemographic data sheet and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). A total of 122 subjects with a diagnosis of cannabis use disorder participated, with a mean age of 34.46 years (standard deviation = 9.62). RESULTS: The prevalence of high levels of impulsivity in the sample ranged from 30 to 33%; the BIS-11 total score was significantly associated with cohabitation and alcohol use. The BIS-11 scores for motor impulsivity and attentional impulsivity were also associated with consumption of alcohol. No associations were found between impulsivity and the variables age, education, use of tobacco, or use of cocaine/crack. CONCLUSION: This study contributes to understanding of substance dependence, especially cannabis. It found presence of impulsive behavior among individuals with cannabis use disorder, which is corroborated by reports in the literature.

Entrenamiento de Habilidades Sociales y estrese en la universidad: un estudio de caso / Treinamento de habilidades sociais e estresse na universidade: um estudo de caso / Social skills training and stress at the university: a case study

A aplicação do Treinamento de Habilidades Sociais no contexto universitário pode ser eficaz para a redução do estresse percebido pelos estudantes. Assim, o objetivo do presente artigo foi descrever, no formato de um estudo de caso único, o processo terapêutico de um Treinamento de Habilidades Sociais realizado com uma estudante de Psicologia, apresentando dados referentes à eficácia da intervenção. As avaliações pré e pós-teste foram feitas com os seguintes instrumentos: Inventário de Habilidades Sociais 2 (IHS2-Del-Prette), Escala de Estresse Percebido (PSS-14), entrevistas e diário de campo. Contatou-se o aprimoramento de habilidades sociais como recusar e fazer pedidos, lidar com críticas e expor desagrado e solicitar mudança de comportamento do outro, e redução dos níveis de estresse com base em dados qualitativos e quantitativos, com manutenção desses resultados no follow-up de seis semanas. Concluiu-se que o Treinamento de Habilidades Sociais realizado possibilitou a melhora da experiência na universidade para a participante.

La aplicación del entrenamiento de Habilidades Sociales en el contexto universitario puede ser eficaz para la disminución del estrese percibido por los estudiantes. Delante eso, el objetivo del presente artículo fue describir, en el molde de un estudio de caso único, el proceso terapéutico de un entrenamiento de Habilidades Sociales realizado con una estudiante de Psicología, que presentaba, también, datos referentes a la eficacia de la intervención. Las evaluaciones antes y e después de la prueba se hicieron con los siguientes instrumentos: Inventario de Habilidades Sociales 2 (IHS2-Del-Prette), Escala de Estrese Percibido (PSS-14), entrevistas y diario de campo. Fue posible constatar el perfeccionamiento de habilidades sociales como recusar y hacer pedidos, lidiar con críticas y exponer desagrado y solicitar cambio de comportamiento del otro, y reducción de los niveles de estrese con base en datos cualitativos y cuantitativos, con manutención de esos resultados en elfollow-upde seis semanas. Se concluye que el Entrenamiento de Habilidades Sociales realizado posibilitó la mejora de la experiencia en la universidad para la participante.

The application of Social Skills Training in the university context can be effective in reducing the stress perceived by students. Therefore, the objective of this article was to describe, in the format of a single case study, the therapeutic process of a Social Skills Training carried out with a Psychology student, also presenting data regarding the effectiveness of the intervention. Pre- and post-test assessments were performed using the following instruments: Social Skills Inventory 2 (IHS2-Del-Prette), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14), interviews and field diary. It was possible to verify the improvement of social skills such as refusing and making requests, dealing with criticism and exposing displeasure and requesting a change in the other's behavior, and reduction of stress levels based on qualitative and quantitative data, with maintenance of these results in the follow-up of six weeks. It was concluded that the Social Skills Training carried out enabled the participant to improve her university experience.

Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is highly expressed in medullary thyroid carcinoma.

Type II deiodinase (D2) plays a critical role in controlling intracellular T3 concentration and early studies indicated a follicular but not a parafollicular C-cell origin of D2 activity in the thyroid gland. Here, we show that D2 is highly expressed in human medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), a tumor that arises from the C-cells. D2 transcripts were detected in all MTC samples obtained from 12 unselected MTC patients and the levels of D2 activity were comparable to those found in surrounding normal follicular tissue (0.41+/-0.10 fmol min mg protein vs. 0.43+/-0.41 fmol min mg protein, P=0.91). Additional analysis in the TT cells, a human MTC cell line, demonstrated that the D2 expression is downregulated by thyroid hormones and enhanced by cAMP analogs and dexamethasone. The thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 and beta isoforms were also detected in all MTC samples and in TT cells, thus suggesting a potential role of T3 locally produced by D2 in this neoplastic tissue.

Computed tomography assessment of three techniques for removal of filling material.

In this study, computed tomography (CT) was used to assess three techniques for root canal filling removal. Seventy-five roots of extracted human lower incisors were filled with zinc oxide-eugenol sealer and gutta-percha and separated into three groups before gutta-percha removal (group 1, Gates Glidden burs + K-type hand instrumentation; group 2, K-type reciprocating instrumentation + NSK TEP E16R; group 3, ProTaper rotary instrumentation + NSK NAC E16R). Specimens were CT-scanned before and after filling removal. The mean rate of filling removal was 94.88%. Reciprocating instrumentation was the most effective and manual instrumentation associated with Gates Glidden burs was the least effective technique. Removal rate was significantly different for the three groups according to one-way anova (P = 0.049). The Tukey test showed a significant difference between groups 1 and 2 (P = 0.039) only. CT proved to be a reliable method for assessing root filling removal techniques.

Habilidades sociais e sintomas psicopatológicos em professores do Ensino Fundamental / Social skills and psychopathological symptoms in fundamental education teachers / Habilidades sociales y síntomas psicopatológicos en maestros de Educación Básica

Habilidades Sociais (HS) são comportamentos socialmente adequados, fundamentais à docência e à saúde mental. O estudo, quantitativo transversal, objetivou avaliar e verificar a relação entre HS e sintomas depressivos, de ansiedade, estresse e ansiedade social em 94 professores municipais do Ensino Fundamental (M = 43,12 anos; DP = 9,12). Utilizou-se o IHS2-Del-Prette, o CASO e a DASS-21. Da amostra, 63% (n = 59) apresentaram repertório de HS médio e altamente elaborado, 70% (n = 66) sem ansiedade social; 2% e 5% com sintomas depressivos e de ansiedade moderados ou severos. Conversação assertiva e HS em geral associaram-se negativamente com depressão, ansiedade, estresse e ansiedade social. Abordagem afetivo-sexual, expressão de sentimento positivo e autocontrole e enfrentamento associaram-se negativamente com ansiedade social. Desenvoltura social associou-se negativamente aos sintomas depressivos. Concluiu-se que os participantes possuíam HS satisfatórias, sintomas mínimos depressivos, de ansiedade e de estresse, e poucos sintomas de ansiedade social; quanto mais HS, menos sintomas psicopatológicos

Social Skills (SS) are socially appropriate behaviors undamental to teaching and mental health. This cross-sectional quantitative study aimed to evaluate and verify the relationship between SS and depressive, anxiety, stress and social anxiety symptoms in 94 municipal elementary school teachers (M = 43.12 years; SD = 9.12). The IHS2-Del-Prette, the CASE and the DASS-21 were used. Of the sample, 63% (n = 59) had medium and highly elaborate HS repertoire, 70% (n = 66) without social anxiety; 2% and 5% with moderate or severe depressive and anxiety symptoms. Assertive conversation and HS were negatively associated with depression, anxiety, stress and social anxiety. Affective-sexual approach, Expression of positive feeling and Self-control and coping were negatively associated with social anxiety. Social resourcefulness was negatively associated with depressive symptoms. It was concluded that participants had satisfactory HS, minimal symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress, and few symptoms of social anxiety; the more HS, the less psychopathological symptoms

Habilidades Sociales (HS) son comportamientos socialmente apropiados fundamentales para enseñanza y salud mental. Este estudio cuantitativo transversal intentó evaluar y verificar la relación entre HS y síntomas depresivos, ansiedad, estrés y ansiedad social en 94 docentes de escuelas primarias municipales (M = 43,12 años; DT = 9,12). Se utilizaron el IHS2-Del-Prette, CASO y DASS-21. De la muestra, 63% (n = 59) tenían repertorio de HS medio y muy elaborado, 70% (n = 66) sin ansiedad social; 2% y 5% con síntomas depresivos y de ansiedad moderados o severos. Conversación asertiva y HS se asociaron negativamente con depresión, ansiedad, estrés y ansiedad social. Enfoque afectivo-sexual, expresión de sentimiento positivo y autocontrol y afrontamiento se asociaron negativamente con ansiedad social. Ingenio social se asoció negativamente con síntomas depresivos. Participantes presentaron HS satisfactorias, sintomas mínimos de depresión, ansiedad y estrés, y pocos síntomas de ansiedad social; cuanto más HS, menos síntomas psicopatológicos

Regulation of Dio2 gene expression by thyroid hormones in normal and type 1 deiodinase-deficient C3H mice.

The C3H/HeJ mouse presents an inherited type 1 deiodinase (D1) deficiency that results in elevated serum thyroxine (T(4)), whereas TSH and tri-iodothyronine (T(3)) concentrations are normal when compared with those in the C57BL/6J strain. Here, we evaluated the expression of the type 2 (D2), the other T(4)-activating enzyme, in C3H mice. A comparative analysis revealed that D2 mRNA levels in C3H are similar to those in C57 animals. The D2 activity in C3H pituitary and brain are reduced when compared with those in the C57 strain (3.75 +/- 1.08 vs 5.78 +/- 0.33 and 0.17 +/- 0.05 vs 0.26 +/- 0.07 fmol/min per mg protein respectively). However, no differences on D2 activity levels were observed in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) between both strains (0.34 +/- 0.06 vs 0.36 +/- 0.09 fmol/min per mg protein). Experiments using different T(4) doses showed that higher levels of serum T(4) than those of the C3H mouse are required to downregulate D2 activity in this tissue. T(3) administration to euthyroid mice resulted in a two- to four-fold increase on D2 activity in BAT and brain of both strains, despite a marked decrease in BAT D2 transcripts and no changes in brain D2 mRNA levels. The increase in D2 activity was preceded by a decrease in serum T(4) levels, which appears to reduce D2 degradation. Indeed, administration of T(3) plus T(4) abolished the T(3)-induced D2 upregulation. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that D2 activity is mainly regulated at posttranslational level in a tissue-specific manner. These observations further characterize and provide insights into the complex and dual regulatory role of the iodothyronines in D2 regulation.

Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is highly expressed in germ cells of adult rat testis.

The testis has been classically described as a thyroid hormone unresponsive tissue, but recent studies indicate that these hormones might play an important role in developing testes. We have previously demonstrated that type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2), a thyroid hormone-activating enzyme, is expressed in adult rodent testis and that its activity is induced by hypothyroidism. Nevertheless, the precise location of D2 in testis is not known. The aim of the present work was to determine the testicular cell types in which D2 is expressed using real-time PCR analysis, in situ hybridization histochemistry, and determination of D2 activity in cell fractions isolated from adult euthyroid and/or hypothyroid rat testis. The D2 mRNA levels in germ cells were higher than those from somatic cells (6.94 +/- 1.49 vs 2.32 +/- 0.79 arbitrary units (au); P = 0.017). Hypothyroidism increased D2 expression in germ cells (6.94 +/- 1.49 vs 8.78 +/- 5.43 au, P = 0.002) but did not change D2 transcripts in somatic cells significantly (2.12 +/- 0.79 vs 2.88 +/- 1.39 au, P = 0.50). In situ hybridization analysis showed that D2 mRNA is specifically present in elongated spermatids undergoing differentiation, whereas other germ cell types and Sertoli cells of seminiferous epithelium and the interstitial cells were virtually negative for this enzyme. The enzyme activity measured in germ and somatic isolated cell fractions (0.23 +/- 0.003 vs 0.02 +/- 0.013 fmol/min per mg protein respectively; P < 0.001) further confirmed the real-time PCR and in situ hybridization results. Hence, our findings demonstrated that D2 is predominantly expressed in elongated spermatids, suggesting that thyroid hormone might have a direct effect on spermatogenesis in the adult rats.

[Iodothyronine deiodinases expression in thyroid neoplasias]. / Expressão das iodotironinas desiodases nas neoplasias tireoidianas.

The iodothyronine deiodinases constitute a family of selenoenzymes that catalyze the removal of iodine from the outer ring or inner ring of the thyroid hormones. The activating enzymes, deiodinases type I (D1) and type II (D2), are highly expressed in normal thyroid gland. Benign or malignant neoplastic transformation of the thyroid cells is associated with changes on the expression of these enzymes, suggesting that D1 or D2 can be markers of cellular differentiation. Abnormalities on the expression of both enzymes and also of the deiodinase type III (D3), that inactivates thyroid hormones, have been found in other human neoplasias. So far, the mechanism or implications of these findings on tumor pathogenesis are not well understood. Nevertheless, its noteworthy that abnormal expression of D2 can cause thyrotoxicosis in patients with metastasis of follicular thyroid carcinoma and that increased D3 expression in large hemangiomas causes severe hypothyroidism.

Social skills training with university students: A group intervention protocol / Treinamento em habilidades sociais com universitários: Um protocolo de intervenção grupal / Entrenamiento en habilidades sociales con estudiantes universitarios: Un protocolo de intervención grupal

Social skills are a set of abilities necessary for the individual to live well in society. They include assertiveness, problem solving, empathy and public speaking, among others. These skills are developed since childhood and their acquisition can take place without formal training; however, problems may arise as a result of failures in this learning. University students comprise a group in which the difficulties related to this area become relevant and may lead to impairment. Accordingly, social skills training emerges as a way to overcome such difficulties and promote a better quality of life for the participants. This article presents a social skills training protocol for university students. It was developed by authors recognized in the field, based on cognitive-behavioral group therapy and was proposed from a previous study that identified the repertoire deficit. The group procedure expands the range of training possibilities, providing a training context with interpersonal practice in loco. It also presents good ecological validity, including techniques such as psychoeducation, living activities and cognitive restructuring. Regarding the scope, this protocol is intended for the use of clinicians, instructors, basic and higher education professionals, as well as researchers, and aims to provide them with effective therapeutic strategies in the field of social skills.

Habilidades sociais são um conjunto de capacidades necessárias para o indivíduo viver bem em sociedade. Incluem assertividade, resolução de problemas, empatia e falar em público, entre outras. Estas habilidades são desenvolvidas desde a infância e sua aquisição pode ocorrer sem treinamento formal; contudo, problemas podem surgir em decorrência de falhas nessa aprendizagem. Os universitários caracterizam um grupo no qual as dificuldades relacionadas a essa área se tornam relevantes e podem trazer prejuízos. Assim, o treinamento em habilidades sociais surge como uma forma de superar tais dificuldades e promover uma melhor qualidade de vida aos participantes. Este artigo apresenta um protocolo para treinamento em habilidades sociais com universitários, desenvolvido com base na terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo e por autores reconhecidos na área, e proposto a partir de um levantamento prévio do repertório deficitário identificado. O procedimento em grupo amplia o leque de possibilidades do treinamento, proporcionando um contexto de treino com prática interpessoal in loco e com maior validade ecológica, incluindo técnicas como psicoeducação, atividades vivenciais e reestruturação cognitiva. Como alcance, esse protocolo pretende fornecer aos profissionais que atuam em psicologia clínica, em educação, inclusive no ensino superior, bem como na pesquisa, estratégias terapêuticas eficazes no campo das habilidades sociais.

Las habilidades sociales son un conjunto de habilidades necesarias para que el individuo viva bien en la sociedad. Incluyen asertividad, resolución de problemas, empatía y hablar en público, entre otras. Estas habilidades se desarrollan desde la niñez y su adquisición puede ocurrir sin entrenamiento formal; sin embargo, pueden surgir problemas como resultado de fallas en este proceso de aprendizaje. Los estudiantes universitarios caracterizan un grupo donde las dificultades relacionadas con esta área se vuelven relevantes y pueden resultar en pérdidas. En consecuencia, el entrenamiento en habilidades sociales surge como una forma de superar dichas dificultades y promover una mejor calidad de vida para los participantes. Este artículo presenta un protocolo de entrenamiento en habilidades sociales con estudiantes universitarios, desarrollado en base a la terapia grupal cognitivo-conductual y por autores reconocidos en el área, y propuesto en base a un estudio previo del déficit de repertorio identificado. El procedimiento grupal amplía el abanico de posibilidades formativas, proporcionando un contexto formativo con práctica interpersonal in loco y con mayor validez ecológica, incluyendo técnicas como la psicoeducación, actividades vivenciales y reestructuración cognitiva. En cuanto al alcance, este protocolo intenta dotar a los profesionales que laboran en organizaciones clínicas, en docencia, incluida la educación superior, y en investigación, de estrategias terapéuticas efectivas en el campo de las habilidades sociales.

Levels of impulsivity in individuals with cannabis use disorder

Abstract Introduction Substance use disorder consists of the presence of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms, indicating continuous use of one or more substances by the individual. The literature points to the existence of a relationship between impulsive behavior, in which individuals tend to act thoughtlessly and with a lower level of planning, and consumption of substances including cannabis. Objectives To examine the presence and severity of impulsivity in individuals with cannabis use disorder and investigate associations between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and impulsivity. Method Participants completed a sociodemographic data sheet and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). A total of 122 subjects with a diagnosis of cannabis use disorder participated, with a mean age of 34.46 years (standard deviation = 9.62). Results The prevalence of high levels of impulsivity in the sample ranged from 30 to 33%; the BIS-11 total score was significantly associated with cohabitation and alcohol use. The BIS-11 scores for motor impulsivity and attentional impulsivity were also associated with consumption of alcohol. No associations were found between impulsivity and the variables age, education, use of tobacco, or use of cocaine/crack. Conclusion This study contributes to understanding of substance dependence, especially cannabis. It found presence of impulsive behavior among individuals with cannabis use disorder, which is corroborated by reports in the literature.

Rasgos de personalidad y síntomas psicopatológicos en adultos con trastornos por consumo de sustancias / Personality traits and psychopathological symptoms in adults with substance use disorders

This study aimed to characterize the personality traits of individuals withsubstance use disorders to verify the association and predictive value of personalitytraits for psychopathological symptoms and impulsivity. The participants were 77adults undergoing treatment at a psychosocial care center for alcohol and drug,who completed a sociodemographic and clinical data questionnaire, the NEO FiveFactor Inventory, the Adult Self-Report (ASR), and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale(BIS-11). Most participants presented very low/low scores on extroversion andopenness factors. The five personality factors revealed significant associations withmost ASR subscales and BIS-11. High rates of neuroticism and low levels ofextraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness are related to a greateroccurrence of symptoms of anxiety, depression, attention, problems of thoughtand social isolation, somatic complaints, aggressive behavior, and impulsivity.According to the regression models, conscientiousness and neuroticism factorswere more significant for symptoms related to anxiety/depression, thoughtproblems, and rule-breaking behavior. (AU)

Este estudio buscó caracterizar los rasgos de personalidad de individuos con trastornos porconsumo de sustancias, medir la asociación y el valor predictivo de los rasgos de personalidadcon los síntomas psicopatológicos y la impulsividad. Participaron 77 adultos de un centro deatención psicosocial para el tratamiento de alcohol y drogas, quienes completaron uncuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y clínicos, el “Inventario de cinco factores NEO”, el“Autoinforme para adultos” (ASR) y la “Escala de impulsividad de Barratt” (BIS-11). Lamayoría de los participantes obtuvieron puntuaciones muy bajas/bajas en extraversión yapertura. Los cinco factores de personalidad revelaron asociaciones significativas con lamayoría de las subescalas del ASR y la BIS-11. Altos niveles de neuroticismo y bajos nivelesde extraversión, amabilidad y escrupulosidad se relacionan con una mayor ocurrencia desíntomas de ansiedad, depresión, atención, problemas de pensamiento y aislamiento social,quejas somáticas, comportamiento agresivo e impulsividad. Según los modelos de regresión,los factores de escrupulosidad y neuroticismo fueron más significativos para los síntomasrelacionados con la ansiedad/depresión, problemas de pensamiento y comportamiento deincumplimiento de reglas. (AU)

Treinamento de Habilidades Sociais no Contexto Escolar: Revisão Sistemática / Social Skills Training in the School Context: Systematic Review / Entrenamiento de Habilidades Sociales en el Contexto Escolar: Revisión Sistemática

A literatura descreve que as habilidades sociais são reconhecidas como fator de proteção ao desenvolvimento humano. Por consequência, programas de treinamento de habilidades sociais têm sido considerados eficazes no aprimoramento de tais comportamentos e competências sociais. Esta revisão tem como objetivo avaliar os estudos de intervenção voltados ao contexto educacional no âmbito do Treinamento de Habilidades Sociais, publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais. Foram localizados um somatório total de 1.022 artigos utilizando os descritores "Social skills AND Training AND Teachers" nos bancos de dados SciELO, LILACS, EBSCO, PePSIC e PubMedD, sem delimitação de período de tempo. Depois de aplicados os critérios de inclusão e exclusão utilizando o método Prisma, restaram nove artigos, provenientes de diferentes países. Os resultados indicaram a escassez de estudos voltados ao cenário escolar tendo o professor como foco. Além disso, no que se refere aos estudos nacionais, estão vinculados a alguns grupos de pesquisa, existem poucos instrumentos específicos e não foram focados em habilidades sociais educativas. No entanto, os estudos analisados apresentam contribuições em termos da caracterização do repertório de habilidades sociais e propõem intervenções no âmbito educacional.

Literature describes that social skills (SS) are recognized as factor of protection of human development. Consequently, social skills training programs have been considered effective in enhancing such social behaviors and skills. This review aims to evaluate intervention studies focused on the educational context within the scope of Social Skills Training published in national and international journals. A total sum of 1022 articles was found using the descriptors "Social skills AND Training AND Teachers" in the SciELO, LILACS, EBSCO HOST, PePSIC and PubMed databases, with no delimitation of time period. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria using the Prisma method, nine articles from different countries remained. The results indicated the scarcity of studies focused on the school scenario, with the teacher as the focus. In addition, when it comes to national studies, they are linked to some research groups, there are few specific instruments, and they were not focused on educational social skills. However, the studies reviewed present contributions in terms of characterization of the repertoire of social skills and propose interventions in the educational field.

La literatura describe que las habilidades sociales son reconocidas como factor de protección para el desarrollo humano. Por consiguiente, se ha descubierto que los programas de capacitación en habilidades sociales son efectivos para mejorar dichos comportamientos y habilidades sociales. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo evaluar estudios de intervención enfocados en el contexto educativo en el ámbito del Entrenamiento en Habilidades Sociales, publicados en revistas nacionales e internacionales. Se encontraron un total de 1022 artículos utilizando los descriptores "Habilidades sociales y Formación y Docentes" en las bases de datos SciELO, LILACS, EBSCO, PePSIC y PubMed, sin delimitar el periodo de tiempo. Después de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión mediante el método Prisma, quedaron nueve artículos, de diferentes países. Los resultados indicaron la escasez de estudios orientados al escenario escolar teniendo al profesor como foco. Además, en lo que se refiere a los estudios nacionales, están vinculados a algunos grupos de investigación, hay pocos instrumentos específicos y no estaban enfocados a las habilidades sociales educativas. Sin embargo, los estudios analizados presentan aportes en cuanto a la caracterización del repertorio de habilidades sociales y proponen intervenciones en el ámbito educativo.

Treinamento de habilidades sociais na promoção do Coping eficaz: um estudo piloto / Social skills training in the promotion of effective Coping: a pilot trial / Entrenamiento de habilidades sociais en la promoción del coping eficaz: un estudio piloto

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia de um Treinamento de Habilidades Sociais (THS) na ampliação das habilidades sociais, na redução do estresse e no desenvolvimento do coping eficaz de oito estudantes de Psicologia. As participantes foram recrutadas via link de um formulário enviado nas redes sociais e por contato telefônico, sendo voluntariamente submetidas à intervenção na universidade onde estudavam. A intervenção análoga a um quase experimento teve avaliações pré e pós-teste sem grupo controle, utilizando-se os instrumentos Inventário de Habilidades Sociais 2 (IHS2-Del-Prette), Escala de Estresse Percebido (PSS-14), Inventário de Estratégias de Coping de Folkman e Lazarus, entrevistas e diário de campo. Os resultados indicaram redução do estresse, aquisição de habilidades sociais e potencialização da estratégia de resolução de problemas. Sugere-se, para estudos futuros, a avaliação da eficácia do THS em amostras maiores e mais heterogêneas de estudantes universitários.

This research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a Social Skills Training (SST) in increasing social skills, reducing stress levels, and developing effective coping of eight female undergraduate Psychology students. The participants were recruited through a form sent on social media and telephone contact and were voluntarily submitted to the intervention at the university in which they studied. The intervention, analogous to a quasi-experiment, had pre- and posttest evaluations without a control group, using the instruments Social Skills Inventory 2 (IHS2-Del-Prette), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS14), Folkman and Lazarus' Coping Strategies Inventory, interviews, and a field diary. The results indicated stress reduction, acquisition of social skills, and enhancement of problem-solving strategies. Further studies regarding the evaluation of the SST's efficacy in a larger and more heterogeneous sample of university students would be worthwhile.

El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la eficacia de un Entrenamiento de Habilidades Sociales (EHS) en la expansión de las habilidades sociales, reducción del estrés y desarrollo de un coping eficaz de ocho estudiantes de Psicología. Las participantes fueron reclutadas por medio de un link para un formulario enviado en redes sociales y contacto telefónico, siendo voluntariamente sometidos a la intervención en la universidad donde estudiaban. La intervención análoga a un casi-experimento tuvo evaluaciones previas y posteriores a la experiencia, sin un grupo de control, utilizando los instrumentos Inventario de Habilidades Sociales 2 (IHS2-Del-Prette), Escala de Estrés Percibido (PSS-14), Inventario de Estrategias de Coping de Folkman y Lazarus, entrevistas y diario de campo. Los resultados indicaron reducción del estrés, adquisición de habilidades sociales y potencialización de estrategias para resolución de problemas. Se sugiere, para futuros estudios, la evaluación de la eficacia del EHS en muestras mayores y más heterogéneas de estudiantes universitarios.

Root perforating internal replacement resorption: a case report clinical with 10-year follow-up

This study aims to report a root perforating internal replacement resorption treated and followed up for ten years. A 19-years female showed in periapical tomography enlargement of the entire length of the root canal of tooth 11. The cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) showed a hypodense area with jagged edges involving the pulp cavity space and communication with the periodontium. After being accessed and prepared, the canal and its resorption defect were obturated with mineral trioxide aggregate. The cervical third was sealed with glass ionomer, and the tooth was restored with composite resin. Ten years later, the tomography showed intact root canal filling and periapical and periodontal injury absence. The use of repair cement for root canal obturation with perforating internal replacement resorption is an alternative for these cases, being fundamental to have a clinical, radiographic and tomographic follow-up to evaluate the treatment success.

Bioactivity and biocompatibility of bioceramic sealers in endodontics: an integrative review

Introduction: Bioceramic sealers have been gaining prominence in endodontics, meaning a great advance for endodontic therapy, mainly due to their biocompatibility and bioactivity. Objectives: research and discuss the literature about the bioactivity and biocompatibility of bioceramic sealants. Materials and methods: An integrative review was performed. The systematic plan consisted of four steps. In the first stage, a bibliographic survey was carried out in the Capes Periódicos Portal database. The search criteria were articles published between 2017 and 2022, found in the "advanced search" mode, using cross-references with the following keywords: bioceramics sealers AND endodontology AND root canals AND endodontic sealer AND bioactivity AND biocompatibility. Only documents found and published in full were evaluated. In the second stage, the titles and abstracts of the articles were read. In the third stage, a selection was made of those containing 3 to 5 keywords and a wording equal to or close to the proposed keywords. The fourth step consisted of reading the texts in full, followed by checking for duplicity and building a table with the collected information. Results: In view of the research carried out, 23 articles were obtained in the first stage. After reading the titles and abstracts, 21 articles were obtained. After selecting those containing 3 to 5 keywords, 10 articles met the criteria. One article was deleted due to duplicates. 9 articles met the exclusion and inclusion criteria and were selected to be part of the integrative review. Discussion: The selected studies in this literature review showed that bioceramic endodontic sealants perform well in endodontic therapy. Conclusion: To advance in its clinical application, more in vivo and in vitro studies with precise methods are needed to obtain more reliable data about its properties.

NSK reciprocating handpiece: in vitro comparative analysis of dentinal removal during root canal preparation by different operators.

The purpose of this study was to assess dentin removal during root canal preparation by different operators using a NSK reciprocating handpiece. Eighty-four human single-rooted mandibular premolars were hand instrumented using Triple-Flex stainless-steel files (Kerr) up to #30, weighed in analytical balance and randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=21). All specimens were mechanically prepared at the working length with #35 to #45 Triple-Flex files (Kerr) coupled to a NSK (TEP-E10R, Nakanishi Inc.) reciprocating handpiece powered by an electric motor (Endo Plus; VK Driller). Groups 1 to 4 were prepared by a professor of Endodontics, an endodontist, a third-year dental student and a general dentist, respectively. Teeth were reweighed after root canal preparation. The difference between weights was calculated and the means of dentin removal in each group were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5 % significance level. The greatest amount of dentin removal was found in group 4, followed by groups 2, 3 and 1. Group 4 differed statistically from the other groups regarding dentin removal means [p<0.001 (group 1); p=0.005 (group 2); and p=0.001 (group 3)]. No statistically significant difference was found between groups 1 and 2 (p=0.608), 1 and 3 (p=0.914) and 2 and 3 (p=0.938). In conclusion, although the group prepared by a general dentist differed statistically from the other groups in terms of amount of dentin removal, this difference was clinically irrelevant. The NSK reciprocating handpiece powered by an electric engine was proved an effective auxiliary tool in root canal preparation, regardless of the operator's skills.

Ansiedade social e comorbidades em professores do ensino superior / Social anxiety and comorbidities in higher education teachers / Ansiedad social y comorbilidades en profesores de enseñanza superior

Introdução: As transformações no ensino podem ocasionar prejuízos à saúde mental do professor. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a presença do transtorno de ansiedade social e comorbidades em professores de ensino superior. Método: Estudo quantitativo, transversal e correlacional. Participaram 50 professores, sendo 58% mulheres com idade média de 35 anos. Foram utilizados os instrumentos: Questionário de Ansiedade Social para Adultos (CASO) e a Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Resultados: Foi identificado repertório deficitário nos fatores Expressão Assertiva de Incômodo, Desagrado ou Tédio (16%), Interação com Pessoas Desconhecidas (2%), Estar em Evidência e Fazer Papel de Ridículo (2%). Evidenciaram-se sintomas moderados, severos e extremamente severos de depressão, ansiedade e estresse. Discussão: Foram identificadas variáveis prejudiciais ao desempenho dos professores e à interação com os alunos. Conclusões: Estudar a saúde mental dos professores pode contribuir para o seu bem-estar e qualidade do processo ensino-aprendizagem.

Introduction: Changes in teaching can harm the teacher's mental health. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of social anxiety disorder and comorbidities in higher education teachers. Method: Quantitative, cross-sectional and correlational study. Fifty teachers participated, being 58% women with an average age of 35 years. The instruments used were: Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults (CASO) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: A deficient repertoire was identified in the factors Assertive Expression of Discomfort, Displeasure or Boredom (16%), Interaction with Strangers (2%), Being in Evidence and Playing Ridiculous (2%). Moderate, severe and extremely severe symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress were found. Discussion: Variables detrimental to teacher performance and student interaction were identified. Conclusions: Studying teachers mental health can contribute to their well-being and the quality of the teaching-learning process.

Introducción: Los cambios en la enseñanza pueden dañar la salud mental del maestro. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la presencia de trastorno de ansiedad social y comorbilidades en los docentes de educación superior. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, transversal y correlacional. Participaron cincuenta docentes, siendo 58% mujeres con una edad promedio de 35 años. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: Cuestionario de Ansiedad Social para Adultos (CASO) y Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Resultados: Se identificó un repertorio deficiente en los factores Expresión Asertiva de Incomodidad, Disgusto o Aburrimiento (16%), Interacción con Extraños (2%), Estar en Evidencia y Hacer el Ridículo (2%). Se encontraron síntomas moderados, severos y extremadamente severos de depresión, ansiedad y estrés. Discusión: Se identificaron variables perjudiciales para el desempeño del maestro y la interacción del alumno. Conclusiones: Estudiar la salud mental de los docentes puede contribuir a su bienestar y a la calidad del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.

The type 2 deiodinase A/G (Thr92Ala) polymorphism is associated with decreased enzyme velocity and increased insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The single-nucleotide polymorphism A/G in the type 2 deiodinase (D2) gene predicts a threonine (Thr) to alanine (Ala) substitution at codon 92 (D2 Thr92Ala) and is associated with insulin resistance in obese patients. Here, this association was investigated in 183 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, using homeostasis model assessment. The median fasting plasma insulin in Ala/Ala individuals was significantly higher than in patients with Ala/Thr or Thr/Thr genotypes (19.6 vs. 12.0 vs. 14.8 mIU/ml, respectively; P = 0.004). Assuming a recessive model, the homeostasis model assessment index was higher in the Ala/Ala group when compared with Ala/Thr-Thr/Thr group (8.50 vs. 4.85, P = 0.003). Although this polymorphism has not been associated with changes in D2 kinetics as measured in HEK-293 cells transiently expressing D2 Thr92Ala, we investigated whether such association could be detected in human tissue samples. Remarkably, in thyroid and skeletal muscle samples from subjects homozygous for the Ala allele, D2 velocity was significantly lower than in subjects with Ala/Thr-Thr/Thr genotypes (P = 0.05 and 0.04, respectively). In conclusion, the A/G polymorphism is associated with greater insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and with lower D2 velocity in tissue samples. These findings suggest that the D2-generated T(3) in skeletal muscle plays a role in insulin resistance.