Radial artery superficialization for hemodialysis patients with severe heart failure: A case report.

Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and/or arteriovenous graft (AVG) burdens cardiac load. It is a challenge to create a vascular access (VA) on a patient who suffers severe heart failure and also combines with contraindications of central vein catheter implantation. Superficialized radial artery (RA) could be an available VA as an outflow for continuous hemodialysis. A 57-year-old male had a left arm distal radiocephalic fistula for hemodialysis for 10 months. The patient showed gradual aggravation of heart failure. RA superficialization was performed under anesthesia protocols and surgery steps. Fourteen days after the surgery, the superficialized artery supplied the hemodialysis as an outflow without any uncomfortable and complications. The echocardiographies present the changes of the heart structures and functions during the whole period from the beginning of AVF formation to the 18-month follow-up RA superficialization. RA superficialization technique should be an alternative VA for continuous hemodialysis under suitable conditions.

Long-Term Outcome of a "Mother-Child" Coaxial Dual-Catheter Technique for Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty of Central Vein Stenosis or Occlusion in Hemodialysis Patients.

PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate the long-term outcome and prognostic factors of a "mother-child" coaxial dual-catheter technique for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in the treatment of central vein stenosis (CVS) or central vein occlusion (CVO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: During September 2017 to August 2020, totally, 76 hemodialysis patients with symptomatic CVS or CVO were treated with PTA using the mother-child technique. The success rate, complications, and follow-up information were collected. Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to explore the predicting factors of primary patency. Primary patency rates of different subgroups were generated with the Kaplan-Meier analysis and compared using the log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. RESULTS: There were 31 CVS patients and 45 CVO patients who presented with 114 PTAs. The initial procedure success rate was 98.25%. By the end of the follow-up, 57 patients (75%) had maintained functioning fistula after initial or repeated PTAs. The primary patency rates were 88.75% at 3 months, 73.36% at 6 months, 55.83% at 12 months, and 50.75% at 18 months. The secondary patency rates were 97.14% at 6 months, 87.66% at 12 months, and 82.18% at 24 months. The predictors for primary patency were history diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31-7.30, P = .010), abnormal white blood cell count (HR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.18-1.75, P < .001), lesion at subclavian-innominate vein (HR=2.75, 95% CI: 1.34-5.63, P = .006), and occlusion (HR=0.33, 95% CI: 0.14-0.76, P = .010). The primary patency was significantly lower in the subclavian-innominate vein subgroup, with a median primary patency of 4.5 (3-12.75) months, than in the nonsubclavian-innominate vein subgroup (8.5 [5-13] months; P = .005). The median duration of each PTA was 8 months for the first PTA, 7.5 months for the second PTA, and 5 months for the third PTA. There was no significant difference in the patency duration of repeated PTAs and the primary PTA (P = .389). CONCLUSIONS: The mother-child coaxial dual-catheter technique has a good success rate and acceptable primary patency in the treatment of hemodialysis patients with CVS or CVO. Repeated PTA is as effective as the primary PTA. CLINICAL IMPACT: This is the follow up report on the "Mother-Child" coaxial dual-catheter technique for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of central vein stenosis or occlusion in hemodialysis patients since we first presented it in 2019. In this paper, we can see that the long-term patency rate of this technique for central venous disease is satisfactory, and repeated use of this technique does not affect the patency time. Compared with other literature reports, the surgical success rate of this technique is significantly improved. Therefore, this technique is worth popularizing in the treatment of central venous disease.

Circular RNA-0007059 protects cell viability and reduces inflammation in a nephritis cell model by inhibiting microRNA-1278/SHP-1/STAT3 signaling.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence has indicated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a role in various diseases. However, the influence of circRNAs in nephritis remains unknown. METHODS: Microarray analysis and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression of circRNA. Type I IFN were administrated to RMC and HEK293 cells to establish a nephritis cell model. CCK-8, MTT assay, and flow cytometry were used to assess cell proliferation, viability, and apoptosis of cells. Bioinformatics analysis and dual luciferase reporter assay detect the interaction of circ_0007059, miRNA-1278, and SHP-1. Glomerulonephritis was performed in a mouse model by administration of IFNα-expressing adenovirus. IHC staining showed the pathogenic changes. RESULTS: In the present study, the expression of circ_0007059 in type I interferon (IFN)-treated renal mesangial cells (RMCs), lupus nephritis (LN) specimens, and HEK293 cells was downregulated compared with that in normal healthy samples and untreated cells. Circ_0007059 overexpression resulted in increased cell proliferation, cell viability, apoptosis, and inflammation-associated factors (CXCL10, IFIT1, ISG15, and MX1) in RMCs and HEK293 cells. In addition, circ_0007059 overexpression significantly restored cell proliferation and viability and inhibited IFN-induced apoptosis. Further, the increased expression resulted in reduced inflammation and the downregulation of CXCL10, IFIT1, ISG15, and MX1 in RMCs and HEK293 cells. Circ_0007059 serves as a sponge for miR-1278 so that the latter can target the 3'-untranslated region of SHP-1. Overexpressed circ_0007059 inhibited miR-1278 expression and elevated SHP-1 expression, subsequently reducing STAT3 phosphorylation. Meanwhile, miR-1278 was upregulated and SHP-1 was downregulated in LN samples and IFN-treated cells. The restoration of miR-1278 counteracted the effect of circ_0007059 on viability, apoptosis, and inflammation as well as on SHP-1/STAT3 signaling in RMCs and HEK293 cells. We also investigated the role of SHP-1 overexpression in IFN-treated RMCs and HEK293 cells; SHP-1 overexpression resulted in a similar phenotype as that observed with circ_0007059 expression. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates that circ_0007059 protects RMCs against apoptosis and inflammation during nephritis by attenuating miR-1278/SHP-1/STAT3 signaling.

Efficacy of ultrasound-guided percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for arteriovenous fistula stenosis or occlusion at juxta-anastomosis: A 3-year follow-up cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred access for hemodialysis. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) has become a choice for AVF stenosis, and ultrasound has been used in PTA more frequently. METHODS: This single-center retrospective cohort study analyzed 129 patients who underwent PTA in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2016 to December 2016. Angioplasty was performed using a noncompliant high-pressure balloon. The process was visualized by duplex scan. Our inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) stenoses or occlusions were located at the juxta-anastomosis site: the first 5 cm of the vein distal to the anastomosis; (2) stenosis was confirmed with the following conditions: (a) flow rates are <500 mL/min in the brachial artery and <200 mL/min in the fistula during dialysis, and (b) the stenosis diameter is <1.7 mm. We used the Kaplan-Meier curve to show the postintervention primary and secondary patency rates of patients with stenosis and occlusion. RESULTS: Altogether, 129 patients with 76 males were analyzed. Moreover, 104 have AVFs on the left arm, and only one patient had an ulnar-basilic AVF, whereas others had a radial-cephalic AVF. The postintervention primary patency rates are better in occlusion cases (P < .05), whereas secondary patency rates have no difference. The postintervention primary patency rates are better in patients without diabetes mellitus (P < .05), whereas the secondary patency rates had no difference. CONCLUSIONS: For juxta-anastomosis site stenosis or occlusion, PTA can be used to obtain satisfactory results.

Radial artery diameterand and age related functional maturation of the radio-cephalic arteriovenous fistula.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have not described the relationship between reducing radial artery diameter as well as increasing age and functional maturation of the radio-cephalic arteriovenous fistula (RCAVF) and no data identify these as linear relationship. The objective of this study was to perform trend analysis to assess these aspects. METHODS: Our retrospective cohort study enrolled and analyzed 353 follow-up cases that underwent first AVF creation. The artery and vein sizes were measured by ultrasound. We performed follow-up, a minimum of 3 months after surgery. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors inmaturation. Participant age was categorized into four groups (age ≤ 29, 30-49, 50-69, and 70-90 years). Radial artery diameter was categorized into four groups (≤ 1.9, >1.9 and ≤ 2.1, >2.1 and ≤ 2.4, >2.4 mm) according to median and interquartile ranges. We adjusted for confounders in four logistic models, and primary analyses were based on building ordered category models and tested P values for trends to estimate the relationship of radial artery diameter and each 20-year increase in age with risk of maturation. RESULTS: The mature RCAVF group included 301 cases, and the immature group included 52 cases. Radial artery diameter, age, and diabetes were independent risk factors of maturation. Odds ratios (ORs) associated with maturation reduced with increasing age, while ORs increased with increasing radial artery diameter. P values for trends(<0.05) were observed in all four models. A reduction in radial artery diameter and higher age were significantly associated with a higher incidence of immaturity after adjusting the multivariate models. The risks of immaturation were increased by more than 1.54 fold for each 20-year increase and increased by more than 1.34 fold for the smaller radial artery diameter group. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that a significantly higher immaturity risk of RCAVF was associated with increasing age and a reduction in radial artery diameter. Our study identified a linear exposure-response relationship of age and radial artery diameter with immaturity incident. A careful selection of patients will be helpful in improving AVF functional maturation.

A simple tourniquet technique for bleeding control after percutaneous hemodialysis fistula and graft interventions.

BACKGROUND: The purse-string suture has been widely used for bleeding control after percutaneous interventions through arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and graft (AVG), and it requires suture removal the next day. This study aimed to introduce a simple method using a tourniquet to facilitate hemostasis following AVF or AVG sheath removal after percutaneous procedures. METHODS: Data were retrospectively collected and included all the consecutive patients who received bleeding control with a tourniquet after percutaneous AVF or AVG interventions. Hemostasis was facilitated using the tourniquet technique after sheath removal. RESULTS: A total of 1966 patients who received the tourniquet technique for bleeding control after percutaneous AVF or AVG interventions were included. Bleeding control was successfully achieved in all patients. Regarding complications, hematoma, thrombosis, and rebleeding occurred in 57 (2.9%), 11 (0.6%), and 8 (0.4%) patients, respectively. Neither pseudoaneurysm nor infection occurred in the patients. Age, gender, pre-existing diseases (including diabetes and hypertension), procedure count, sheath size, hemodialysis access type, and canalization route were similar between patients with and without complications. The primary patency rates at 6,12, 24, and 36 months were 85.0, 64.6, 53.8, and 41.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The tourniquet technique is an effective and safe approach for facilitating hemostasis after catheter-based percutaneous interventions of hemodialysis accesses.

Partial aneurysmectomy for treatment of autologous hemodialysis fistula aneurysm is safe and effective.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome and the factors associated with stenosis after treatment using partial aneurysmectomy for aneurysm in autologous arteriovenous fistulas. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted from July 2007 to June 2016 and included patients with complicated aneurysms in upper extremity autologous arteriovenous fistulas were treated by partial aneurysmectomy. Vascular ultrasound examination was performed every 6 months after the surgery. RESULTS: Forty-one patients (median age, 37 years; 70.7% males) were included. Of the patients, 95.1% had a radial-cephalic fistula in the forearm and nearly 88% had 1 or 2 aneurysms in arteriovenous fistulas that had been created for 10 to 84 months. Technical success of partial aneurysmectomy was achieved in all patients. The access diameter (44.0 ± 5.1 mm vs 10.4 ± 1.8 mm; P < .01) and brachial artery blood flow (1618.2 ± 277.0 mL/min vs 772.1 ± 127.4 mL/min; P < .01) were significantly decreased after the surgery. The median follow-up time was 27 months (range, 12-43 months). The primary patency rates at 6 and 12 months were 100% and 95%, respectively. Loss of patency was due to stenosis of the remodeled fistulas, which occurred in seven patients (17%). Multivariate COX regression analysis revealed that diabetes (hazard ratio, 114.28; 95% confidence interval, 2.85-4583.94; P = .01) was a risk factor for the impaired primary patency rates. A larger postprocedure residual diameter trended to favor fistula patency (hazard ratio, 0.46; P = .07). Stenosis was successfully treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. CONCLUSIONS: Partial aneurysmectomy is an effective and safe method for treating aneurysm of upper extremity autologous arteriovenous fistulas, leading to good 12-month primary patency and no aneurysm recurrence. Using a larger catheter to size the revised fistula during aneurysmectomy may increase access patency.

Hemodialysis reinitiation using a resurrected mummy fistula: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Kidney allograft loss becomes an important cause of end-stage kidney disease and requires dialysis reinitiation. We report a case of a patient who restarted hemodialysis after his second kidney graft failure using a long-discarded autologous arteriovenous fistula. CASE PRESENTATION: A 62-year-old man was diagnosed with end-stage renal disease 20 year ago, and a native arteriovenous fistula was created for hemodialysis. After the patient received his first kidney transplantation, the hemodialysis fistula was discarded and chronically thrombosed for 13 years. When the patient experienced his second kidney graft loss and presented with uremia again, dialysis restart was needed. Under vascular ultrasound, but not x-ray, guidance, we successfully revascularized the patient's chronically occluded, long-discarded arteriovenous fistula access and used it for hemodialysis. The resurrected fistula remained patent and clinically useable for hemodialysis up to 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: This report provides the feasibility of ultrasound-guided transluminal angioplasty for the treatment of a mummy hemodialysis fistula, which could be considered when managing patients who need dialysis reinitiation.

Comparing the vascular thromboembolic events following arteriovenous fistula in Chinese population with end-stage renal diseases receiving Clopidogrel versus Beraprost sodium therapy: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: To assess the time to first on-study vascular thromboembolic events (VTEs) of clopidogrel (CL) or beraprost sodium (BPS) in Chinese population with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treated with arteriovenous fistula (AVF) surgery. METHODS: From Jan 2009 to May 2015, 346 ESRD cases suffering an AVF surgery and undergoing oral administration of 75 mg CL (initial dose of 300 mg), 1 time/day, for 4 weeks or 40 µg BPS, 3 times/day, for 4 weeks were retrospectively assessed. The primary outcome was time to first on-study VTE. RESULTS: In total, 222 ESRD cases (CL, n = 112; BPS, n = 110) were assessed, with a median follow-up time of 38.1 months (range, 37-40 months). The mean time to first on-study VTE was 1.2 weeks (0.5-2.3) and 1.8 weeks (1.2-3.8) for CL and BPS, respectively (HR 0.27, 95% CI 0.16-1.45; P = 0.00). An increased incidence of VTEs was found during the 1th-month follow-up, with rates of 14.2 and 5.5% for CL and BPS, respectively (P = 0.03). The difference persisted over time, with rates of 24.1 and 11.8% at final follow-up, respectively (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: CL with an increased risk of VTEs tended to have a VTE within the 1st month after cessation compared with BPS.

Acute upper limb ischemia caused by thrombus shedding during arteriovenous graft thrombolysis: A case report.

Acute upper limb ischemia is a rare, potentially limb- or life-threatening vascular emergency that may lead to limb dysfunction or amputation. We present a patient undergoing maintenance hemodialysis who was hospitalized for arteriovenous graft thrombus complicated by acute upper limb ischemia arising from thrombus shedding to the fingertip arteries during thrombolysis. We successfully restored fingertip arterial patency, avoided amputation, and recovered the function of the arteriovenous graft by precise thrombolysis, anticoagulation, correction of arteriospasm, and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. This case provides a basis for vascular access surgeons to treat acute upper limb ischemia caused by thromboembolism similarly.

Successful creation and long-term usage of radiocephalic fistula based on the recanalized completely occluded radial artery.

The total occlusion of radial artery is a contraindication for reintervention and further usage. In this study, we report successful revascularization with creation of radiocephalic fistula from post-procedural chronically-occluded radial artery. The completely occluded radial artery was recanalized through ultrasound guided balloon angioplasty. A traditional radiocephalic fistula was created subsequently by using the recanalized radial artery for hemodialysis therapy. Though the fistula was failed at the 6 weeks caused by the juxta anastomotic stenosis, the further ultrasound guided percutaneous transluminal angioplasty restored the blood, and the hemodialysis therapy lasts for more than 1 year so far. It's feasible to create radiocephalic fistula based on the recanalized radial artery and maintain long-term hemodialysis therapy.

Clinical outcome of percutaneous angioplasty and covered stent placement for treatment of left brachiocephalic vein obstruction in hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Left brachiocephalic vein (LBV) obstruction is a common complication in patients undergoing hemodialysis. This study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with LBV obstruction who underwent percutaneous angioplasty or stenting. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 67 hemodialysis patients with LBV stenosis or occlusion who underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA; n = 25) or percutaneous transluminal stenting (PTS; n = 42). We compared the clinical characteristics, lesion features, and patency between the two groups of patients. RESULTS: The average age, sex, smoking history, body mass index, obstruction period, comorbidities, and clinical manifestations were comparable between the PTA and PTS groups. Prior ipsilateral catheterization was less common in the PTS group than in the PTA group (14.3% vs 36.0%, p < 0.05). Smaller sized balloons were used in the PTS group than in the PTA group (p < 0.05). The overall primary patency rates were similar between the two groups, whereas the secondary patency rate in the PTS group was higher than that in the PTA group (p < 0.05). The average age, sex, smoking history, body mass index, obstruction period, prior ipsilateral catheterization, comorbidities, and types of lesions were comparable between patients with or without restenosis, while patients with restenosis had a higher percentage of high venous pressure than those without restenosis (87.5% vs 60.5%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The primary patency rates were similar in the angioplasty and the stenting groups. Stenting has a significantly higher secondary patency rate than angioplasty alone for treating LBV obstruction and is required more commonly in patients without prior ipsilateral catheterization.

Long-Term Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty for Arteriovenous Fistula Outflow Stenosis Caused by Venous Valve.

Introduction: Venous valve-related stenosis (VVRS) is an uncommon type of failure of arteriovenous fistula among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). There is a paucity of data on the long-term efficacy of ultrasound-guided percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for VVRS. Methods: ESRD patients who underwent PTA because of VVRS between January 2017 and December 2021 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were enrolled. Patients were classified into three cohorts (cohort1, VVRS located within 3 cm of the vein adjacent to the anastomosis; cohort2, VVRS located over 3 cm away from the anastomosis; cohort3, multiple stenoses). The patency rates were assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were performed to identify the risk factors. Results: A total of 292 patients were enrolled, including 125 (42.8%), 111 (38.0%), and 56 (19.2%) patients in cohort1, cohort2, and cohort3, respectively. The median follow-up was 34.8 months. The 6-month, 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year primary patency rates were 86.0%, 69.4%, 47.5%, and 35.3%, respectively. The secondary patency rates were 94.5%, 89.4%, 75.5%, and 65.3%, respectively. Cohort1 showed a relatively better primary patency compared to cohort2 and cohort3. The secondary patency rates were comparable in the three cohorts. Duration of dialysis and VVRS type were potential factors associated with primary patency. Conclusions: This study showed acceptable long-term primary and secondary patency rates after PTA for VVRS in ESRD patients, especially for those with VVRS located within 3 cm of the vein adjacent to the anastomosis.

Clinical characteristics of hemodialysis patients with left brachiocephalic vein obstruction due to extrinsic compression or prior catheterization.

BACKGROUND: Left brachiocephalic vein (LBCV) stenosis is a common complication in hemodialysis patients and is a heterogenous disorder associated with either prior catheterization or extrinsic compression. This study aimed to characterize patients with LBCV stenosis or occlusion with and without a history of central venous catheterization. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study in 84 hemodialysis patients with LBCV stenosis or occlusion with (n = 22) or without (n = 62) prior catheterization. We compared the clinical features, anatomical factors, restenosis after balloon venoplasty, and patency rates of patients in these two groups. RESULTS: In the cohort of 84 patients with LBCV stenosis or occlusion, 73.8% (62 patients) of them had no history of catheterization. Patients without prior catheterization had more stenotic lesions (p < 0.05) but less occlusive lesions (p < 0.05) than patients with prior catheterization. The space between the sternum and the aorta was narrower in patients without prior catheterization than that in patients with prior catheterization (p < 0.05). Percutaneous venography was performed in 81 patients, and the occurrence of recoil after venoplasty in patients without prior catheterization was significantly higher than that in patients with prior catheterization (p < 0.05). The rate of stent implantation was significantly higher in patients without prior catheterization than patients with prior catheterization (p < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in primary patency between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: LBCV stenosis and occlusion are mainly due to extrinsic compression rather than prior central venous catheterization. Stent implantation is frequently required after venoplasty to treat LBCV obstructive lesions in patients without prior catheterization.

Clinical outcomes of indwelling needle-delivered urokinase thrombolysis in the treatment of thrombosed arteriovenous grafts.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the clinical outcomes of indwelling needle-delivered local urokinase thrombolysis, a cost-saving thrombolytic approach, in the treatment of thrombosed arteriovenous grafts (AVGs). METHODS: The clinical data of 71 patients with a first episode of thrombosed AVG were analyzed. Among them, 49 patients underwent urokinase thrombolysis and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), and 22 patients underwent thrombectomy and PTA. The operation success rate, operation time, perioperative and postoperative complications, primary patency, and secondary patency were compared. RESULTS: Clinical success was achieved in all 71 PTAs. After thrombolysis, 29 patients achieved complete lysis, and 20 patients achieved partial lysis. All patients achieved thrombus clearance after PTA. The operating room usage time was 37.48 ± 5.33 min for the complete thrombolysis group and 41.70 ± 6.16 min for the incomplete thrombolysis group, and these values were not significantly different (p = 0.853). The operating room usage time of the thrombectomy group was 124.73 ± 5.08 min, which was significantly longer than that of the other groups (p < 0.001). The log-rank test indicated no significant difference in the 90-, 180-, and 360-day primary patency and corresponding secondary patency (all p > 0.05). The Cox regression showed that no significant difference was noted in the changing rate of primary or secondary patency among the groups (all p > 0.05). No major complications occurred in any of the groups, and the difference in the complication incidence was not significant (p = 0.336). CONCLUSIONS: Indwelling needle-delivered urokinase thrombolysis is an acceptable method for the treatment of thrombosed AVGs. Compared with thrombectomy and PTA, thrombolysis and PTA can significantly shorten the time to use the operating room without reducing primary and secondary patency or increasing complications.

Delamination and dissection of arteriovenous grafts: A multicenter report of four cases.

Arteriovenous (AV) grafts are an alternative vascular access for chronic hemodialysis. AV graft failure is often due to stenosis of the feeding artery, graft, or draining vein. We report four cases of AV graft dysfunction and failure rarely caused by graft delamination and dissection. Two males and two females aged 47-67 years had been on chronic hemodialysis. Ultrasound examination detected graft delamination and dissection between 1 and 33 months after Acuseal AV graft implantation. Two cases were successfully treated with stenting and partial graft replacement, respectively. False lumen volume reduction by fluid withdrawal failed to salvage the delaminated graft in one of the patients. The delamination and dissection of another case spontaneously resolved 5 months later. Graft delamination and dissection should be considered as a possible cause for AV graft dysfunction and failure. Stenting and graft replacement may be recommended to treat AV graft dissection and delamination.

Case report: Severe dry cough associated with superior vena cava syndrome-Caused recurrent chylothorax.

Introduction: Symptomatic pleural effusion is occasionally caused by superior vena cava syndrome. Dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain are common symptoms of pleural effusion. However, the current literature has not reported a causal linkage between chylous pleural effusion and dry cough. Case presentation: A patient with uremia suffered from an unexplained severe dry cough, which could be triggered by postural changes. Medical examinations ruled out the possibility of chronic bronchitis, gastroesophageal reflux, chest tumor, tuberculosis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and allergy history. Examinations showed that the patient had chylous pleural effusion. The cough symptoms were relieved after extraction of the pleural effusion but soon reappeared with the recurrence of chylothorax. Enhanced computed tomography showed that the patient had superior vena cava occlusion. After recanalization of the superior vena cava by percutaneous balloon dilatation, the patient no longer had chylothorax, and the severe cough was eliminated. Conclusion: Super vena cava syndrome can cause chylothorax and further stimulate severe dry cough. Cough is not a specific symptom. Chest imaging and pleural fluid analysis can help narrow down the diagnosis.

Migration of covered stents in thoracic central vein obstruction procedures in patients with hemodialysis: Case report and literature review.

Objective: The objective of the study is to present a case of hemodialysis in which the covered stent that had migrated into the right ventricle was retrieved by exploratory thoracotomy, and to review the literature on the diagnosis and treatment of stent migration in thoracic central vein obstruction (TCVO) procedures for hemodialysis patients. Method: A systematic search of the PubMed database was performed to identify clinical presentations, imaging strategies, stent types, and treatment modalities for stent migration in hemodialysis patients. Results: A total of 14 case reports on stent migration in TCVO procedures for hemodialysis patients were included and analyzed. Ten cases included migration to the cardiac chambers and the remainder migration to the pulmonary artery. The common symptoms of stent migration in TCVO procedures are reported to be chest pain and dyspnea, while three of the cases studied involved no symptoms. Echocardiography, chest X-ray, and computed tomography are the commonly used methods for the diagnosis of stent migration and identification of the precise positioning of the stent. Stent migration to the right subclavian or innominate veins was the most prevalent case (seven cases). All were bare stents. Seven cases involved retrieval by interventional surgery, while four cases involved retrieval by open heart surgery. However, there were three cases in which the "wait-and-see" approach was adopted since the patients were asymptomatic. Conclusions: Stent migration in TCVO procedures is a rare but extremely serious complication. The causes are not fully understood. The current treatment strategies include interventional surgery, open heart surgery, and the "wait-and-see" approach.