[Chinese expert guidance on overall application of lenvatinib in hepatocellular carcinoma].

Lenvatinib mesylate is an oral receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor against targets of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1-3, fibroblast growth factor receptors 1-4, platelet-derived growth factor receptor α, stem cell growth factor receptor, and rearranged during transfection, et al. Lenvatinib has been approved by the National Medical Products Administration of China on September 4, 2018, for the first-line treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma who have not received systematic treatment before. Up to February 2023, Lenvatinib has been listed in China for more than 4 years, accumulating a series of post-marketing clinical research evidences. Based on the clinical practice before and after the launch of lenvatinib and referring to the clinical experience of other anti-angiogenesis inhibitors, domestic multidisciplinary experts and scholars adopt the Delphi method to formulate the Chinese Expert Guidance on Overall Application of Lenvatinib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma after repeated discussions and revisions, in order to provide reference for reasonable and effective clinical application of lenvatinib for clinicians.

Survival prediction with score model based on clinical characteristics in advanced HCC patients receiving oxaliplatin-containing regimens.

A score model based on clinical characteristics in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients treated with systemic chemotherapy of oxaliplatin-containing regimens was established to evaluate progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Thirty HCC patients eligible for radical resection were involved in the retrospective study, and these were divided into the good response group (complete response (CR)/partial response (PR) and the poor response group (stable disease (SD)/progression disease (PD). The median PFS and OS were compared in the two groups. PFS and OS combined with clinical characteristics were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. The score model was defined with 1 score for each characteristic, and score model cut-off values were determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) which describes treatment response. The median PFS was 10 and 2 months (p<0.001), and the median OS was 13 and 4 months (p=0.011) for the CR/PR and SD/PD groups, respectively. The score of 1 was the optimal cutoff value, with sensitivity ranging from 52.6 to 63.2% and specificity from 81.8 to 100% (AUC= 0.773, p=0.014). The median PFS for good and poor response groups was 9 months and 1month (p<0.001) and the median OS was 22 and 3months at p<0.001, respectively. Patients with scores above 1 had poor response, with median 3 months OS and 1 month PFS, and patients with scores of 0 and 1 established good response, with median 22 months OS and 9 months PFS, respectively.

The next chapter for group B meningococcal vaccines.

The majority of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in the developed world is caused by capsular group B Neisseria meningitidis, however success with vaccination against organisms bearing this capsule has previously been restricted to control of geographically limited clonal outbreaks. As we enter a new era, with the first routine program underway to control endemic group B meningococcal disease for infants in the UK, it is timely to review the key landmarks in group B vaccine development, and discuss the issues determining whether control of endemic group B disease will be achieved. Evidence of a reduction in carriage acquisition of invasive group B meningococcal strains, after vaccination among adolescents, is imperative if routine immunization is to drive population control of disease beyond those who are vaccinated (i.e. through herd immunity). The need for multiple doses to generate a sufficiently protective response and reactogenicity remain significant problems with the new generation of vaccines. Despite these limitations, early data from the UK indicate that new group B meningococcal vaccines have the potential to have a major impact on meningococcal disease, and to provide new insight into how we might do better in the future.

Increased risk of breast cancer in individuals carrying the TNRC9 rs3803662 C>T polymorphism: a meta-analysis of case-control studies.

Currently, the relationship between the trinucleotide repeat containing 9 (TNRC9) rs3803662 C>T polymorphism and risk of breast cancer (BC) is uncertain. Here, we attempted to obtain a more accurate assessment of this association by conducting a meta-analysis of all eligible case-control investigations, comprising 44,820 cases and 58,316 controls. A comprehensive search was performed to identify all suitable studies involving the TNRC9 rs3803662 polymorphism and BC risk. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated using fixed- or random-effect models. Heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analyses were also carried out. We found that the variant T allele of rs3803662 C>T greatly increases BC risk (CT vs CC: OR = 1.14, 95%CI = 1.07-1.22, P < 0.001; TT vs CC: OR = 1.38, 95%CI = 1.25-1.53, P < 0.001; CT/TT vs CC: OR = 1.19, 95%CI = 1.11-1.28, P < 0.001; TT vs CT/CC: OR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.19-1.38, P < 0.001). Stratified analysis based on ethnicity also revealed a markedly increased risk in Asian and Caucasian populations. Moreover, studies with hospital-based control groups showed elevated risk under the four genetic models employed, as did those using population-based controls, except under heterozygote comparison. The TNRC9 rs3803662 C>T polymorphism is greatly related to increased risk of BC, in both Asian and Caucasian populations.

Integrated miRNA-mRNA analysis of Epstein-Barr virus-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

This study aims to identify the crucial miRNAs in Epstein-Barr virus-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and their target genes. Gene expression profile data (GSE12452) that included 31 NPC and 10 normal nasopharyngeal tissue specimens were downloaded. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using significance analysis of microarrays. The underlying function of DEGs was predicted via Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses. The miRNA sequencing dataset GSE14738 was also downloaded, and expression levels of miRNA were calculated by the number of reads mapped to each miRNA. The selected miRNAs were integrated into the miRecords database to obtain their target genes. Target genes associated with DEGs were used to construct the interaction network via Cytoscape. A total of 1437 DEGs between NPC and control were identified, most of which were enriched in cell cycle and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction signaling pathways. Furthermore, 112 miRNAs were considered upregulated in NPC samples. A total of 2228 relationships between 39 miRNAs and 1247 target genes were obtained, of which 182 relationships between 32 miRNAs and 97 target genes were chosen to construct an interaction network. The interactions between DEGs and the let-7 or miR-29 families appeared strongest in this network, where CDC25A, COL3A1, and COL1A1 were regulated by several let-7 family members, while COL4A1 and COL5A2 were regulated by several miR-29 family members. The let-7 and miR-29 families may be related to the development of NPC by regulating the genes involved in cell cycle and ECM-receptor interaction.

[Horizontal sound localization in presence of noise in normal-hearing young adults].

Objective: This study investigates the effect of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), frequency, and bandwidth on horizontal sound localization accuracy in normal-hearing young adults. Methods: From August 2022 to December 2022, a total of 20 normal-hearing young adults, including 7 males and 13 females, with an age range of 20 to 35 years and a mean age of 25.4 years, were selected to participate in horizontal azimuth recognition tests under both quiet and noisy conditions. Six narrowband filtered noise stimuli were used with central frequencies (CF) of 250, 2 000, and 4 000 Hz and bandwidths of 1/6 and 1 octave. Continuous broadband white noise was used as the background masker, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was 0, -3, and -12 dB. The root-mean-square error (RMS error) was used to measure sound localization accuracy, with smaller values indicating higher accuracy. Friedman test was used to compare the effects of SNR and CF on sound localization accuracy, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the impact of the two bandwidths on sound localization accuracy in noise. Results: In a quiet environment, the RMS error in horizontal azimuth in normal-hearing young adults ranged from 4.3 to 8.1 degrees. Sound localization accuracy decreased with decreasing SNR: at 0 dB SNR (range: 5.3-12.9 degrees), the difference from the quiet condition was not significant (P>0.05); however, at -3 dB (range: 7.3-16.8 degrees) and -12 dB SNR (range: 9.4-41.2 degrees), sound localization accuracy significantly decreased compared to the quiet condition (all P<0.01). Under noisy conditions, there were differences in sound localization accuracy among stimuli with different frequencies and bandwidths, with higher frequencies performing the worst, followed by middle frequencies, and lower frequencies performing the best, with significant differences (all P<0.01). Sound localization accuracy for 1/6 octave stimuli was more susceptible to noise interference than 1 octave stimuli (all P<0.01). Conclusions: The ability of normal-hearing young adults to localize sound in the horizontal plane in the presence of noise is influenced by SNR, CF, and bandwidth. Noise with SNRs of ≥-3 dB can lead to decreased accuracy in narrowband sound localization. Higher CF signals and narrower bandwidths are more susceptible to noise interference.

Patient-reported outcomes in the practice-based opportunities for weight reduction (POWER) trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate effects of two behavioral weight-loss interventions (in-person, remote) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) compared to a control intervention. METHODS: Four hundred and fifty-one obese US adults with at least one cardiovascular risk factor completed five measures of HRQOL and depression: MOS SF-12 physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary; EuroQoL-5 dimensions single index and visual analog scale; PHQ-8 depression symptoms; and PSQI sleep quality scores at baseline and 6 and 24 months after randomization. Change in each outcome was analyzed using outcome-specific mixed-effects models controlling for participant demographic characteristics. RESULTS: PCS-12 scores over 24 months improved more among participants in the in-person active intervention arm than among control arm participants (P < 0.05, ES = 0.21); there were no other statistically significant treatment arm differences in HRQOL change. Greater weight loss was associated with improvements in most outcomes (P < 0.05 to < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Participants in the in-person active intervention improved more in physical function HRQOL than participants in the control arm did. Greater weight loss during the study was associated with greater improvement in all PRO except for sleep quality, suggesting that weight loss is a key factor in improving HRQOL.

First Report of Sweet potato virus G Infecting Sweet Potato in Taiwan.

Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., is an important root crop grown mainly in the counties of Changhua, Yunlin, Tainan, and Pingtung in Taiwan where Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) and Sweet potato latent virus (SPLV) have been reported. Commercial sweet potato grown in Nantou in 2009 and in Hualian in 2010 exhibited downward leaf curling and vein clearing, indicative of viral infection, yet symptoms were distinct from those caused by SPFMV, SPLV, or mixed infection of both viruses. Total RNA was extracted from two symptomatic plants from each county with RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and analyzed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using the potyvirusdegenerate primer Hrp5 (1) and oligo-dT18 with BamHI site at the 5' end (5'-GGATCCTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-3'). Two healthy plants served as negative controls. An approximately 1.5-kb amplicon covering the region from the 3'-end of the nuclear inclusion protein b (NIb) gene to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) was amplified from all symptomatic plants, while the healthy controls remained negative. Subsequently, one sample from each location was cloned and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. HQ171932-TW1 [Nantou] and JN205346-TW2 [Hualian]). Based on sequence comparison, the two isolates shared only 86.7% nucleotide identity. BLAST analysis of the CP gene of the isolate TW1 revealed 99% nucleotide identity with the corresponding sequence of Sweet potato virus G (SPVG)-CH2 from China (Z83314). Isolate TW2, however, only shared 86% nucleotide identity with SPVG-CH2, indicating isolate TW2 is genetically different from other isolates and probably represents a new strain of SPVG. The presence of SPVG was further confirmed in symptomatic plants by indirect ELISA using SPVG antiserum developed by Y.-H. Cheng of the Agricultural Research Institute. Since co-infection of different viruses in sweet potato can cause severe leaf symptoms and significant yield reduction (3), a preliminary field survey was also conducted to determine the extent of co-infection with more than one potyvirus using three different primer pairs, SPVGup (5'-ACCGAGCTTTACCCCAGGTAGAGAG-3')/SPVdw (5'-CGCGCAAGACTCATRTCAGTCAAAT-3') for SPVG, FM16 (5'-GAATTTAAAGATGCAGGTGTGAAC-3')/FM895 (5'-GAGGTTATGTATATTTCTAGTAAC-3') for SPFMV, and L166 (5'-GACAGAGATATCAACACTGGCACC-3')/L841 (5'-TCCAAGTAGTGTGTGTATGTTCCG-3') for SPLV. Forty-six of 128 (36%) sweet potato samples collected from Nantou, Hualian, Yunlin, Tainan, and Chiayi counties during 2010 and 2011 tested positive for SPVG. Of the 46 samples that tested positive for SPVG, six were co-infected with SPLV, 19 were co-infected with SPFMV, and two were co-infected with all three viruses. Of the samples that tested negative for SPVG, 10 were infected with SPLV, eight were infected with SPFMV, and two were infected with both SPLV and SPFMV. To date, SPVG has been detected in China, the United States, Peru, Egypt, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Spain, Java, New Zealand, Hawaii, French Polynesia, and Easter Island (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of SPVG infecting sweet potato in Taiwan. SPVG could become a new and potentially serious threat to sweet potato production in Taiwan. References: (1) C. C. Chen et al. Bot. Stud. 47:369, 2006. (2) M. Rännäli et al. Plant Dis. 92:1313, 2008. (3) M. Untiveros et al. Plant Dis. 91:669, 2007.

First Report of Guignardia citricarpa Associated with Citrus Black Spot on Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) in North America.

In March 2010, citrus black spot symptoms were observed on sweet orange trees in a grove near Immokalee, FL. Symptoms observed on fruit included hard spot, cracked spot, and early virulent spot. Hard spot lesions were up to 5 mm, depressed with a chocolate margin and a necrotic, tan center, often with black pycnidia (140 to 200 µm) present. Cracked spot lesions were large (15 mm), dark brown, with diffuse margins and raised cracks. In some cases, hard spots formed in the center of lesions. Early virulent spot lesions were small (up to 7 mm long), bright red, irregular, indented, and often with many pycnidia. In addition, small (2 to 3 mm), elliptical, reddish brown leaf lesions with depressed tan centers were observed on some trees with symptomatic fruit. Chlorotic halos appeared as they aged. Most leaves had single lesions, occasionally up to four per leaf. Tissue pieces from hard spots and early virulent spots were placed aseptically on potato dextrose agar (PDA), oatmeal agar, or carrot agar and incubated with 12 h of light and dark at 24°C. Cultures that grew colonies within a week were discarded. Fourteen single-spore cultures were obtained from the isolates that grew slower than the Guignardia mangiferae reference cultures, although pycnidia formed more rapidly in the G. mangiferae cultures (1). No sexual structures were observed. Cultures on half-PDA were black and cordlike with irregular margins with numerous pycnidia, often bearing white cirrhi after 14 days. Conidia (7.1 to 7.8 × 10.3 to 11.8 µm) were hyaline, aseptate, multiguttulate, ovoid with a flattened base surrounded by a hyaline matrix (0.4 to 0.6 µm) and a hyaline appendage on the rounded apex, corresponding to published descriptions of G. citricarpa (anomorph Phyllosticta citricarpa) (1). A yellow pigment was seen in oatmeal agar surrounding G. citricarpa, but not G. mangiferae colonies as previously reported (1,2). DNA was extracted from lesions and cultures and amplified with species-specific primers (2). DNA was also extracted from G. mangiferae and healthy citrus fruit. The G. citricarpa-specific primers produced a 300-bp band from fruit lesions and pure cultures. G. mangiferae-specific primers produced 290-bp bands with DNA from G. mangiferae cultures. The internally transcribed spacer (ITS) of the rRNA gene, translation-elongation factor (TEF), and actin gene regions were sequenced from G. citricarpa isolates and deposited in GenBank. These sequences had 100% homology with G. citricarpa ITS sequences from South Africa and Brazil, 100% homology with TEF, and 99% homology with actin of a Brazilian isolate. Pathogenicity tests with G. citricarpa were not done because the organism infects immature fruit and has an incubation period of at least 6 months (3). In addition, quarantine restrictions limit work with the organism outside a contained facility. To our knowledge, this is the first report of black spot in North America. The initial infested area was ~57 km2. The disease is of great importance to the Florida citrus industry because it causes serious blemishes and significant yield reduction, especially on the most commonly grown 'Valencia' sweet orange. Also, the presence of the disease in Florida may affect market access because G. citricarpa is considered a quarantine pathogen by the United States and internationally. References: (1) R. P. Baayen et al. Phytopathology 92:464, 2002. (2) N. A. Peres et al. Plant Dis. 91:525, 2007 (3) R. F. Reis et al. Fitopath Bras. 31:29, 2006.

High-efficiency photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using electrospun ZnO nanofibers as catalyst.

In this work, ZnO nanofibers (ZNFs) were successfully prepared via a simple electrospinning technique using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2 2H2O) as precursors. The obtained ZNFs have an average diameter of ca. 95 nm and are composed of crystalline wurtzite phase. Methylene blue (MB) dye was used to investigate the photocatalytic performance of pure ZNFs. The study confirms that ZNFs have favorable catalytic activity, and the best degradation efficiency of MB can exceed 90% under UV light irradiation for 3 hours. In addition, we propose a possible photodegradation mechanism.

[The development of auditory speech perception and spatial hearing abilities within one year after cochlear implantation in preschool prelingual deaf children].

Objective: To investigate the development of auditory speech perception and spatial hearing abilities within one year after cochlear implantation in preschool prelingual deaf children and the relationship between the two abilities. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 31 preschool children with an average age of (2.3±1.2) years. All cases were assessed at pre-implant, 6 months and 12 months post-implant using the Infant-toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS), the Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (MAIS) and the Mandarin Early Speech Perception test (MESP) to evaluate their listening and speech perception abilities, and using the Speech,Spatial,and Other Qualities of Hearing Scale for Parents (SSQ-P) questionnaires to evaluate their speech perception and spatial hearing abilities. SPSS 23.0 was used for the statistical analysis. Results: All children performed better at 6 months and 12 months post-implant with IT-MAIS/MAIS, MESP than pre-implant, and the scoring rate continued to improve, with a significant difference (P<0.01). For the SSQ-P (Speech) and SSQ-P (Spatial) scores, the mean scores of pre-implant were (0.9±0.2) points and (0.8±0.3) points, those of 6 months post-implant were (4.6±0.2) and (2.6±0.3), and 12 months post-implant were (6.2±0.2) and (6.3±0.3), the scores of the two groups were significantly different at pre-implant, 6 months and 12 months post-implant (P<0.01). The growth rate of SSQ-P (Spatial) from pre-implant to 12 months post-implant was 675.3%, and the growth rate from 6 months post-implant to 12 months post-implant was 140.6%, the growth rate showed an significant increase compared with IT-MAIS/MAIS, MESP and SSQ-P (Speech).SSQ-P (Speech) and SSQ-P (Spatial) scores were moderate correlation at 12 months post-implant(r=0.465, P=0.008). Conclusions: Within one year after cochlear implantation, listening, speech perception and spatial hearing abilities of preschool prelingual deaf children could show a comprehensive, continuous and significant progress as the implantation time increasing. The growth rate of spatial hearing is greater than that of speech perception at 12 months post-implant, and the spatial hearing could still show rapid development characteristics after 6 months post-implant.

[Clinical characteristics of patients with odontogenic sinusitis underwent endoscopic sinus surgery].

Objective: To analyze the clinical features of patients with odontogenic sinusitis (OS) treated by endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Methods: A retrospective investigation was carried out in our 27 (16 males and 11 females) cases with OS aged (49.74±14.42) years old. Subjects were hospitalized between January 2018 and November 2020 from Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital. The medical history, symptoms, result of nasal endoscopy and paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) were analyzed statistically by SPSS 19.0. Results: OS mainly occured on unilateral sinuses, with a duration of (8.56±11.79) months. Seventy point four percent (19/27) of the patients had a course within six-month, only 11% was over 12 months (3/27). Symptoms mostly showed as nasal obstruction (88.9%; 24/27), runny nose (81.5%; 22/27), nasal stinks (16/19) and postnasal drip (10/10). Sixty-three percent (17/27) of the OS patients had a dental history. Nasal endoscopic examination revealed a swelling of the ostiomeatal complex (77.8%; 21/27), medial wall interhal displacement of maxillary sinus (55.6%; 15/27), white emulsion-like purulent secretion in the middle meatus (70.4%; 19/27) and nasal polyps (59.3%; 16/27). Etiology of OS included implant-related problems (14.8%; 4/27) and periodontal disease (85.2%; 23/27). Conclusions: OS is usually unilateral sinusitis with a short history. Its clinical features show nasal stinks, white emulsion-like purulent secretion in the middle meatus and imaging findings of unilateral maxillary sinusitis with tooth-related lesions.

Feasibility and acceptability of a remotely-delivered behavioural health coaching intervention to limit gestational weight gain.

INTRODUCTION: Gestational weight gain (GWG) and postpartum weight retention (PPWR) are significant, potentially modifiable, contributors to women's future weight and health trajectories. There is a need for feasible and patient-centered (i.e., convenient, remotely-delivered, technology-enhanced, and accessible through the prenatal care setting) behavioural interventions that limit GWG and PPWR. This study tests the feasibility and acceptability of a remotely-delivered behavioural health coaching intervention to limit gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention. METHODS: Pregnant women (11-16 weeks gestation) were recruited from two prenatal clinics and randomized to the active intervention or health education comparison group. Completion of the program was monitored and perceived helpfulness was rated (0-100). RESULTS: Twenty-six women were randomized (n = 13 per arm; mean age = 31.6 years, SD = 3.6; mean BMI = 26.7 kg/m2, SD = 7.4). Participants completed a median of 18 coaching calls and 16/19 learning activities during pregnancy, and a median of 6 calls and 5/6 learning activities postpartum. They logged weights at least once/week for a median of 36/38 expected weeks and tracked daily calories and exercise for a median of 154/266 days and 72/266 days, respectively. Median (Q1, Q3) helpfulness ratings of the program during pregnancy were 80 (64, 91) and 62 (50, 81) postpartum; helpfulness ratings of coaching calls were 85 (58, 98). At 37 weeks gestation, 77% of participants achieved IOM weight gain recommendations compared to 54% in the comparison group. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence for the feasibility and acceptability of a remotely-delivered behavioural weight control intervention in pregnancy and postpartum.

Circ_0032627 accelerates proliferation of gastric cancer cells through regulating miR-502-5p expression.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the biological functions of circ_0032627 in the progression of gastric cancer (GC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression level of circ_0032627 in GC cell lines and gastric mucosal cell lines was measured via quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, colony formation assay, and FACS were performed to examine the influences of circ_0032627 on the proliferation and apoptosis of GC cells. The relationship between circ_0032627 and micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) was predicted on-line using StarBase software, and whether circ_0032627 can act as the sponge of the selected miRNAs was verified via Dual-Luciferase reporter assay and qRT-PCR. Finally, MTT assay was conducted to detect the influences of the co-knockdown of circ_0032627 and the selected miRNAs on the proliferation of GC cells. RESULTS: Compared with that in gastric mucosal cell lines, the expression level of circ_0032627 was upregulated in the selected four GC cell lines, and circ_0032627 knockdown substantially inhibited the proliferation of GC cells, but promoted their apoptosis. Circ_0032627 could act as a sponge of miR-502-5p, and miR-502-3p knockdown reversed the inhibitory effect of circ_0032627 on the proliferation of GC cells. CONCLUSIONS: The expression level of circ_0032627 is raised in GC cells, and circ_0032627 affects the proliferation and apoptosis of GC cells by sponging miR-502-5p.

Atmospheric Methyl Bromide (CH3Br) from Agricultural Soil Fumigations.

The treatment of agricultural soils with CH(3)Br (MeBr) has been suggested to be a significant source of atmospheric MeBr which is involved in stratospheric ozone loss. A field fumigation experiment showed that, after 7 days, 34 percent of the applied MeBr had escaped into the atmosphere. The remaining 66 percent should have caused an increase in bromide in the soil; soil bromide increased by an amount equal to 70 percent of the applied MeBr, consistent with the flux measurements to within 4 percent. Comparison with an earlier experiment in which the escape of MeBr to the atmosphere was greater showed that higher soil pH, organic content and soil moisture, and deeper, more uniform injection of MeBr may in combination reduce the escape of MeBr.

Decreased exercise blood pressure in older adults after exercise training: contributions of increased fitness and decreased fatness.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the contribution of changes in fitness and fatness resulting from exercise training on changes in submaximal exercise blood pressure (BP) during treadmill testing. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective, randomised, controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS: Sedentary older adults (n = 115) with untreated prehypertension or mild hypertension. INTERVENTION: Six-month supervised aerobic and strength training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT: Systolic BP (SBP) was assessed at rest and during each stage of a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) that determined Vo(2)peak. General and regional fatness was assessed by anthropometry, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and MRI. BP changes were calculated for each GXT stage, and multivariate regression models were used to describe the association of changes in exercise BP with changes in fitness and fatness. RESULTS: After training, exercisers versus controls had significantly increased Vo(2)peak and significantly lower measures of general and regional fatness. Also, stage-specific SBP was significantly lower at stage 3 (-9.4 vs -1.6 mm Hg, p = 0.03) and stage 4 (-7.9 vs -1.2 mm Hg, p = 0.03). Pooled regression analysis across all stages showed that exercisers had a 7.1 mm Hg reduction in SBP, but this reduction fell short of statistical significance (p = 0.12) compared with controls. A 1.0 ml/kg/min increase in Vo(2)peak and a 1.0 cm decrease in waist circumference independently predicted a 1.0 mm Hg decrease in exercise SBP (p = 0.04 and p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Decreased exercise SBP was independently associated with decreased waist circumference, a marker of abdominal obesity and increased fitness. These findings suggest that exercise training improves multiple factors that have an independent influence on SBP.

[A long term effect on speech recognition in the patients with simultaneous bilateral cochlear implants].

Objective: To investigate an effect on speech recognition after bilateral cochlear implants(CI) simultaneously. Methods: Nine subjects who underwent bilateral CI operation simultaneously in Peking Union Hospital in 2007 were assigned as bilateral group, another 9 subjects with unilateral CI were chosen as unilateral group according to the age, gender, duration of deafness. Hearing threshold, speech recognition of phrases, disyllabic words, single word in quiet and noise environment were calculated, respectively. Three different sound source positions were set up to simulate the three effects of binaural hearing (head shadow, binaural redundancy and binaural squelch) in noise environment. The speech signal intensity was 70 dBSPL, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) was 0 dB, + 4 dB, + 8 dB, and the speech recognition of phrases were examined in bilateral CI group. All the data was analyzed by SPSS 19.0 software. Results: In quiet environment, the average aid-hearing threshold was significantly reduced as (7.2±3.0)dB in bilateral CI group compared to unilateral CI group(P<0.05). However, the speech recognition of phrases, disyllabic words, and single word in quiet and noise environment did not show significant differences between bilateral CI and unilateral CI groups (P>0.05). In the testing under noise environment, the speech recognition of bilateral CI group was significantly higher than that of unilateral CI group (P<0.05). In the estimation of noise environment (SNR=+ 8), the phrase test and speech recognition of head shadow model in bilateral groups were significantly better than that of unilateral group (P<0.01). Further, bilateral CI group showed statistical significances in binaural redundancy and binaural squelch models(P<0.01), there was statistically significant were also found difference between two groups (P<0.01); Bilateral CI group did not reveal significant difference compared with unbilateral CI group in binaural squelch model(P>0.05). Under different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR=+ 8, + 4) noise environment, all the three given models in bilateral CI group show higher signal-to-noise ratio, higher speech recognition rate (Independent-Samples t test, P<0.01). In addition, head shadow model presented negative influences on speech recognition rate compared with binaural redundancy and binaural squelch model by SNR(P<0.05). SNR influences on binaural redundancy and binaural squelch model were almost identical, F=0.371, P=0.549. Conclusion: The subjects who underwent simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation could significantly reduce aid-hearing threshold, and greatly improve the speech recognition of phrases, disyllabic words, and single word under noise environment.

The activities of the international precipitation working group.

The International Precipitation Working Group (IPWG) is a permanent International Science Working Group (ISWG) of the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (CGMS), co-sponsored by CGMS and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The IPWG provides a focal point and forum for the international scientific community to address the issues and challenges of satellite-based quantitative precipitation retrievals, and for the operational agencies to access and make use of precipitation products. Through partnerships and biennial meetings, the group supports the exchange of information on techniques for retrieving and measuring precipitation and for enhancing the impact of space-borne precipitation retrievals in numerical weather and hydrometeorological prediction and climate studies. The group furthers the refinement of current estimation techniques and the development of new methodologies for improved global precipitation measurements, together with the validation of the derived precipitation products with ground-based precipitation measurements. The IPWG identifies critical issues, provides recommendations to the CGMS and supports upcoming precipitation-oriented missions. Training activities on precipitation retrieval from space are also part of the IPWG mandate in cooperation with WMO and other bodies.

[Advances in effect of unilateral auditory deprivation on sound localization].

In patients with single-sided deafness (SSD), the interaural time difference and the interaural level difference signals are insufficient or missing, which result in the lack of sound localization ability and the decrease of speech comprehension in the noise environments. SSD can also cause the morphological and functional changes of the central auditory system, resulting in auditory deprivation. In early stage of the development, the auditory center is more susceptible to ambient environment and auditory inputs. It is a critical period of auditory function and morphological refinement. It is also sensitive period of central adaptability after auditory deprivation. SSD in the sensitive period of development can cause significant laterality activities of bilateral sound localization pathway. Unilateral auditory deprivation can distort tonotopic maps, disrupt the binaural integration, reorganize the neural network and change the synaptic transmission in the primary auditory cortex or sub cortex. In order to compensate for the deficiency of the interaural time difference and interaural level difference cues, the auditory pathway is used to improve the ability of sound source localization by using the spectral-shape cues remaining unchanged. In order to improve the effectiveness of the functional areas of the cortex, auditory center is also reorganized by cross-modal. However, central compensation after SSD is a double-edged sword. If SSD onset in the sensitive period, the laterality of auditory pathway will be continued and difficult to reverse by even long term bilateral hearing in the post-sensitive period. Therefore, in order to improve the understanding of the characteristics of unilateral auditory deprivation, this paper reviewed the evidence for adaptive changes in spatial hearing following a developmental hearing loss in one ear.

[Evaluation of the modified test system for children sound localization].

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of modified test system for sound localization (SL) in children. Methods: Modified system (6 male, 9 female) and traditional method ( 5 male, 5 female) were used for evaluation of minimum audible angle(MAA) and root-mean-square error(RMS) error of 4 to 6 years old children, and the results were compared to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the modified test system for children sound localization.SPSS 17.0 software was used to analyze the data(t test). Results: (1) Comparison of veracity of modified system and traditional test: when tested at the positive front position using modified system, MAA and RMS error were(3.23±1.00)° and (13.68±5.18)° respectively.When using traditional method, MAA and RMS error were(3.17±0.59)°and (13.96±4.56)° respectively. No statistical differences were found between two groups(t value was 0.16, -0.14, both P>0.05). (2) Comparison of time used were as followed: when using modified system, it was (14.67±1.95) min for MAA, and (6.67±1.35) min for RMS error. When using traditional method, it was (36.30±6.81) min for MAA, and (21.00±3.50) min for RMS error. Time used were significant shorter in modified system than in traditional method (t value was-9.78, -12.37, both P<0.05). Conclusion: Modified test system for children sound localization is useful and reliable in children's horizontal SL test.The time used of modified test system is shorter than that of traditional test system.