Unfolded protein response alleviates acid-induced premature senescence by promoting autophagy in nucleus pulposus cells.

Acid-induced cellular senescence is a critical underlying mechanism of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD). Acid stimulation activates a variety of biological changes including autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and related unfolded protein response (UPR), which are important regulators of cellular senescence. However, the precise mechanism of acid-mediated UPR and autophagy in nucleus pulposus cell (NPC) senescence has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we used acid to mimic the acidic microenvironment of IVD, and rat NPCs were cultured with or without autophagy or UPR signaling small-interfering RNAs. The related proteins and genes were assessed by immunofluorescence staining assay, Western blot analyses, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to monitor the activation of these signals and classify the molecular mechanisms underlying the correlation between autophagy and UPR pathway. Cell cycle analyses, senescence-associated ß-galactosidase staining, gene expression, and immunoblotting analyses were performed to observe NPC senescence. Results showed that acid stimulation not only induced NPC senescence, but also initiated UPR and autophagy. Silencing the binding immunoglobulin protein signaling of UPR or autophagy signaling promoted rat NPC senescence. Knock-down of the UPR also blocked NPC autophagy. Taken together, UPR inhibits NPC senescence under acidic condition by activating autophagy. Hence, UPR-dependent autophagy could be an effective biologic target for the treatment of IDD in the future.

Nomogram predicting survival as a selection criterion for postmastectomy radiotherapy in patients with T1 to T2 breast cancer with 1 to 3 positive lymph nodes.

BACKGROUND: The role of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) in women with pT1-T2N1 breast cancer is controversial. The authors developed a nomogram that was predictive for overall survival (OS) and identified patients who derived no benefit from PMRT. METHODS: The authors retrospectively evaluated 4869 patients with pT1-T2N1 breast cancer who were treated with mastectomy between 2000 and 2014 in 11 Chinese hospitals. Rates of locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis were calculated using competing risk analysis, and disease-free survival and OS rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Based on the risk factors identified from Cox regression analysis in 3298 unirradiated patients, a nomogram predicting OS was developed. The benefit of PMRT was evaluated in different risk groups stratified by the nomogram model. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 65.9 months, the 5-year OS, disease-free survival, locoregional recurrence, and distant metastasis rates were 93.3%, 84.3%, 5.2%, and 8.3%, respectively. A total of 1571 patients (32.3%) underwent PMRT. On multivariable analyses, PMRT was found to increase OS significantly (hazard ratio, 0.61; P = .002). An OS prediction nomogram evaluated the effect of age; tumor location; tumor size; positive lymph node ratio; estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status; and treatment with trastuzumab. Based on nomogram scores, the entire patient cohort was classified into 3 risk groups. PMRT significantly improved the OS of patients in the intermediate-risk (P < .001) and high-risk groups (P = .004), but not in the low-risk group (P = .728). CONCLUSIONS: The authors developed a nomogram that is predictive of OS among women with pT1-T2N1 breast cancer after mastectomy. This nomogram may help to select a subgroup of patients with a good prognosis who will not benefit from PMRT.

Metal-Organic Framework as a Chemosensor Based on Luminescence Properties for Monitoring Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide and Its Application in Smartphones.

Rapid and sensitive detection of surfactants has attracted more and more attention since surfactants not only cause water pollution but also affect the health of human beings. Luminescent metal-organic frameworks combining unique optical property and inherent permanent porosity for guest-host encapsulation are widely used in fluorescence detection. Here we report a ratiometric fluorescent probe (denoted as UiO-66-NH2@PB) based on a Zr-based metal-organic framework (UiO-66-NH2) and a fluorescent dye, phloxine B (PB), for visual and fluorescent determination of cationic surfactants (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide; CTAB). The intensity ratio of dual-emission sensor exhibits a linear response to the CTAB concentrations of 0.1-17 µM and obtains a low detection limit (0.074 µM). Moreover, this method has been successfully utilized to monitor CTAB in the environmental water samples with satisfied recoveries. Importantly, this work provides a new insight into developing smartphone-based sensor to realize a rapid, on-site visual and quantification-based detection of CTAB.

Comparison of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy versus microendoscopic discectomy for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation: a meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the clinical outcomes of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) and microendoscopic discectomy (MED) for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH), and to clarify whether PELD is more superior to MED. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive search in the databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane database, CNKI, and Wanfang Data to acquire all relevant studies up to July 2018. The searched literatures were then screened according to the strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The critical data were extracted and analyzed utilizing Review Manager software. The pooled effects were calculated by mean difference (MD) or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) on the basis of data attributes. RESULTS: A total of 18 studies (2161 patients, 1093 in the PELD group and 1068 in the MED group) were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. At last follow-up, the results revealed that no significant difference was found between PELD group and MED group with respect to ODI (MD - 0.30; 95% CI - 1.02 to 0.42; P = 0.41), VAS-leg pain (MD - 0.18; 95% CI - 0.45 to 0.09; P = 0.19), VAS-unspecified (MD - 0.00; 95% CI - 0.05 to 0.04; P = 0.94), excellent & good rate (OR, 1.04; 95% CI 0.68 to 1.59; P = 0.86), total complication rate (OR, 0.96; 95% CI 0.65 to 1.43; P = 0.85), dural tear rate (OR, 0.39; 95% CI 0.10 to 1.55; P = 0.18), and residue or recurrence rate (OR, 2.22; 95% CI 1.02 to 4.83; P = 0.05). When compared to MED group, the PELD group showed significantly better results with regard to shorter length of incision (MD - 1.18; 95% CI - 1.39 to - 0.97; P < 0.00001), less blood loss (MD - 45.17; 95% CI - 64.74 to - 25.60; P < 0.00001), shorter post-operative in-bed time (MD - 59.11; 95% CI - 71.19 to - 47.04; P < 0.00001), shorter post-operative hospital stay (MD - 3.07; 95% CI - 4.81 to - 1.33; P < 0.00001), shorter total hospital stay (MD - 2.29; 95% CI - 3.03 to - 1.55; P < 0.00001), and lower VAS-back pain at last follow-up (MD - 0.77; 95% CI - 1.31 to - 0.24; P = 0.005), but with significantly worse results such as more fluoroscopy (MD 7.63; 95% CI 5.25 to 10.01; P < 0.00001) and higher re-operation rate (OR, 2.67; 95% CI 1.07 to 6.67; P = 0.04). Although no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of duration of operation (MD 6.27; 95% CI - 2.44 to 14.98; P = 0.16) and total hospital cost (MD - 0.69; 95% CI - 12.60 to 11.23; P = 0.91), further subgroup analysis revealed that the duration of operation was significantly longer in the PELD group compared with the MED group in "Years before 2016" (MD 24.97; 95% CI 7.07 to 42.87; P = 0.006) and "Year 2016 to 2017" (MD 6.57; 95% CI 0.58 to 12.55; P = 0.03) subgroups but not in the subgroup "Year 2018" (MD - 5.66; 95% CI - 18.84 to 7.53; P = 0.40), and that the total hospital cost was significantly more in the PELD group compared with the MED group in the subgroup "Southeast of China" (MD 6.67; 95% CI 3.23 to 10.28; P = 0.0002) but not in the subgroup "Midwest of China" (MD - 8.09; 95% CI - 17.99 to 1.80; P = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS: For the treatment of LDH, both of PELD and MED can reach excellent results and no superiority was found between the two minimally invasive procedures with regard to duration of operation, ODI, VAS-leg pain, VAS-unspecified, excellent & good rate, total complication rate, dural tear rate, and residue or recurrence rate. While PELD can achieve better outcomes with respect to the length of incision, blood loss, post-operative in-bed time, post-operative hospital stay, total hospital stay, and VAS-back pain at last follow-up, however, MED showed certain advantages of less fluoroscopic times and lower re-operation rate. More practice and development are needed to make up for the deficiencies of PELD. Besides, the economic factor should also be considered according to different regions before making the treatment strategies. Well-defined randomized controlled trials with large samples are needed to further confirm these results.

[Complex network analysis of law on Chinese herbal drugs intervention on radiation induced lung injury].

To mainly analyze the prescription rules of Chinese herbal drugs for radiation induced lung injury, optimize the prescriptions, and provide a reference for the clinical treatment of radiation induced lung injury. The major Chinese databases CNKI, CBM and Wanfang data were searched to obtain the literature on Chinese herbal drugs for radiation induced lung injury. BICOMS 2 software was used to extract and collect all Chinese herbal drugs information and generate the co-occurrence matrix; NetDraw and Gcluto software were then used to make network map and visualization matrix for analysis. A total of 552 articles (19 types and 304 Chinese herbal drugs) were included. Ophiopogon japonicus had the highest frequency (229 times), followed by Astragalus membranaceus(181 times), Glycyrrhiza uralensis (166 times), and Scutellaria baicalensis (150 times). After the classification of efficacy, deficiency-supplementing medicinal (69 kinds of Chinese herbs), heat-clearing medicine (51 kinds of Chinese herbs) and phlegm cough medicine (42 kinds of Chinese herbs) accounted for 53.29% of all the Chinese herbs, acting in the main position. After the prescription analysis for the top 25 herbal prescriptions, six main structures of common prescriptions were found for the treatment of radiation induced lung injury. There are many kinds of Chinese herbal drugs for the treatment of radiation induced lung injury in clinical application. In the future, researchers can mainly focus on Ophiopogon japonicus etc. as the main drugs, combine with other high-frequency Chinese herbal drugs found in this study, or directly refer to the main structures of commonly used prescriptions found in this analysis.

[Correlation between prostatic parameters of transrectal ultrasonography and age in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation of prostatic parameters of transrectal ultrasonography with age in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and the patterns of prostatic enlargement in different age groups of the patients. METHODS: We retrospectively studied the reports of transrectal ultrasonography for 1 739 outpatients with BPH from January 2010 to December 2015, who were divided into four age groups, 50－59, 60－69, 70－79, and =≥80 years. We analyzed the patterns of prostatic enlargement in different age groups. RESULTS: The transrectal ultrasonographic prostatic parameters, most significantly the transitional zone index (TZI), of the BPH patients were positively correlated with age. And the prostatic parameters were gradually increased with aging, with statistically significant differences among different age groups (P <0.05). The prostate was enlarged most quickly between 50 and 69 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: There is a positive correlation between age and prostatic parameters of transrectal ultrasonography, particularly the transitional zone index, in patients with BPH, which indicates that TZI can serve as one of the best criteria in evaluating BPH. The volume of the prostate, especially that of the transitional zone, is increased with aging, reaching the peak between 50 and 69 years, which is of great significance for further study of the development and progression of BPH.

Protective efficacy of recombinant canine adenovirus type-2 expressing TgROP18 (CAV-2-ROP18) against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice.

BACKGROUND: The use of recombinant viral vectors expressing T. gondii antigens is a safe and efficient approach to induce immune responses against the parasite, as well as a valuable tool for vaccine development. We have previously prolonged the survival time of mice challenged with the RH strain of T. gondii by immunizing the mice with a eukaryotic vector expressing the protein ROP18 of T. gondii. We are now looking for ways to improve this vaccination strategy and enhance protection. METHODS: In this study, we constructed and characterized a novel recombinant canine adenovirus type 2 expressing ROP18 (CAV-2-ROP18) of T. gondii by cytopathic effect (CPE) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) following transfection into MDCK cells. Intramuscular immunization of Kunming mice with CAV-2-ROP18 was carried out to evaluate humoral and cellular immune responses. RESULTS: The vaccination of experimental mice with CAV-2-ROP18 elicited antibody production against ROP18, including high levels of a mixed IgG1/IgG2a and significant production of IFN-γ or IL-2, and displayed a significant bias towards a helper T cell type 1 (Th1) profile. Furthermore, the presence of T. gondii-specific IFN-γ-production and TNF-α-production T cells was elicited in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell compartments. Significantly higher survival rates (40%) occurred in the experimental group, and a reduction in brain cyst burden was detected in vaccinated mice. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate the potential use of a CAV vector harboring the ROP18 gene in the development of a vaccine against acute and chronic toxoplasmosis.

The Role of miRNAs in Cartilage Homeostasis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related disease with poorly understood pathogenesis. Recent studies have demonstrated that miRNA might play a key role in OA initiation and development. We reviewed recent publications and elucidated the connection between miRNA and OA cartilage anabolic and catabolic signals, including four signaling pathways: TGF-ß/Smads and BMPs signaling, associated with cartilage anabolism; and MAPK and NF-KB signaling, associated with cartilage catabolism. We also explored the relationships with MMP, ADAMTS and NOS (NitricOxide Synthases) families, as well as with the catabolic cytokines IL-1 and TNF-α. The potential role of miRNAs in biological processes such as cartilage degeneration, chondrocyte proliferation, and differentiation is discussed. Collective evidence indicates that miRNAs play a critical role in cartilage degeneration. These findings will aid in understanding the molecular network that governs articular cartilage homeostasis and in to elucidate the role of miRNA in the pathogenesis of OA.

New kind of injection-locked oscillator and its corresponding long-term stability control.

A new type of opto-electronic hybrid oscillator is proposed for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, and verified by experiments in this paper. Typical electronic oscillator-dielectric resonator oscillator as the first injection source is used to injection lock the first long-fiber loop-based opto-electronic oscillator (OEO); then its output is used to injection lock the second long-fiber opto-electronic oscillator. Using this method, low-phase noise output signal can be obtained. Experiments show that single side-band (SSB) phase noise of a 9.5 GHz oscillation signal at 10 kHz offset frequency decreases from -123 to -135 dBc/Hz after the first injection, then, through the second injection, the SSB phase noise drops down to -146 dBc/Hz. In order to solve the long-term stability problem of the above oscillator, a new stability-control circuit also is designed and verified by experiments. Experiments show that the Allan deviation decreases from 9.0×10(-11) to 2.2×10(-12) during 1 s after the long-term stability-control circuit being used.

[Enhanced radiosensitivity of H22 ascitic tumor to 12C6+ ions radiation in ultra-filtration extract mixture from Astragalus mongholicus-treated mice].

This study was designed to investigate the impact of ultra-filtration extract mixture from Astragals mongholicus (UEMAM) o radiosensitivity of H22 ascitic tumor in mice to 12C6+ ions radiation. The H22 ascitic tumor model was established in mice by intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 mL H22 ascitic cells. The animals were subsequently divided into 4 groups randomly, treated with normal saline, UEMAM, heavy ion beam radiotherapy and UEMAM plus heavy ion beam radiotherapy, respectively. The body weights, abdomen circumference of the mice were measured and the mouse behavior was monitored every day; survival time was recorded to evaluate life extension effect; flow cytometry technique was used to detect H22 cell apoptosis and cell cycle; protein levels of p53, Bax, Bcl-2 and cleaved Caspase-3 were analyzed by Western blot; the single cell gel electrophoresis was used to detect the level of deoxyribonucleic acid damage (DNA damage). The results suggest that UEMAM significantly increased survival time, and decreased body weights and abdomen circumference over the saline control group. The treatment increased cell apoptosis, cycle arrest and DNA damage compared to the saline control group. UEMAM significantly enhanced the therapeutic effect of heavy ion beam radiation in survival time, and decreased body weights and abdomen circumference in the tumor-baring mice. The combination increased cell apoptosis, cycle arrest and DNA damage compared to the radiotherapy group. The results of Western blot suggest that the treatment significantly enhanced p53-induced apoptotic signals. The experiment discovered that UEMAM could improve radiosensitivity of H22 ascitic tumor through activation of p53-mediated apoptotic signal pathway.

Emergence of eravacycline heteroresistance in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in China.

Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is resistant to almost all antibiotics. Eravacycline, a newer treatment option, has the potential to treat CRAB infections, however, the mechanism by which CRAB isolates develop resistance to eravacycline has yet to be clarified. This study sought to investigate the features and mechanisms of eravacycline heteroresistance among CRAB clinical isolates. A total of 287 isolates were collected in China from 2020 to 2022. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of eravacycline and other clinically available agents against A. baumannii were determined using broth microdilution. The frequency of eravacycline heteroresistance was determined by population analysis profiling (PAP). Mutations and expression levels of resistance genes in heteroresistant isolates were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), respectively. Antisense RNA silencing was used to validate the function of eravacycline heteroresistant candidate genes. Twenty-five eravacycline heteroresistant isolates (17.36%) were detected among 144 CRAB isolates with eravacycline MIC values ≤4 mg/L while no eravacycline heteroresistant strains were detected in carbapenem-susceptible A. baumannii (CSAB) isolates. All eravacycline heteroresistant strains contained OXA-23 carbapenemase and the predominant multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was ST208 (72%). Cross-resistance was observed between eravacycline, tigecycline, and levofloxacin in the resistant subpopulations. The addition of efflux pump inhibitors significantly reduced the eravacycline MIC in resistant subpopulations and weakened the formation of eravacycline heteroresistance in CRAB isolates. The expression levels of adeABC and adeRS were significantly higher in resistant subpopulations than in eravacycline heteroresistant parental strains (P < 0.05). An ISAba1 insertion in the adeS gene was identified in 40% (10/25) of the resistant subpopulations. Decreasing the expression of adeABC or adeRS by antisense RNA silencing significantly inhibited eravacycline heteroresistance. In conclusion, this study identified the emergence of eravacycline heteroresistance in CRAB isolates in China, which is associated with high expression of AdeABC and AdeRS.

Inhibition of OLR1 reduces SASP of nucleus pulposus cells by targeting autophagy-GATA4 axis.

Targeting cellular senescence and Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) through autophagy has emerged as a promising intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) treatment strategy in recent years. This study aimed to clarify the role and mechanism of autophagy in preventing IVD SASP. Methods involved in vitro experiments with nucleus pulposus (NP) tissues from normal and IDD patients, as well as an in vivo IDD animal model. GATA4's regulatory role in SASP was validated both in vitro and in vivo, while autophagy modulators were employed to assess their impact on GATA4 and SASP. Transcriptomic sequencing identified Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (OLR1) as a key regulator of autophagy and GATA4. A series of experiments manipulated OLR1 expression to investigate associated effects. Results demonstrated significantly increased senescent NP cells (NPCs) and compromised autophagy in IDD patients and animal models, with SASP closely linked to IDD progression. The aged disc milieu impeded autophagic GATA4 degradation, leading to elevated SASP expression in senescent NPCs. Restoring autophagy reversed senescence by degrading GATA4, hence disrupting the SASP cascade. Moreover, OLR1 was identified for its regulation of autophagy and GATA4 in senescent NPCs. Silencing OLR1 enhanced autophagic activity, suppressing GATA4-induced senescence and SASP expression in senescent NPCs. In conclusion, OLR1 was found to control autophagy-GATA4 and SASP, with targeted OLR1 inhibition holding promise in alleviating GATA4-induced senescence and SASP expression while delaying extracellular matrix degradation, offering a novel therapeutic approach for IDD management.

Cascade reaction-based highly sensitive fluorescent sensing systems applicable for dual-pattern fluorescence visualizing of thiophenol flavors in meat products and condiments.

Thiophenols (ArSHs) are widely used as popular flavoring ingredients for making daily dishes. Dissecting the ArSHs contents in common foodstuffs is meaningful in the field of food safety science. Herein, a novel small-molecule sensor 2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-3-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenoxy)-4-morpholinophenyl)acrylonitrile (NOSA) has been tailored. The NOSA is able to respond to ArSHs, spontaneously yielding highly green-emissive fluorescent iminocoumarin (I500). This cascade reaction-based strategy is sensitive (limit-of-detection = 2.8 nM), rapid (within 5 min), and selective toward ArSH flavors. Probe NOSA has been applied to the determination of ArSHs in real-life meat products and condiments. Moreover, a far-red fluorescent compound, 2-(7-(diethylamino)-4-(4-(methylthio)styryl)-2H-chromen-2-ylidene)malononitrile (CMMT), has been first combined with NOSA to construct a composite probe NOSA@CMMT for the ratiometric detection of ArSHs (I500/I630). System NOSA@CMMT exhibits a conspicuous fluorescence change from deep-red to light-green. Benefitted from the gorgeous chromatic fluctuation, a smartphone-integrated analysis platform is established for the real-time evaluation of ArSHs level.

Securing content-based image retrieval on the cloud using generative models.

Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) with deep neural networks (DNNs) on the cloud has tremendous business and technical advantages to handle large-scale image repositories. However, cloud-based CBIR service raises challenges in image data and DNN model security. Typically, users who wish to request CBIR services on the cloud require their input images remaining confidential. On the other hand, image owners may intentionally (or unintentionally) upload adversarial examples to the cloud servers, which potentially leads to the misbehavior of CBIR services. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) can be utilized to defense against such malicious behavior. However, the GANs model, if not well protected, can be easily abused by the cloud to reconstruct the users' original image data. In this paper, we focus on the problem of secure generative model evaluation and secure gradient descent (GD) computation in GANs. We propose two secure generative model evaluation algorithms and two secure minimizer protocols. Furthermore, we propose and implement Sec-Defense-Gan, a secure image reconstruction framework which can keep the image data, the generative model details and corresponding outputs confidential from the cloud. Finally, We carried out a set of benchmarks over two public available image datasets to show the performance and correctness of Sec-Defense-Gan.

Intraoperative Endplate Injury Following Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence, distribution characteristics, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of intraoperative endplate injury (EI) following transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. METHODS: Patients who underwent single-level transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion from January 2018 to December 2020 were included. The patients were separated into EI and non-EI groups based on computed tomography obtained immediately postoperatively. Demographic, clinical, and radiographic parameters of all patients were analyzed. Clinical outcomes were evaluated by visual analog scale for low back pain and Oswestry Disability Index. RESULTS: This study enrolled 576 patients. Rates of EI were 19.6% (113/576) of patients and 9.9% (114/1152) of endplates. The rate of superior EI was significantly higher than that of inferior EI. The results showed that older age, lower disc height index, and taller cage height were independent risk factors for intraoperative EI. Postoperative drain output, total blood loss, postoperative duration of drainage tube, and postoperative hospital stay in the EI group were significantly greater than in the non-EI group. There were no statistical differences in Oswestry Disability Index and visual analog scale scores at the same time point between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of EI were 19.6% of patients and 9.9% of endplates. Superior endplates were more susceptible to injury than inferior endplates. Older age, lower disc height index, and taller cage height were independent risk factors for intraoperative EI. Clinical outcomes were not affected by intraoperative EI during early postoperative follow-up.

Designing of a high-performance fluorescent small molecule enables dual-mode and ultra-sensitive fluorescence visualizing of HSO3- and HClO in dried fruit, beverage, and water samples.

Herein, a novel hemicyanine derivative (E)-3-(1,1-dimethyl-2-(4-(methylthio)styryl)-1H-benzo[e]indol-3-ium-3-yl)propane-1-sulfonate (BIS) has been reasonably designed. Compound BIS is long-wavelength emissive and water-soluble with a large Stokes shift. Intriguingly, probe BIS provides a dual-mode fluorescence response pattern for the sensing of bisulfite (HSO3-) and hypochlorous acid (HClO) with great limit of detections (3.6 and 57.4 nM). First, the 1,4-Michael addition of HSO3- on the conjugated double bond triggers a ratiometric response (I465/I575). Second, the rapid oxidation of HClO on the thioether moiety provides a turn-on response (I575). Evaluation of HSO3- and HClO levels in dried fruit, beverage, and water samples has been carried out with satisfactory results. Moreover, motivated by an impressive chromatic variation (red to blue), smartphone-assisted signal readout system and thin-film sensing platform are facilely constructed for real-time and on-site measurement of HSO3- levels. Furthermore, probe BIS is used for the in vivo imaging of HSO3- in edible fish models.

GATA4 promotes the senescence of nucleus pulposus cells via NF-κB pathway.

PURPOSE: Cell senescence plays a vital role in intervertebral disc degeneration. The regulatory mechanism of the cellular senescence of nucleus pulposus cells has not been fully elucidated. A recent study identified GATA4 as an emerging regulator of IMR90 cellular senescence. However, whether GATA4 controls senescence in nucleus pulposus cells still needs to be explored. METHODS: Nucleus pulposus cells were exposed to acidified medium mimic the acid environment of intervertebral disc degeneration. RESULTS: We found that GATA4 protein expression was significantly upregulated in older rats and nucleus pulposus cells undergoing stress-induced aging. Moreover, the data indicated that inhibition of GATA4 significantly inhibited the senescence of nucleus pulposus cells cultured under acidic conditions and that over expression of GATA4 promoted a senescence phenotype. The NF-κB pathway has been confirmed in this study to play a role in the regulation of nucleus pulposus cell senescence by GATA4. By using the NF-κB pathway inhibitor, PDTC (100 µmol/L), significantly decreased the IL-6, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-13, ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif (ADAMTS)-4, ADAMTS-5 expression level, and increased Aggrecan and typeⅡcollagen expression level in GATA4 transfected nucleus pulposus cells compared with the group in the absence of PDTC. CONCLUSION: This outcome suggested that GATA4 might play a significant role in nucleus pulposus cell senescence through the NF-κB signaling pathway, and GATA4 is a promising target for intervertebral disc degeneration treatment in the future.

SARS-CoV-2: An Updated Review Highlighting Its Evolution and Treatments.

Since the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, pharmaceutical companies and researchers worldwide have worked hard to develop vaccines and drugs to end the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The potential pathogen responsible for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), SARS-CoV-2, belongs to a novel lineage of beta coronaviruses in the subgenus arbovirus. Antiviral drugs, convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines are effective treatments for SARS-CoV-2 and are beneficial in preventing infection. Numerous studies have already been conducted using the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with that of other SARS-like viruses, and numerous treatments/prevention measures are currently undergoing or have already undergone clinical trials. We summarize these studies in depth in the hopes of highlighting some key details that will help us to better understand the viral origin, epidemiology, and treatments of the virus.

Unveiling of brain transcriptome of masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) with chronic infection of Toxoplasma gondii.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the transcriptomic changes that occur in a wild species when infected with Toxoplasma gondii. The masked palm civet, an artifically domesticated animal, was used as the model of a wild species. Transcriptome analysis was used to study alterations in gene expression in the domesticated masked palm civet after chronic infection with T. gondii. METHODS: Masked palm civets were infected with 105 T. gondii cysts and their brain tissue collected after 4 months of infection. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to gain insight into the spectrum of genes that were differentially expressed due to infection. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was also used to validate the level of expression of a set of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained by sequencing. RESULTS: DEGs were screened from the sequencing results and analyzed. A total of 2808 DEGs were detected, of which 860 were upregulated and 1948 were downregulated. RNA-Seq results were confirmed by qRT-PCR. DEGs were mainly enriched in cellular process and metabolic process based on gene ontology enrichment analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that transcriptional changes in the brain of infected masked palm civets evolved over the course of infection and that DEGs were mainly enriched in the signal transduction, immune system processes, transport and catabolic pathways. Finally, 10 essential driving genes were identified from the immune signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed novel host genes which may provide target genes for the development of new therapeutics and detection methods for T. gondii infection in wild animals.

ZIF-8@GMP-Tb nanocomplex for ratiometric fluorescent detection of alkaline phosphatase activity.

Luminescent metal-organic frameworks (LMOFs) and their functional materials with unique characteristics can provide the basis for the construction of new analytical techniques, which can meet the continuous demand for various fields. In this work, guanosine monophosphate (GMP), terbium ion (Tb3+) and zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) are self-assembled to form a ZIF-8@GMP-Tb nanocomplex, which can be utilized as a ratiometric fluorescent probe to monitor alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Specifically, with adding ALP, the fluorescence intensity at 547 nm (one of the characteristic emission peaks of Tb3+) obviously decreased. Meanwhile, the conjugated structure of GMP increased the fluorescence of ZIF-8 (located at 330 nm). The possible mechanism was proposed through the characterization of the materials. Based on the variation of the emission peaks at 330 and 547 nm, the ratiometric fluorescent sensor of ALP has a linear range of 0.25-20 U/L. Moreover, applying this sensing system to the detection of ALP in the human serum sample and ALP inhibitor investigation possesses satisfactory results. This work provides a new perspective for the utilization of ZIF-8 and lanthanide ions in manufacturing simple and sensitive sensors.