State of Privileging in Pharmacy: A Survey of Vizient-Affiliated Institutions.

Purpose: The process of privileging pharmacists is an important step in developing optimal pharmacy practice models. Currently, little published literature exists detailing the status of pharmacist privileging efforts. The objective of this study is to assess and characterize a snapshot of the current and future state of privileging practices in pharmacy at Vizient academic medical centers (AMCs) and their affiliate institutions. Methods: An electronic survey questionnaire was sent to Vizient pharmacy directors and their affiliates to assess institutional privileging practices and identify perceived or actual barriers. The survey was divided into 2 pathways based on the current status of privileging at the institution. Results: In total, 46 directors of pharmacy completed the survey. Only 33% (15/46) of pharmacy directors indicated they had a current privileging process in place. About 70% (21/30) of institutions without an established privileging process indicated they were considering establishing a process. For institutions without an established privileging process, most pharmacy directors identified a lack of organizational support and resources as barriers to implementation. Conclusion: Although credentialing and privileging is considered a national priority to aid in expanding and enhancing pharmacists' scope of practice, our survey demonstrated that few respondents currently have a privileging process in place. The results from this study may highlight important barriers and keys to success to be considered when implementing a privileging process.

Development and Implementation of Clinical Outcome Measures for Automated Collection Within Specialty Pharmacy Practice.

BACKGROUND: Johns Hopkins Specialty Pharmacy Services recognized the need to identify and develop standardized collection methods for clinical outcome measures (COMs) to demonstrate program quality and value to third-party payers, manufacturers, and internal stakeholders. OBJECTIVE: To define specialty COMs and develop a framework for standardized data collection and reporting. METHODS: COMs for specialty pharmacy disease states (cystic fibrosis; hepatitis C; inflammatory conditions in dermatology, gastroenterology and rheumatology; and multiple sclerosis) were identified through a literature search, collaboration with specialty pharmacists, and committee review. Once identified, these measures were distributed to internal and external stakeholders that included specialty clinic team members, drug manufacturers, and third-party payers for input and validation. A standardized process for discrete documentation and data collection of these measures was implemented using case management software, electronic medical record integration, and informatics support. RESULTS: 28 COMs were identified. The various data sources used to collect the COMs were incorporated into an automated virtual dashboard to allow for regular review and sharing with clinicians, leadership, and other key stakeholders. The virtual dashboard included COMs with data derived from electronic medical records (n = 9), patient-reported outcomes based on responses to pharmacist-delivered questions (n = 11), and pharmacist assessment of outcomes (n = 8). The completed virtual dashboard was further refined to allow for reporting of both population and patient-level outcome results on a quarterly basis. CONCLUSIONS: This project describes methods to standardize documentation, data collection, and reporting of clinical outcomes data for multiple specialty conditions in a health system-integrated specialty pharmacy program. Through literature review and stakeholder consultation, a variety of potential COMs were identified for further evaluation of feasibility and value considering documentation and data collection requirements. Incorporation of COMs into a virtual dashboard will help facilitate the evaluation of program effectiveness, quality improvement planning, and sharing with stakeholders. Additional opportunities exist to further standardize COMs across the pharmacy industry to allow for future benchmarking and standardized evaluation of patient care programs. DISCLOSURES: No funding supported the writing of this article. The authors have no relevant conflicts of interest to disclose. This study was presented as a poster presentation at the APhA Annual Meeting, March 2018, Nashville, TN, and as a platform presentation at the Eastern States Conference, May 2018, Hershey, PA.

Establishing an investigational drugs and research residency at an academic medical center.

PURPOSE: The development, structure, and implementation of an innovative residency program designed to help meet a growing need for pharmacists with specialized expertise in investigational drug use and clinical research are described. SUMMARY: Clinical research has become an increasingly complex field, but prior to 2017 there were no U.S. specialty residency training programs focused on pharmacists' role in drug development and the care of patients enrolled in clinical trials. In 2016 Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) launched an initiative to develop residency training standards specific to the areas of investigational drug use and clinical research. The residency development process consisted of creation of a residency development committee; a needs assessment, including formation of a diverse panel of internal and external experts to guide identification of key competency areas and development of residency goals and objectives; design of the program's structure, including a framework for required and elective rotations; submission of an application for pre-candidate status to the ASHP Commission on Credentialing; and recruitment efforts. CONCLUSION: The JHH investigational drugs and research residency, a combined PGY1 and PGY2 program with 5 competency areas, 14 goals, and 49 objectives, was granted pre-candidate status by ASHP in November 2016. The first resident began the program in June 2017.

Navigating the Wild West of Medication Adherence Reporting in Specialty Pharmacy.

Estimating medication adherence through the use of pharmacy claims-based adherence calculations such as medication possession ratio (MPR) and proportion of days covered (PDC) plays a significant role in specialty pharmacy practice. Although MPR and PDC are frequently used in clinical practice, calculation methodologies vary, making meaningful comparisons of adherence rates difficult. In addition, MPR and PDC are increasingly used by insurance companies, pharmacies, accrediting bodies, and drug manufacturers to demonstrate quality differences or clinical benefit across the specialty pharmacy industry. Therefore, recognizing the source and effect of calculation variability is necessary to fully understand reported adherence results. This article highlights the challenges in standardizing adherence methodologies, minimum methodology considerations that should be reported with MPR and PDC results, and key elements to consider when interpreting and applying adherence results. Further, recommendations are provided to promote a more consistent description of calculation methods and to aid pharmacies in adherence measure analysis, interpretation, and application to practice, with a focus on specialty pharmacy programs. A detailed description of methodology as outlined in this article must be provided to ensure reproducibility, external validation, and scientific rigor. In the absence of standardization, specialty pharmacies should be prudent in their use of adherence calculations as a clinical benchmarking tool or comparative quality indicator with outside organizations. Furthermore, specialty pharmacies should consider using current adherence measure calculations to identify and provide targeted interventions to patients with potential adherence problems and strive to better demonstrate ties between adherence measures and direct clinical and cost outcomes. DISCLOSURES: No outside funding supported the writing of this article. Anguiano is a speaker and research consultant for United Therapeutics. The other authors have nothing to disclose.

Analysis of pharmacy student motivators and deterrents for professional organization involvement.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine motivators and deterrents impacting a student pharmacist's decision to join professional organizations. The goal was to create a list of meaningful factors that organizations can use for membership recruitment. METHODS: This descriptive study utilized a blinded electronic survey sent to eight accredited pharmacy schools in Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, and Kentucky. The survey assessed motivating and hindering factors, as well as demographic data. RESULTS: Eight-hundred fifty-six students completed the survey, a 15.05% participation rate. Professional development and networking were the top two endorsed motivational factors, selected as significant by 88.0% and 87.5% respectively. Upon chi-square analysis, networking (p<0.001), involvement opportunities (p=0.01), and scholarships (p=0.02) were motivating factors with which membership was found to be significantly influenced. Networking and involvement opportunities were more significant for members while scholarships were a greater motivator among nonmembers. Time required for involvement and cost were the most commonly selected hindrances with 78% and 76% respectively identifying these as significant barriers. The hindering factor found to be significantly different between active members and nonmembers was bylaws/rules of the organization (p=0.032), with non-members rating this as a greater consideration than current members. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Multiple factors contribute to a student's decision to join a professional organization. Those active members find greater significance in networking involvement opportunities. Non-member students found scholarships more motivating and recognize bylaws as a consideration for membership more than current members. These results emphasize the multifactorial nature of membership and may direct future membership initiatives.