The impact of education on the perception of facial profile aesthetics and treatment need.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of education on the perception of various male and female Caucasian profiles with respect to attractiveness and treatment need. METHODS: Four hundred questionnaires were distributed among six groups of raters (nonacademic laymen, academic laymen, preclinical students, clinical students, orthodontists, and maxillofacial surgeons). Male and female profile images were altered digitally in the sagittal and vertical dimensions resulting in nine different male and female profiles. The raters had to assess the images according to attractiveness and treatment needs. RESULTS: Three hundred four questionnaires were completed in this study. Age and gender of the rater had no significant influence on the perception of profile attractiveness. The different groups of raters perceived the Class I normodivergent profiles as most attractive. Significant differences in the perception of attractiveness were seen between laymen, orthodontists, and maxillofacial surgeons. The orthodontists and maxillofacial surgeons reported treatment needs the most. The orthodontists were most sensitive in discerning profiles. CONCLUSION: Attractive male and female profiles are recognizable by any rater. Education seemed to have a significant influence on facial profile perception and recommendation for treatment need of unattractive profiles. Professionals should be aware of their judgment discrepancy to laymen. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Effects of wingwave® on athletes' wellbeing and fluidity of gaze behavior.

Introduction: The wingwave® method combining a muscular test and elements of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing has been found to successfully reduce anxiety and improve relaxation in people. However, it is still unclear how exactly its application improves individual wellbeing (though it is assumed to be related to changes in gaze patterns) and if it works for team sport athletes. Method: To test both, team sport athletes who had reported a problem with a team sport aspect were randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group members were individually coached by a wingwave® coach once while the other participants watched a tennis match instead. Results: Results showed that athletes in the wingwave® group benefited from the coaching as their individual perception of their problems improved. These improvements were associated with a decrease of catch-up saccades in a visual object-tracking task conducted before and immediately after coaching. Discussion: This points to wingwave® interventions affecting gaze behavior and consequently wellbeing of team sport athletes.

Accuracy of Palatal Orthodontic Mini-Implants Placed Using Fully Digital Planned Insertion Guides: A Cadaver Study.

Digital workflows have become integral in orthodontic diagnosis and therapy, reducing risk factors and chair time with one-visit protocols. This study assessed the transfer accuracy of fully digital planned insertion guides for orthodontic mini-implants (OMIs) compared with freehanded insertion. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) datasets and intraoral surface scans of 32 cadaver maxillae were used to place 64 miniscrews in the anterior palate. Three groups were formed, two using printed insertion guides (A and B) and one with freehand insertion (C). Group A used commercially available customized surgical templates and Group B in-house planned and fabricated insertion guides. Postoperative CBCT datasets were superimposed with the planning model, and accuracy measurements were performed using orthodontic software. Statistical differences were found for transverse angular deviations (4.81° in A vs. 12.66° in B and 5.02° in C, p = 0.003) and sagittal angular deviations (2.26° in A vs. 2.20° in B and 5.34° in C, p = 0.007). However, accurate insertion depth was not achieved in either guide group; Group A insertion was too shallow (-0.17 mm), whereas Group B insertion was deeper (+0.65 mm) than planned. Outsourcing the planning and fabrication of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing insertion guides may be beneficial for certain indications; particularly, in this study, commercial templates demonstrated superior accuracy than our in-house-fabricated insertion guides.

Anxiety Reduction and Improved Concentration in Schoolchildren through Wingwave® Coaching.

(1) Background: For nearly 20 years, the wingwave® method, which combines elements of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and a muscular strength test, has been used to reduce anxiety and improve relaxation in subjects. Past studies have scientifically evaluated this method in various contexts and have found it to be effective. In this study, we investigated the effects of short-term wingwave® coaching on specific anxiety parameters regarding school, concentration ability, and subjective feelings towards two self-chosen themes in schoolchildren. (2) Methods: A group of 53 schoolchildren aged 11 to 12 years were randomly divided between an experimental and a control group. The experimental group received an intervention of three wingwave® coaching sessions (one hour each). In these sessions, past and present negative feelings towards school as well as psychological resources to face future tasks in school were focused on and utilized. (3) Results: The results showed that the overall text anxiety, manifested anxiety, and dislike of school decreased significantly in the experimental group after the three coaching sessions compared to the control group. Furthermore, both concentration ability and the subjective feeling towards self-chosen subjects improved significantly in the experimental group compared to the control group. (4) Conclusions: Our results indicate that the wingwave® method is an appropriate and effective instrument to reduce school anxiety and to improve concentration performance in schoolchildren-at least in the short and medium term.

Bracket slot and archwire dimensions: manufacturing precision and third order clearance.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of different manufacturer's dimensions of bracket slots and stainless steel archwires and compare these against the tolerance limits given by DIN 13971 and 13971-2. Further to calculate torque play and effective torque and to compare the results to nominal torque. DESIGN: A laboratory investigation. SETTING: The Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics at Medical University of Graz, Austria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten upper central incisor brackets (0·022 inch) from five different bracket systems were investigated. Bracket slot height was measured with leaf gauges. The height and width of 10 stainless steel archwires with dimensions either 0·019×0·022 or 0·020×0·025 inch were measured using a micrometer. RESULTS: All measured bracket slot heights were within the upper and lower tolerance limits given by DIN 13971-2. Archwires showed measurements outside the upper and lower tolerance limits given by DIN 13971. The smallest effective torque loss (4·5°) resulted from the combination of the 0·022-inch SPEED System bracket with the 0·020×0·025-inch SPEED Wire small upper. The highest torque loss (11·7°) was found with the 0·022-inch Damon 2 bracket and the 0·019×0·025-inch ECO Charge 1 archwire. CONCLUSION: The accuracy of the manufacturers dimension is not to be taken for granted. A perfect 'finishing' still requires correction bends put in by the orthodontist.

Heat generated by residual adhesive removal after debonding of brackets.

AIM: To measure the rise in temperature during mechanical removal of residual adhesive after debonding of brackets in vitro. METHODS: Different carbide burs on a high-speed handpiece were tested. Acrylic on the buccal surfaces of recently extracted human maxillary incisors was removed using 3 types of carbide burs (6-, 12-, 40-fluted) with a varying number of windings relative to the long axis of the shaft. The temperature was measured using a thermocouple probe in the pulp chamber of the extracted teeth. RESULTS: The highest mean rise in temperature was measured using a 6-fluted bur (+9.4 degrees C, P < .001), followed by the 12-fluted bur (+6.5 degrees C, P <.001). The lowest rise in temperature (+1.2 degrees C, not significant) was seen with a 40-fluted bur. After 3 to 8 seconds of continuous grinding, the rise in temperature seems to slow down. CONCLUSION: The removal of residual adhesive after debonding is best performed with fine burs. If 6-fluted burs are used, a pause after 5 to 10 seconds of continuous grinding is recommended, especially in the mandibular anterior area.

External root resorptions and orthodontic forces: correlations and clinical consequences.

Orthodontically induced root resorption is the most frequent unwanted side effect of orthodontic tooth movement that is unavoidable. This is due to the fact that both bone remodelling and root resorption are based upon a sterile inflammatory process, initiated by force application. In addition to individual factors that have a bearing on the amount of resorption, the type and magnitude of orthodontic forces play a major role. In animal and human experiments it could be shown that continuous forces, as produced by materials with pseudo- elastic characteristics, seem to produce more resorptions than discontinuous forces. Recent research shows that the magnitude of the orthodontic force up to 200cN is probably not decisive for root resorption.

The European Board of Orthodontists.

The multiplicity of nations, languages and differing ways and levels of specialized orthodontic education in Europe lead to the need for an objective review of the quality of orthodontic care. To this purpose, The European Board of Orthodontists (EBO) was introduced. This article gives an overview of the objectives of the EBO, its development and the requirements for membership.

State of the science on controversial topics: orthodontic therapy and gingival recession (a report of the Angle Society of Europe 2013 meeting).

BACKGROUND: Controversy exists in the literature between the role of orthodontic treatment and gingival recession. Whilst movement of teeth outside the alveolar bone has been reported as a risk factor for gingival recession, others have found no such association. FINDINGS: The Angle Society of Europe devoted a study day to explore the evidence surrounding these controversies. The aim of the day was for a panel of experts to evaluate the current evidence base in relation to either the beneficial or detrimental effects of orthodontic treatment on the gingival tissue. CONCLUSIONS: There remains a relatively weak evidence base for the role of orthodontic treatment and gingival recession and thus a need to undertake a risk assessment and appropriate consent prior to the commencement of treatment. In further prospective, well designed trials are needed.

Autoantibodies against golgi apparatus induced by arteriviruses.

Members of the genus Arterivirus within the monogeneric family Arteriviridae are lactate dehydrogenase-elvating virus (LDV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), equine arteritis virus (EAV) and simian hemorrhagic fever virus. In LDV-infected mice the appearance of autoantibodies against Golgi-antigen dominated the early immune response. Shared antigenicity between LDV and Golgi-antigen of normal cells could not be demonstrated. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reacted either with LDV or with Golgi-antigen but not with both. Immunization of mice with the porcine arterivirus PRRSV, however, led to the establishment of MAbs that recognized the structural glycoprotein GP3 as well as Golgi-antigen of normal porcine cells indicating molecular mimicry of viral and cellular antigen. In addition to cross-reactive antibodies MAbs solely reactive with Golgi-antigen were observed. After immunization of mice with EAV, the equine arterivirus, clones were isolated producing Golgi-antigen recognizing autoantibodies. Morphogenesis of arteriviruses occurs in the Golgi region. The autoimmune responses following immunization with arteriviruses may offer an approach for determining the mechanism by which such responses develop and become of biologic importance.

Identification of a calicivirus isolate of unknown origin.

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells manifesting striking cytopathogenic changes in culture were investigated to determine the causative agent. Electron microscopic analyses revealed viral particles of about 40 nm in diameter, displaying typical calicivirus morphology. To date, this virus, designated isolate 2117, exclusively replicates in CHO cells, achieving only moderate titres. After cloning, the coding region of 7928 nucleotides, the 3' non-coding region and the poly(A) tail were sequenced. The genome consists of three open reading frames (ORFs), with the first and second ORF having the same reading frame. The overall genomic organization as well as the nucleotide sequence of isolate 2117 is most similar to that of a recently described canine calicivirus, but also shows significant similarity to the sequences of mink calicivirus and other caliciviruses within the genus Vesivirus: In Western blots, using antibodies against the viral protease, a stable, unprocessed 3CD protein of 68 kDa was identified in homogenates of 2117-infected CHO cells. Furthermore, antibodies raised against ORF 3 reacted with the respective protein in 2117-virions, demonstrating that this predicted 9 kDa protein is a minor structural component of the virion. In addition, an RT-PCR assay was established to detect 2117 viral RNA in biological products such as foetal bovine serum, which will aid the discovery of the origin and host of the virus.

Identification and ultrastructural characterization of a novel virus from fish.

During routine investigations on fish, a virus (isolate DF 24/00) with novel morphological features and hitherto undescribed morphogenesis was isolated from a white bream (Blicca bjoerkna L.; Teleostei, order Cypriniformes). Cell-free virions consist of a rod-shaped nucleocapsid (120-150x19-22 nm) similar to that seen in baculoviruses. The virion has a bacilliform shape (170-200x75-88 nm) reminiscent of rhabdoviruses with an envelope containing coronavirus-like spikes (20-25 nm). DF 24/00 replicated well in various fish cell lines. Inhibitor studies with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine indicated that the viral genome consists of RNA and chloroform sensitivity correlated with ultrastructural demonstration of enveloped virions. The buoyant density of the virus determined in sucrose was 1.17-1.19 g/ml. Preliminary biochemical characterization revealed the presence of six antigenic glycoproteins, three of which contain sugars with concanavalin-A specificity. Ultrastructurally, morphogenesis of virus progeny was detected only in the cytoplasm. Nucleocapsids were observed to bud through membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and/or Golgi apparatus into dilated vesicles. Egress of mature virions occurs primarily by exocytosis and, only very rarely, by budding directly at the plasma membrane. Morphologically similar viruses had previously been isolated from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), blue crab (Callinectis sapidus), European shore crab (Carcinus maenas) and shrimp (Penaeus monodon). To date, none of them has been classified. In summary, the first characterization of a new virus that might represent a member of a novel virus family that has morphological features resembling those found in rhabdo-, corona- and baculoviruses is presented.