Marker of coxsackievirus-B4 infection in saliva of patients with type 1 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Coxsackieviruses B (CV-B) are enteroviruses that have been reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Enteroviral RNA was detected in the gut mucosa of patients. The mucosal immunity is an interconnected network; therefore, the response to enteroviruses possibly present in the gastrointestinal mucosa can be reflected by specific antibodies in the saliva. In the present study, the anti-CV-B neutralizing activity of saliva samples from patients with type 1 diabetes was investigated. METHODS: Saliva samples were collected from patients and controls of 3 countries, and plasma was obtained from some of them. The anti-CV-B activity of clinical samples was determined by neutralization of the cytopathic effect induced by challenging viruses in vitro and expressed as titre value. RESULTS: Overall prevalence and levels of anti-CV-B4 activity of saliva were higher in patients (n = 181) than in controls (n = 135; P = .0002; titre values ≥ 16: odds ratio = 4.22 95% CI: 1.90-9.38 P = .0002). It has been shown that IgA1 played a role in this activity. There was no correlation between the saliva and the plasma anti-CV-B4 neutralizing activity. The neutralizing activity of saliva against CV-B1, CV-B2, CV-B3, and CV-B5 existed rarely, if at all. Increased levels of anti-CV-B4 activity were observed all along a 4 year follow-up period in patients but not in matched controls (P = .01). CONCLUSION: There is an anti-CV-B4 activity in saliva of patients with type 1 diabetes that may be a useful marker to study the role of CV-B in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Contribution of 24 obesity-associated genetic variants to insulin resistance, pancreatic beta-cell function and type 2 diabetes risk in the French population.

CONTEXT: Obesity is the major determinant of type 2 diabetes (T2D), presumably through its effect on insulin resistance. Genome-wide association studies reported many single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that increase obesity risk and body mass index (BMI), but their impact on T2D-related traits and risk is unclear. OBJECTIVE: We aimed at analyzing the effect of 24 obesity risk alleles, separately and in combination, on variation of both insulin resistance and ß-cell dysfunction, and on T2D risk. DESIGN: We genotyped 24 obesity-associated SNPs and calculated an obesity genotype score (sum of the obesity risk alleles per individual). We analyzed the contribution of each SNP and this score to the variation of four metabolic indices: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), homeostasis model assessment of the pancreatic ß-cell function (HOMA-B), insulin sensitivity index (ISI) and insulinogenic index (II) (in up to 8050 nondiabetic French individuals) and to T2D risk (in 2077 T2D cases and 3085 controls). RESULTS: We found a highly significant effect of the obesity genotype score on increased insulin resistance adjusted for age and gender (ß=0.02; P-value=7.16 × 10(-9) for HOMA-IR). Individually, we identified nominal or significant association between increased insulin resistance and risk alleles in FAIM2, FTO, GNPDA2, MC4R, NPC1, PTER and SH2B1. Most signals, including the obesity genotype score and FTO SNP, were also associated with increased ß-cell function (ß=0.01; P-value=1.05 × 10(-6) and ß=0.04; P-value=3.45 × 10(-4), respectively). In our T2D case-control study, only the obesity genotype score and the well-known FTO locus significantly contributed to T2D risk (OR=1.03; P-value=9.99 × 10(-3) and OR=1.15; P-value=9.46 × 10(-4), respectively). Adjustment for BMI abolished all significant associations. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic predisposition to obesity contributes to increased insulin resistance and to its compensation through increased ß-cell function, and weakly increases the T2D risk. These associations are mediated by BMI.

Synaptic communication mediates the assembly of a self-organizing circuit that controls reproduction.

Migration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons from their birthplace in the nasal placode to their hypothalamic destination is critical for vertebrate reproduction and species persistence. While their migration mode as individual GnRH neurons has been extensively studied, the role of GnRH-GnRH cell communication during migration remains largely unexplored. Here, we show in awake zebrafish larvae that migrating GnRH neurons pause at the nasal-forebrain junction and form clusters that act as interhemisphere neuronal ensembles. Within the ensembles, GnRH neurons create an isolated, spontaneously active circuit that is internally wired through monosynaptic glutamatergic synapses into which newborn GnRH neurons integrate before entering the brain. This initial phase of integration drives a phenotypic switch, which is essential for GnRH neurons to properly migrate toward their hypothalamic destination. Together, these experiments reveal a critical step for reproduction, which depends on synaptic communication between migrating GnRH neurons.

A targeted deletion of a region upstream from the Jkappa cluster impairs kappa chain rearrangement in cis in mice and in the 103/bcl2 cell line.

We have shown previously that a mutation of the KI-KII site immediately 5' to J(kappa)1 on the mouse immunoglobulin light chain kappa locus reduces the rearrangement level in cis, although it does not affect transcription. Here we deleted by homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells a 4-kb DNA fragment, located immediately upstream of the KI-KII element, which contains the promoter of the long germline transcript. Analysis of gene-targeted heterozygous mouse splenic B cells showed a strong decrease in rearrangement for the allele bearing the deletion. When both the KI-KII mutation and the 4-kb deletion were present on the same allele, the overall reduction in rearrangement was stronger than with the 4-kb deletion alone underlying the role of these two elements in the regulation of rearrangement. The same deletion was performed by homologous recombination on one allele of the rearrangement-inducible mouse 103/bcl2-hygro(R) pre-B cell line, and resulted in a similar reduction in the induction of rearrangement of the mutated allele. This result validates this cell line as an in vitro model for studying the incidence of gene-targeted modifications of the kappa locus on the regulation of rearrangement.

Childhood-onset narcolepsy, obesity and puberty in four consecutive children: a close temporal link.

Narcolepsy is a rare but disabling condition that causes excessive daytime sleepiness. Interestingly, weight gain is frequent in patients with narcolepsy and it has sometimes been described very early in the course of the disease. Here, we report four consecutive obese children who were referred to our sleep laboratory for excessive daytime sleepiness and suspected sleep apnoea syndrome. They underwent nocturnal polysomnography associated with multiple sleep latency tests. Narcolepsy was diagnosed in all children with a close temporal link between the onset of narcolepsy, obesity and puberty. Scientifically, the relationship between sleep, weight, growth rate and puberty onset is striking and merits further investigation. From the clinical point of view, narcolepsy must be investigated in obese sleepy children along with obstructive sleep apnoea. Indeed, it can be controlled with appropriate treatment but the proper diagnosis relies not only upon nocturnal polysomnography but involves the systematic use of multiple sleep latency tests.

A genetic study of the ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) genes and stature.

Growth and nutrition are interrelated and influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. We studied whether common variants in ghrelin and ghrelin receptor (GHSR) genes could play a role in stature variation in the general population and in families ascertained for obesity. Selected tagging SNPs in the ghrelin and GHSR genes were genotyped in 263 Caucasian families recruited for childhood obesity (1,275 subjects), and in 287 families from a general population (1,072 subjects). We performed familial testing for associations in the entire population and in a sub-set of the samples selected for a case-control study. In the case-control study for height (cases were selected from the obese cohort with mean ZH = 3.17 +/- 0.15 confidence interval (CI) versus controls with mean ZH 0.14 +/- 0.09), we found an association with a 2 base-pair intronic deletion in the GHSR gene (rs10618418) (p = 0.006, odds ratio (OR) 1.86, 95% CI [1.26;2.74] under additive model), although when adjusting for BMI, the association disappeared (p = 0.06). Individuals carrying no deletion or who were heterozygous were significantly more frequent among the tall obese population (52% vs. 36% in controls, p = 0.007, OR 1.97, 95%CI [1.22;3.18]). However, the association was not maintained after correcting for multiple testing. Familial association testing of the ghrelin and GHSR genes and their interaction testing failed to show that any combination of SNPs had any significant effect. Thus, our results suggest that common variants of the ghrelin and GHSR genes are not major contributors to height variation in a French population.

Common genetic variation near MC4R is associated with eating behaviour patterns in European populations.

Both rs17782313 (near MC4R) and rs1421085 (FTO) polymorphisms have been consistently associated with increased risk of obesity and with body mass index (BMI) variation. An effect of both polymorphisms on satiety has recently been suggested. We genotyped rs17782313 and rs1421085 in 5764 relatives from 1109 French pedigrees with familial obesity, 1274 Swiss class III obese adults as well as in 4877 French adults and 5612 Finnish teenagers from two randomly selected population cohorts. In all subjects, eating behaviour traits were documented through questionnaires. We first assessed the association of both single nucleotide polymorphisms with BMI and then studied eating behaviour. Under an additive model, the rs17782313-C MC4R allele showed a trend towards higher percentages of snacking in both French obese children (P=0.01) and Swiss obese adults (P=0.04) as well as in adolescents from the Finnish general population (P=0.04). In French adults with familial obesity, this allele tended to be also associated with a higher Stunkard hunger score (P=0.02) and in obese children with a higher prevalence of eating large amounts of food (P=0.04). However, no consistent association of the FTO rs1421085-C allele and available eating behaviour trait was found in our studied populations. The rs17782313-C allele nearby MC4R may modulate eating behaviour-related phenotypes in European obese and randomly selected populations, in both children and adults, supporting a regulatory role of this genetic variant on eating behaviour, as previously shown for MC4R non-synonymous loss-of-function mutations. The potential effect of the obesity-associated FTO gene on eating behaviour deserves additional investigation.

The chicken B cell compartment.

A very unusual molecular mechanism is involved in generating the preimmune repertoire in the chicken bursa of Fabricius. A unique rearranged V gene is diversified through a program of segmental gene conversion with a pool of noncoding pseudogenes being used as donors. A specifically committed progenitor that originates in the embryonic bursa is responsible for long-term maintenance of the B cell population. Both these properties and the characteristics of the peripheral B cell compartment are discussed in terms of the evolution of the T and B immune systems.

Rearrangement-enhancing element upstream of the mouse immunoglobulin kappa chain J cluster.

Transcriptional regulatory elements have been shown to be necessary but not sufficient for the developmental regulation of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in mouse precursor B cells. In the chicken lambda light chain locus, additional elements in the V-J intervening sequence are involved in negative and positive regulation of rearrangement. Here, mutation of the mouse homolog of a chicken element, located in the V(K)-J(K) intervening sequence upstream of the J(K) cluster, was shown to significantly decrease rearrangement. This cis-acting recombination-enhancing element affects the rearrangement process without being involved in regulating transcription.

[Status of iodine nutrition of children until 1 year: consequences on the thyroid function]. / Statut en iode chez des enfants de moins de 1 an: conséquences sur la fonction thyroïdienne.

INTRODUCTION: Iodine deficiency remains a major public health problem mainly in least-developed countries but also in many industrialized countries. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed at: (1) evaluating the status of iodine nutrition of children until 1 year in the North region of France; (2) studying risk factors for iodine deficiency; (3) evaluating relationship between iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study was conducted between 1st january and 31st May 2005 in the children's hospital of Lille (North of France) and all hospitalized children until the age of 1 year were enrolled. Urinary iodine assessment was obtained for 95 (83%) of the 114 infants hospitalized during the study period and TSH value was also determined in 57 (60%) of these 114 infants. RESULTS: Median urinary iodine concentration was 328 microg/L (range: 12-1580). Twenty-four (25%) of 95 infants had a high urinary iodine excretion (urinary iodine greater than 400 microg/L). Nineteen (20%) of the 95 infants were iodine deficient (urinary iodine less than 100 microg/L): severe iodine deficiency (less than 20 microg/L; n=5; 5%), moderate iodine deficiency (20-49 microg/L; n=6; 6%), mild iodine deficiency (50-99 microg/L; n=8; 8%). No relationship was found between iodine status and the following data: age, sex, familial thyroid disease history, term and type of delivery, nutritional status, type of feeding at inclusion, chronic disease, familial socioeconomic status. TSH value was high (greater than 5 microU/mL) in 7 (12%) of the 57 infants. Only 1 of these 7 infants was iodine deficient. Only 1 of the 19 infants with iodine deficiency had a high TSH value. CONCLUSIONS: Iodine status is not optimal in our population of hospitalized children until the age of 1 year. There is no clear relationship between iodine status and thyroid function.

Early B-cell development in chickens, sheep and rabbits.

Studies of the immune system of various species have revealed that antibody repertoire can be generated in many different ways. This review underlines some general principles for comparing the different processes which represent the basic framework of these systems.

Two novel human and mouse DNA polymerases of the polX family.

We describe here two novel mouse and human DNA polymerases: one (pol lambda) has homology with DNA polymerase beta while the other one (pol mu) is closer to terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. However both have DNA polymerase activity in vitro and share similar structural organization, including a BRCT domain, helix-loop-helix DNA-binding motifs and polymerase X domain. mRNA expression of pol lambda is highest in testis and fetal liver, while expression of pol mu is more lymphoid, with highest expression both in thymus and tonsillar B cells. An unusually large number of splice variants is observed for the pol mu gene, most of which affect the polymerase domain. Expression of mRNA of both polymerases is down-regulated upon treatment by DNA damaging agents (UV light, gamma-rays or H(2)O(2)). This suggests that their biological function may differ from DNA translesion synthesis, for which several DNA polymerase activities have been recently described. Possible functions are discussed.

Screening for Y-derived sex determining gene SRY in 40 patients with Turner syndrome.

In Turner patients, the presence of a Y chromosome or derivative Y is correlated with the risk of gonadoblastoma induction. "Marker" chromosomes originating from Y, may not show characteristic fluorescence and then be very difficult to identify by conventional cytogenetic techniques, although they still predispose the patients to gonadal tumors. Using polymerase chain reaction of the gene from the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome, we screened 40 Turner patients (thirty seven 45X and three 45X,46XX) for the presence of Y chromosomal DNA. We were able to identify karyotypically unrecognized Y chromosome material in 1 patient out of the 40 studied. In this patient mild clinical and biological hyperandrogenism was observed. Reliability of our technique was ascertained by the detection of the expected 648 base pairs amplified DNA fragment in all normal male controls as well as in 3 Turner patients with confirmed 45X,46XY mosaicism. Despite the low frequency of unrecognized Y chromosome material (1 case over 40 in our experience), our data suggest that polymerase chain reaction of the gene from the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome is worthy of being performed in Turner patients considering the potential risk of the presence of a Y chromosome.

Mutation screening of the urocortin gene: identification of new single nucleotide polymorphisms and association studies with obesity in French Caucasians.

A linkage between obesity-related phenotypes and the 2p21-23 locus has been reported previously. The urocortin (UCN) gene resides at this interval, and its protein decreases appetite behavior, suggesting that UCN may be a candidate gene for susceptibility to obesity. We localized the UCN gene by radiation hybrid mapping, and the surrounding markers were genotyped in a collection of French families. Evidence for linkage was shown between the marker D2S165 and leptin levels (LOD score, 1.34; P = 0.006) and between D2S2247 and the z-score of body mass index (LOD score, 1.829; P = 0.0019). The gene was screened for SNPs in 96 obese patients. Four new variants were established. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms were located in the promoter (-535 A-->G, -286 G-->A), one in intron 1 (+31 C-->G), and one in the 3'-untranslated region (+34 C-->T). Association studies in cohorts of 722 unrelated obese and 381 control subjects and transmission disequilibrium tests, performed for the two frequent promoter polymorphisms, in 120 families (894 individuals) showed that no association was present between these variants and obesity, obesity-related phenotypes, and diabetes. Thus, our analyses of the genetic variations of the UCN gene suggest that, at least in French Caucasians, they do not represent a major cause of obesity.

Expression of human CD4 in transgenic mice does not confer sensitivity to human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Transfection of the human CD4 molecule into mouse cells does not confer susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Expression of the human CD4 molecule in transgenic mice was seen to offer some new possibilities. However, transgenic mouse T cells expressing either the human CD4 receptor, or a hybrid human/mouse CD4 receptor alone or in conjunction with human major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, were refractory to in vitro HIV-1 infection. In addition, no infection was observed after in vivo HIV inoculation to mice of these various transgenic lines. Injection of recombinant gp160 viral protein to the transgenic mice did not alter their T and B cell populations. The existence of a dominant block in mouse cells that prevents HIV entry is discussed.

Modafinil: a double-blind multicentric study.

Modafinil is a central putative alpha-1 postsynaptic agonist with vigilance-promoting properties. Fifty narcoleptics (33 male and 17 female) participated in a multicentric study aimed at assessing the effects of the compound on night sleep, feeling on awakening, excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. Modafinil was administered in a double-blind cross-over design at a daily dosage of 300 mg versus placebo. The duration of the study was 12 weeks, including a 2-week "run in" period with placebo, a first 4-week treatment period with either modafinil or placebo, a 2-week wash-out period with placebo and a second 4-week treatment period with either placebo or modafinil. Daily evaluation was based on a sleep log, visual analog scales, a sleep questionnaire and a clinical global index. Sleep laboratory evaluation took place on nights 1, 28, 42 and 70. It included 1 night of polysomnography preceded by a questionnaire on therapeutic and side effects, and a maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT). Sleep logs did not show any modification of night sleep, but a reduction of daytime sleepiness and sleep. Feeling on awakening was not modified. An overall benefit was noted by physicians as well as by patients. MWT disclosed a positive effect of modafinil on excessive daytime sleepiness. Cataplexy was not modified.

Serum desialotransferrin in the detection of alcohol abuse. Definition of a Tf index.

Different molecular forms of transferrin (Tf) have been separated in sera from alcoholics and controls by isoelectric focusing on ultrathin polyacrylamide gels using a semi narrow pH range. The main fraction focused at pH 5.4 (Tf5.4) and minor components appeared among controls at pH 5.7 (Tf5.7). This fraction was increased among alcoholics and was sometimes accompanied by a fraction focusing at pH 5.9 (Tf5.9). Fractions were quantified by densitometry following immunofixation. Significant differences in the ratios Tf5.4/Tf and Tf5.7/Tf between the groups were obtained, but no difference could be determined in the total Tf. We used the ratio Tf5.7/Tf5.4 called Tf index to distinguish alcoholics from controls. The sensitivity, the specificity and the global predictive value of this test were 0.82, 1 and 0.88 respectively. These results seems to indicate that the Tf index is more reliable for the detection of alcohol abuse than liver enzymes such as gammaglutamyl transferase (gamma GT) or glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH).

Factors predictive of alcohol consumption in a representative sample of French male teenagers: a five-year prospective study.

In 1985 we surveyed 691 French male teenagers aged 13-18 years. Two thirds of the same sample was again surveyed in 1990. Average consumption was 3.2 1 ethanol/year in 1985 and 7.2 in 1990. The boys who drank least in 1990 were docile, contented, religious, and already well aware of the dangers of alcohol in 1985. They smoked less, drank less coffee and went out little. The heaviest drinkers in 1990 were dissatisfied with life, unconstrained and pessimistic in 1985. They went out a lot, smoked more and drank more coffee. We intend to survey the sample again in 1995.

The amount of alcohol intake and some associated factors in a representative sample of 691 French boys aged 13-18.

As a first step in a longitudinal study, we studied a sample of 691 French boys selected at random so that the region, the type of dwelling, and the profession of the wage-earner agreed with the latest official census. About 200 questions were asked by professional interviewers. The amount of alcohol intake was calculated from questions concerning type and amount of drinks consumed on all possible occasions. The mean yearly alcohol consumption was 0.91 liters of pure ethanol at 13-14 years, 2.08 at 15-16, and 5.88 at 17-18 (national average in Frenchmen 15 years and over: 16.5). Alcohol intake increases significantly with frequency of café and public dance attendance in all three age groups. Other factors, such as cigarette smoking, pop concerts or night club attendance, familial environment, show significant difference in only one or two age groups. Type of habitation, number of siblings, church attendance, etc., are not significant.