Performance of 8- vs 16 ECG-gated reconstructions in assessing myocardial function using Rubidium-82 myocardial perfusion imaging: Findings in a young, healthy population.

BACKGROUND: Current imaging guidelines recommend using at least 16 ECG gates when performing MUGA and cardiac SPECT to assess left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). However, for Rubidium-82 (82Rb) PET, 8 ECG-gated reconstructions have been a mainstay. This study investigated the implications of quantitative assessments when employing 16 gate, instead of 8 gate, reconstructions for 82Rb myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). METHODS: The study comprised 25 healthy volunteers (median age 23 years) who underwent repeat MPI sessions employing 82Rb PET/CT. We report LVEF, its reserve (stress LVEF - rest LVEF), and their repeatability measures (RMS method) obtained for 8- and 16 ECG-gated reconstructions. RESULTS: Similar LVEF and LVEF reserve estimates were found for the 8- and 16-gated reconstructions ([%] LVEF (8/16 gates): rest = 61 ± 6/64 ± 6, stress = 68 ± 7/71 ± 6, LVEF reserve (8/16 gates): 8 ± 3/6 ± 4, and all P ≥ 0.13). Similar test-retest repeatability measures were observed for rest and stress LVEF and their reserves [LVEF (8/16 gates); Rest = 4.5/4.6 (P = 0.81), Stress = 3.5/3.2 (P = 0.33), LVEF reserve = 46.7/49.3 (P = 0.13)]. CONCLUSION: In healthy subjects, 8 and 16 ECG gates can be used interchangeably if only volumetric assessments are desired. However, if filling and emptying rates are of interest, a minimum of 16 ECG gates should be employed.

Opioid use is associated with increased out-of-hospital cardiac arrest risk among 40 000-cases across two countries.

AIMS: Opioid use has substantially increased in the last decade and is associated with overdose mortality, but also with increased mortality from cardiovascular causes. This finding may partly reflect an association between opioids and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Therefore, we aimed to investigate OHCA-risk of opioids in the community. METHODS: We conducted 2 population-based case-control studies separately in the Netherlands (2009-2018) and Denmark (2001-2015). Cases were individuals who experienced OHCA of presumed cardiac cause. Each case was matched with up to 5 non-OHCA-controls according to age, sex and OHCA-date. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: We included 5473 OHCA-cases matched with 21 866 non-OHCA-controls in the Netherlands, and 35 017 OHCA-cases matched with 175 085 non-OHCA-controls in Denmark. We found that use of opioids (the Netherlands: cases: 5.4%, controls: 1.8%; Denmark: cases: 11.9%, controls: 4.4%) was associated with increased OHCA-risk in both regions (the Netherlands: OR 2.1 [95% CI 1.8-2.5]; Denmark: OR 1.8 [95% CI 1.5-2.1]). The association was observed in both sexes, and in individuals with cardiovascular disease (the Netherlands: OR 1.8 [95% CI 1.5-2.1]; Denmark: OR 1.6 [95% CI 1.5-1.7]) or without (the Netherlands: OR 3.4 [95% CI: 2.4-4.8], Pinteraction  < .0001; Denmark: OR 2.3 [95% CI: 2.0-2.5], Pinteraction  < .0001). CONCLUSION: Use of opioids is associated with increased OHCA-risk in both sexes, independently of concomitant cardiovascular disease. These findings should be considered when evaluating the harms and benefits of treatment with opioids.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and differential risk of cardiac and non-cardiac QT-prolonging drugs in 37 000 cases.

AIMS: Drugs that prolong the QT interval, either by design (cardiac QT-prolonging drugs: anti-arrhythmics) or as off-target effect (non-cardiac QT-prolonging drugs), may increase the risk of ventricular arrhythmias and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Risk mitigation measures were instituted, in particular, surrounding prescription of cardiac QT-prolonging drugs. We studied OHCA risk of both drug types in current clinical practice. METHODS: Using data from large population-based OHCA registries in the Netherlands and Denmark, we conducted two independent case-control studies. OHCA cases with presumed cardiac causes were matched on age/sex/index date with up to five non-OHCA controls. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for the association of cardiac or non-cardiac QT-prolonging drugs with OHCA risk using conditional logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: We identified 2503 OHCA cases and 10 543 non-OHCA controls in the Netherlands, and 35 017 OHCA cases and 175 085 non-OHCA controls in Denmark. Compared to no use of QT-prolonging drugs, use of non-cardiac QT-prolonging drugs (Netherlands: cases: 3.0%, controls: 1.9%; Denmark: cases: 14.9%, controls: 7.5%) was associated with increased OHCA risk (Netherlands: OR 1.37 [95% CI: 1.03-1.81]; Denmark: OR 1.63 [95% CI: 1.57-1.70]). The association between cardiac QT-prolonging drugs (Netherlands: cases: 4.0%, controls: 2.5%; Denmark: cases: 2.1%, controls: 0.9%) and OHCA was weaker (Netherlands: OR 1.17 [95% CI: 0.92-1.50]; Denmark: OR 1.21 [95% CI: 1.09-1.33]), although users of cardiac QT-prolonging drugs had more medication use and comorbidities associated with OHCA risk than users of non-cardiac QT-prolonging drugs. CONCLUSION: In clinical practice, cardiac QT-prolonging drugs confer lower OHCA risk than non-cardiac QT-prolonging drugs, although users of the former have higher a priori risk. This is likely due to risk mitigation measures surrounding prescription of cardiac QT-prolonging drugs.

Risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in antidepressant drug users.

Conflicting results have been reported regarding the association between antidepressant use and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) risk. We investigated whether the use of antidepressants is associated with OHCA. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide nested case-control study to assess the association of individual antidepressant drugs within drug classes with the hazard of OHCA. Cases were defined as OHCA from presumed cardiac causes. Cox regression with time-dependent exposure and time-dependent covariates was conducted to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) overall and in subgroups defined by established cardiac disease and cardiovascular risk factors. Also, we studied antidepressants with and without sodium channel blocking or potassium channel blocking properties separately. RESULTS: During the study period from 2001 to 2015 we observed 10 987 OHCA cases, and found increased OHCA rate for high-dose citalopram (>20 mg) and high-dose escitalopram (>10 mg; HR:1.46 [95% CI:1.27-1.69], HR:1.43 [95% CI:1.16-1.75], respectively) among selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (reference drug sertraline), and for high-dose mirtazapine (>30; HR:1.59 [95% CI:1.18-2.14]) among the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors or noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (reference drug duloxetine). Among tricyclic antidepressants (reference drug amitriptyline), no drug was associated with significantly increased OHCA rate. Increased OHCA rate was found for antidepressants with known potassium channel blocking properties (HR:1.14 [95% CI:1.05-1.23]), but for not those with sodium channel blocking properties. Citalopram, although not statistically significant, and mirtazapine were associated with increased OHCA rate in patients without cardiac disease and cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that careful titration of citalopram, escitalopram and mirtazapine dose may have to be considered due to drug safety issues.

Optimization of the left ventricle ejection fraction estimate obtained during cardiac adenosine stress 82Rubidium-PET scanning: impact of different reconstruction protocols.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) estimation using adenosine stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) can be challenging. The short half-life of adenosine and the guideline-recommended adenosine infusion stop during Rubidium-82 acquisition protocol may affect the accuracy and repeatability of the LVEF measures. METHODS: This study comprised 25 healthy volunteers (median age 23 years) who underwent repeat myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) sessions employing Rubidium-82 PET/CT. A guideline-recommended reconstruction protocol was used for both rest and adenosine stress MPI (150-360 s post-radiotracer injection, standardrecon). For the stress MPI protocol, two additional reconstruction protocols were considered; one was employing 60 seconds data (150-210 seconds, shortfixed) and the other a dynamic frame window based on the bolus arrival of Rubidium-82 in the heart until 210 seconds (x-210 seconds, shortindividual). We report rest and stress LVEF, the LVEF reserve, and the LVEF reserve repeatability. RESULTS: Differences in the LVEF assessments were observed between the guideline recommended and alternative reconstruction protocol (LVEF stress MPI: standardrecon = 68 ± 7%, shortfixed = 71 ± 7% (P = .08), shortindividual = 72 ± 7% (P = .04)), and the LVEF reserve was reduced for the guideline-recommended protocol (standardrecon = 7.8 ± 3.5, shortfixed = 10.1 ± 3.7, shortindividual = 10.5 ± 3.6, all P < .001). The best repeatability measures were obtained for the shortindividual protocol (repeatability: standardrecon = 45.3%, shortfixed = 41.2%, shortindividual = 31.7%). CONCLUSION: We recommend using the shortindividual reconstruction protocol for improved LVEF repeatability and reserve assessment. Alternatively, in centers with limited technical support we recommend the use of the shortfixed protocol.

Image-derived and physiological markers to predict adequate adenosine-induced hyperemic response in Rubidium-82 myocardial perfusion imaging.

AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the potential of different markers to identify adequate stressing in subjects with and without caffeine intake prior to Rubidium-82 myocardial imaging. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study comprised 40 healthy subjects who underwent four serial Rubidium-82 rest/adenosine stress MPI; two with 0mg caffeine consumption (baseline MPIs) and two with controlled consumption of caffeine (arm 1: 100 and 300mg, or arm 2: 200 and 400mg). We report the sensitivity and specificity of seven markers ability to predict adequate adenosine-induced hyperemic response: (1) the splenic response ratio (SRR); (2) splenic stress-to-rest intensity ratios (SIR); (3) changes in heart rate (ΔHR); (4) percentwise change in heart rate (Δ%HR); (5) changes in the rate pressure product (ΔRPP); (6) changes in the systolic blood pressure (ΔSBP); and (7) changes in the cardiovascular resistance (ΔCVR). Adequate stressing was determined as stress myocardial blood flow > 3ml/g/min and a corresponding myocardial flow reserve >68% of the individual maximum myocardial flow reserve obtained in the baseline MPIs. RESULTS: 129 MPI sessions (obtained in 39 subjects) were considered for this study. The following sensitivities were obtained: SSR = 72.7%, SIR = 63.6%, ΔHR = 45.5%, Δ%HR = 77.3%, ΔRPP = 54.5%, ΔSBP = 47.7%, and ΔCVR =40.9%, while the specificities were SSR = 80.9%, SIR = 85.0%, ΔHR = 90.4%, Δ%HR = 81.6%, ΔRPP=81.1%, ΔSBP = 86.4%, and ΔCVR =90.4%. CONCLUSION: The image-derived and physiological markers all provide acceptable sensitivities and specificities when patients follow the caffeine pausation before MPI. However, their use warrants great care when caffeine consumption cannot be ruled out.

Bystander Efforts and 1-Year Outcomes in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.

BACKGROUND: The effect of bystander interventions on long-term functional outcomes among survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest has not been extensively studied. METHODS: We linked nationwide data on out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Denmark to functional outcome data and reported the 1-year risks of anoxic brain damage or nursing home admission and of death from any cause among patients who survived to day 30 after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. We analyzed risks according to whether bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or defibrillation was performed and evaluated temporal changes in bystander interventions and outcomes. RESULTS: Among the 2855 patients who were 30-day survivors of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the period from 2001 through 2012, a total of 10.5% had brain damage or were admitted to a nursing home and 9.7% died during the 1-year follow-up period. During the study period, among the 2084 patients who had cardiac arrests that were not witnessed by emergency medical services (EMS) personnel, the rate of bystander CPR increased from 66.7% to 80.6% (P<0.001), the rate of bystander defibrillation increased from 2.1% to 16.8% (P<0.001), the rate of brain damage or nursing home admission decreased from 10.0% to 7.6% (P<0.001), and all-cause mortality decreased from 18.0% to 7.9% (P=0.002). In adjusted analyses, bystander CPR was associated with a risk of brain damage or nursing home admission that was significantly lower than that associated with no bystander resuscitation (hazard ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47 to 0.82), as well as a lower risk of death from any cause (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.99) and a lower risk of the composite end point of brain damage, nursing home admission, or death (hazard ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.84). The risks of these outcomes were even lower among patients who received bystander defibrillation as compared with no bystander resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, we found that bystander CPR and defibrillation were associated with risks of brain damage or nursing home admission and of death from any cause that were significantly lower than those associated with no bystander resuscitation. (Funded by TrygFonden and the Danish Heart Foundation.).

Association of beta-blockers and first-registered heart rhythm in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: real-world data from population-based cohorts across two European countries.

AIMS: Conflicting results have been reported regarding the effect of beta-blockers on first-registered heart rhythm in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We aimed to establish whether the use of beta-blockers influences first-registered rhythm in OHCA. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included patients with OHCA of presumed cardiac cause from two large independent OHCA-registries from Denmark and the Netherlands. Beta-blocker use was defined as exposure to either non-selective beta-blockers, ß1-selective beta-blockers, or α-ß-dual-receptor blockers within 90 days prior to OHCA. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for the association of beta-blockers with first-registered heart rhythm using multivariable logistic regression. We identified 23 834 OHCA-patients in Denmark and 1584 in the Netherlands: 7022 (29.5%) and 519 (32.8%) were treated with beta-blockers, respectively. Use of non-selective beta-blockers, but not ß1-selective blockers, was more often associated with non-shockable rhythm than no use of beta-blockers [Denmark: OR 1.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.48-2.52; the Netherlands: OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.15-5.49]. Non-selective beta-blocker use was associated with higher proportion of pulseless electrical activity (PEA) than of shockable rhythm (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.01-5.65); the association with asystole was of similar magnitude, although not statistically significant compared with shockable rhythm (OR 2.34, 95% CI 0.89-6.18; data on PEA and asystole were only available in the Netherlands). Use of α-ß-dual-receptor blockers was significantly associated with non-shockable rhythm in Denmark (OR 1.21; 95% CI 1.03-1.42) and not significantly in the Netherlands (OR 1.37; 95% CI 0.61-3.07). CONCLUSION: Non-selective beta-blockers, but not ß1-selective beta-blockers, are associated with non-shockable rhythm in OHCA.

Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and long-term outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest according to location of arrest.

Aims: Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has increased in several countries following nationwide initiatives to facilitate bystander resuscitative efforts in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We examined the importance of public or residential location of arrest on temporal changes in bystander CPR and outcomes. Methods and results: From the nationwide Danish Cardiac Arrest Registry, all OHCAs from 2001 to 2014 of presumed cardiac cause and between 18 and 100 years of age were identified. Arrests witnessed by emergency medical services personnel were excluded. Of 25 505 OHCAs, 26.4% (n = 6738) and 73.6% (n = 18 767) were in public and residential locations, respectively. Bystander CPR increased during 2001-2014 in both locations: from 36.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 30.6-42.6%] to 83.1% (95% CI 80.0-85.8%) in public (P < 0.001) and from 16.0% (95% CI 13.2-19.3%) to 61.0% (95% CI 58.7-63.2%) in residential locations (P < 0.001). Concurrently, 30-day survival increased in public from 6.4% (95% CI 4.0-10.0%) to 25.2% (95% CI 22.1-28.7%) (P < 0.001), and in residential from 2.9% (95% CI 1.8-4.5%) to 10.0% (95% CI 8.7-11.4%) (P < 0.001). Among 2281 30-day survivors, 1-year risk of anoxic brain damage/nursing home admission during 2001-2014 decreased from 18.8% (95% CI 6.6-43.0%) to 6.8% (95% CI 3.9-11.8%) in public (P < 0.001), whereas the corresponding change was insignificant in residential locations from 11.8% (95% CI 3.3-34.3) to 17.6% (95% CI 12.7-23.9%) (P = 0.52). Conclusion: During 2001-2014, bystander CPR and 30-day survival more than doubled in both public and residential OHCA locations. A significant decrease in anoxic brain damage/nursing home admission was observed among 30-day survivors in public, but not among survivors from residential OHCAs.

Association of Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Survival According to Ambulance Response Times After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.

BACKGROUND: Bystander-initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) increases patient survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, but it is unknown to what degree bystander CPR remains positively associated with survival with increasing time to potential defibrillation. The main objective was to examine the association of bystander CPR with survival as time to advanced treatment increases. METHODS: We studied 7623 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients between 2005 and 2011, identified through the nationwide Danish Cardiac Arrest Registry. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between time from 911 call to emergency medical service arrival (response time) and survival according to whether bystander CPR was provided (yes or no). Reported are 30-day survival chances with 95% bootstrap confidence intervals. RESULTS: With increasing response times, adjusted 30-day survival chances decreased for both patients with bystander CPR and those without. However, the contrast between the survival chances of patients with versus without bystander CPR increased over time: within 5 minutes, 30-day survival was 14.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 12.8-16.4) versus 6.3% (95% CI: 5.1-7.6), corresponding to 2.3 times higher chances of survival associated with bystander CPR; within 10 minutes, 30-day survival chances were 6.7% (95% CI: 5.4-8.1) versus 2.2% (95% CI: 1.5-3.1), corresponding to 3.0 times higher chances of 30-day survival associated with bystander CPR. The contrast in 30-day survival became statistically insignificant when response time was >13 minutes (bystander CPR vs no bystander CPR: 3.7% [95% CI: 2.2-5.4] vs 1.5% [95% CI: 0.6-2.7]), but 30-day survival was still 2.5 times higher associated with bystander CPR. Based on the model and Danish out-of-hospital cardiac arrest statistics, an additional 233 patients could potentially be saved annually if response time was reduced from 10 to 5 minutes and 119 patients if response time was reduced from 7 (the median response time in this study) to 5 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: The absolute survival associated with bystander CPR declined rapidly with time. Yet bystander CPR while waiting for an ambulance was associated with a more than doubling of 30-day survival even in case of long ambulance response time. Decreasing ambulance response time by even a few minutes could potentially lead to many additional lives saved every year.

Return to Work in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Survivors: A Nationwide Register-Based Follow-Up Study.

BACKGROUND: Data on long-term function of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors are sparse. We examined return to work as a proxy of preserved function without major neurologic deficits in survivors. METHODS AND RESULTS: In Denmark, out-of-hospital cardiac arrests have been systematically reported to the Danish Cardiac Arrest Register since 2001. During 2001-2011, we identified 4354 patients employed before arrest among 12 332 working-age patients (18-65 years), of whom 796 survived to day 30. Among 796 survivors (median age, 53 years [quartile 1-3, 46-59 years]; 81.5% men), 610 (76.6%) returned to work in a median time of 4 months [quartile 1-3, 1-19 months], with a median time of 3 years spent back at work. A total of 74.6% (N=455) remained employed without using sick leave during the first 6 months after returning to work. This latter proportion of survivors returning to work increased over time (66.1% in 2001-2005 versus 78.1% in 2006-2011; P=0.002). In multivariable Cox regression analysis, factors associated with return to work with ≥6 months of sustainable employment were as follows: (1) arrest during 2006-2011 versus 2001-2005, hazard ratio (HR), 1.38 (95% CI, 1.05-1.82); (2) male sex, HR, 1.48 (95% CI, 1.06-2.07); (3) age of 18 to 49 versus 50 to 65 years, HR, 1.32 (95% CI, 1.02-1.68); (4) bystander-witnessed arrest, HR, 1.79 (95% CI, 1.17-2.76); and (5) bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, HR, 1.38 (95% CI, 1.02-1.87). CONCLUSIONS: Of 30-day survivors employed before arrest, 76.6% returned to work. The percentage of survivors returning to work increased significantly, along with improved survival during 2001-2011, suggesting an increase in the proportion of survivors with preserved function over time.

Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Relation to Age and Early Identification of Patients With Minimal Chance of Long-Term Survival.

BACKGROUND: Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest has increased during the last decade in Denmark. We aimed to study the impact of age on changes in survival and whether it was possible to identify patients with minimal chance of 30-day survival. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using data from the nationwide Danish Cardiac Arrest Registry (2001─2011), we identified 21 480 patients ≥18 years old with a presumed cardiac-caused out-of-hospital cardiac arrest for which resuscitation was attempted. Patients were divided into 3 preselected age-groups: working-age patients 18 to 65 years of age (33.7%), early senior patients 66 to 80 years of age (41.5%), and late senior patients >80 years of age (24.8%). Characteristics in working-age patients, early senior patients, and late senior patients were as follows: witnessed arrest in 53.8%, 51.1%, and 52.1%; bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 44.7%, 30.3%, and 23.4%; and prehospital shock from a defibrillator in 54.7%, 45.0%, and 33.8% (all P<0.05). Between 2001 and 2011, return of spontaneous circulation on hospital arrival increased: working-age patients, from 12.1% to 34.6%; early senior patients, from 6.4% to 21.5%; and late senior patients, from 4.0% to 15.0% (all P<0.001). Furthermore, 30-day survival increased: working-age patients, 5.8% to 22.0% (P<0.001); and early senior patients, 2.7% to 8.4% (P<0.001), whereas late senior patients experienced only a minor increase (1.5% to 2.0%; P=0.01). Overall, 3 of 9499 patients achieved 30-day survival if they met 2 criteria: had not achieved return of spontaneous circulation on hospital arrival and had not received a prehospital shock from a defibrillator. CONCLUSIONS: All age groups experienced a large temporal increase in survival on hospital arrival, but the increase in 30-day survival was most prominent in the young. With the use of only 2 criteria, it was possible to identify patients with a minimal chance of 30-day survival.

Temporal trends in coverage of historical cardiac arrests using a volunteer-based network of automated external defibrillators accessible to laypersons and emergency dispatch centers.

BACKGROUND: Although increased dissemination of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) has been associated with more frequent AED use, the trade-off between the number of deployed AEDs and coverage of cardiac arrests remains unclear. We investigated how volunteer-based AED dissemination affected public cardiac arrest coverage in high- and low-risk areas. METHODS AND RESULTS: All public cardiac arrests (1994-2011) and all registered AEDs (2007-2011) in Copenhagen, Denmark, were identified and geocoded. AED coverage of cardiac arrests was defined as historical arrests ≤100 m from an AED. High-risk areas were defined as those with ≥1 arrest every 2 years and accounted for 1.0% of the total city area. Of 1864 cardiac arrests, 18.0% (n=335) occurred in high-risk areas throughout the study period. From 2007 to 2011, the number of AEDs and the corresponding coverage of cardiac arrests increased from 36 to 552 and from 2.7% to 32.6%, respectively. The corresponding increase for high-risk areas was from 1 to 30 AEDs and coverage from 5.7% to 51.3%, respectively. Since the establishment of the AED network (2007-2011), few arrests (n=55) have occurred ≤100 m from an AED with only 14.5% (n=8) being defibrillated before the arrival of emergency medical services. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the lack of a coordinated public access defibrillation program, the number of AEDs increased 15-fold with a corresponding increase in cardiac arrest coverage from 2.7% to 32.6% over a 5-year period. The highest increase in coverage was observed in high-risk areas (from 5.7% to 51.3%). AED networks can be used as useful tools to optimize AED placement in community settings.

Temporal differences in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence and survival.

BACKGROUND: Understanding temporal differences in the incidence and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has important implications for developing preventative strategies and optimizing systems for OHCA care. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 18 588 OHCAs of presumed cardiac origin in patients aged ≥18 years who received resuscitative efforts by emergency medical services (EMS) and were enrolled in the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) from October 1, 2005, to December 31, 2010. We evaluated temporal variability in OHCA incidence and survival to hospital discharge. There was significant variability in the frequency of OHCA by hour of the day (P<0.001), day of the week (P<0.001), and month of the year (P<0.001), with the highest incidence occurring during the daytime, from Friday to Monday, in December. Survival to hospital discharge was lowest for OHCA that occurred overnight (from 11:01 pm to 7 am; 7.1%) versus daytime (7:01 am to 3 pm; 10.8%) or evening (3:01 pm to 11 pm; 11.3%; P<0.001) and during the winter (8.8%) versus spring (11.1%), summer (11.0%), or fall (10.0%; P<0.001). There was no difference in survival to hospital discharge between OHCAs that occurred on weekends and weekdays (9.5% versus 10.4%, P=0.06). After multivariable adjustment for age, sex, race, witness status, layperson resuscitation, first monitored cardiac rhythm, and emergency medical services response time, compared with daytime and spring, survival to hospital discharge remained lowest for OHCA that occurred overnight (odds ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.95; P=0.008) and during the winter (odds ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.94; P=0.006), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There is significant temporal variability in the incidence of and survival after OHCA. The relative contribution of patient pathophysiology, likelihood of the OHCA being observed, and prehospital and hospital-based resuscitative factors deserves further exploration.

Automated external defibrillators inaccessible to more than half of nearby cardiac arrests in public locations during evening, nighttime, and weekends.

BACKGROUND: Despite wide dissemination, use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in community settings is limited. We assessed how AED accessibility affected coverage of cardiac arrests in public locations. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified cardiac arrests in public locations (1994-2011) in terms of location and time and viewed them in relation to the location and accessibility of all AEDs linked to the emergency dispatch center as of December 31, 2011, in Copenhagen, Denmark. AED coverage of cardiac arrests was defined as cardiac arrests within 100 m (109.4 yd) of an AED and further categorized according to AED accessibility at the time of cardiac arrest. Daytime, evening, and nighttime were defined as 8 am to 3:59 pm, 4 to 11:59 pm, and midnight to 7:59 am, respectively. Of 1864 cardiac arrests in public locations, 61.8% (n=1152) occurred during the evening, nighttime, or weekends. Of 552 registered AEDs, 9.1% (n=50) were accessible at all hours, and 96.4% (n=532) were accessible during the daytime on all weekdays. Regardless of AED accessibility, 28.8% (537 of 1864) of all cardiac arrests were covered by an AED. Limited AED accessibility decreased coverage of cardiac arrests by 4.1% (9 of 217) during the daytime on weekdays and by 53.4% (171 of 320) during the evening, nighttime, and weekends. CONCLUSIONS: Limited AED accessibility at the time of cardiac arrest decreased AED coverage by 53.4% during the evening, nighttime, and weekends, which is when 61.8% of all cardiac arrests in public locations occurred. Thus, not only strategic placement but also uninterrupted AED accessibility warrant attention if public-access defibrillation is to improve survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Individual social capital and survival: a population study with 5-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The concept of social capital has received increasing attention as a determinant of population survival, but its significance is uncertain. We examined the importance of social capital on survival in a population study while focusing on gender differences. METHODS: We used data from a Danish regional health survey with a five-year follow-up period, 2007-2012 (n = 9288, 53.5% men, 46.5% women). We investigated the association between social capital and all-cause mortality, performing separate analyses on a composite measure as well as four specific dimensions of social capital while controlling for covariates. Analyses were performed with Cox proportional hazard models by which hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: For women, higher levels of social capital were associated with lower all-cause mortality regardless of age, socioeconomic status, health, and health behaviour (HR = 0.586, 95% CI = 0.421-0.816) while no such association was found for men (HR = 0.949, 95% CI = 0.816-1.104). Analysing the specific dimensions of social capital, higher levels of trust and social network were significantly associated with lower all-cause mortality in women (HR = 0.827, 95% CI = 0.750-0.913 and HR = 0.832, 95% CI = 0.729-0.949, respectively). For men, strong social networks were associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.132, 95% CI = 1.017-1.260). Civic engagement had a similar effect for both men (HR = 0.848, 95% CI = 0.722-0.997) and women (HR = 0.848, 95% CI = 0.630-1.140). CONCLUSIONS: We found differential effects of social capital in men compared to women. The predictive effects on all-cause mortality of four specific dimensions of social capital varied. Gender stratified analysis and the use of multiple indicators to measure social capital are thus warranted in future research.

Comparative outcomes in patients with preexisting heart failure to those without heart failure after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A nationwide registry study.

BACKGROUND: The knowledge of prognosis following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in patients with heart failure heart failure (HF) is sparse. The objective of this study was to compare the outcome after OHCA among patients with and without HF. METHODS: We studied 45,293 patients who were included for the Danish cardiac arrest registry between 2001 and 2014. Patients were stratified into two groups based on the presence of HF prior to cardiac arrest. The primary outcome was 30-day survival and secondary outcome was anoxic brain damage or permanent nursing home admission at 1-year among 30-day survivors. RESULTS: Among the final 28,955 patients included, 6675 (23%) patients had prior HF and 22,280 (77%) patients had no prior HF. At 30 days, 616 (9.2%) patients survived among the patients with HF and 1916 (8.6%) among the patients without HF. There was a significant interaction between atrial fibrillation (AF) and HF for primary outcome and therefore it was assessed separately between the two study groups stratified based on AF. Among patients without AF a significantly higher odds of 30-day survival were observed among patients with HF (OR 2.69, 95% CI 2.34-3.08, P < 0.001), but no difference was observed among the patients from two study groups with no AF. No significant difference in risk for secondary outcome was observed among the two study groups. In multivariable average treatment effect modeling, all the results largely remain unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Outcome following OHCA among patients with and without HF is found to be similar in this large Danish OHCA registry.

Accuracy of the ICD-10 discharge diagnosis for syncope.

AIMS: Administrative discharge codes are widely used in epidemiology, but the specificity and sensitivity of this coding is unknown and must be validated. We assessed the validity of the discharge diagnosis of syncope in administrative registers and reviewed the etiology of syncope after workup. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two samples were investigated. One sample consisted of 5262 randomly selected medical patients. The other sample consisted of 750 patients admitted or seen in the emergency department (ED) for syncope (ICD-10: R55.9) in three hospitals in Denmark. All charts were reviewed for baseline characteristics and to confirm the presence/absence of syncope and to compare with the administrative coding. In a sample of 600 admitted patients 570 (95%) and of 150 patients from ED 140 (93%) had syncope representing the positive predictive values. Median age of the population was 69 years (IQR: ± 14). In the second sample of 5262 randomly selected medical patients, 75 (1.4%) had syncope, of which 47 were coded as R55.9 yielding a sensitivity of 62.7%, a negative predictive value of 99.5%, and a specificity of 99.9%. CONCLUSION: ED and hospital discharge diagnostic coding for syncope has a positive predictive value of 95% and a sensitivity of 63%.

Association of national initiatives to improve cardiac arrest management with rates of bystander intervention and patient survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

IMPORTANCE: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is a major health problem associated with poor outcomes. Early recognition and intervention are critical for patient survival. Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is one factor among many associated with improved survival. OBJECTIVE: To examine temporal changes in bystander resuscitation attempts and survival during a 10-year period in which several national initiatives were taken to increase rates of bystander resuscitation and improve advanced care. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest for which resuscitation was attempted were identified between 2001 and 2010 in the nationwide Danish Cardiac Arrest Registry. Of 29,111 patients with cardiac arrest, we excluded those with presumed noncardiac cause of arrest (n = 7390) and those with cardiac arrests witnessed by emergency medical services personnel (n = 2253), leaving a study population of 19,468 patients. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Temporal trends in bystander CPR, bystander defibrillation, 30-day survival, and 1-year survival. RESULTS: The median age of patients was 72 years; 67.4% were men. Bystander CPR increased significantly during the study period, from 21.1% (95% CI, 18.8%-23.4%) in 2001 to 44.9% (95% CI, 42.6%-47.1%) in 2010 (P < .001), whereas use of defibrillation by bystanders remained low (1.1% [95% CI, 0.6%-1.9%] in 2001 to 2.2% [95% CI, 1.5%-2.9%] in 2010; P = .003). More patients achieved survival on hospital arrival (7.9% [95% CI, 6.4%-9.5%] in 2001 to 21.8% [95% CI, 19.8%-23.8%] in 2010; P < .001). Also, 30-day survival improved (3.5% [95% CI, 2.5%-4.5%] in 2001 to 10.8% [95% CI, 9.4%-12.2%] in 2010; P < .001), as did 1-year survival (2.9% [95% CI, 2.0%-3.9%] in 2001 to 10.2% [95% CI, 8.9%-11.6%] in 2010; P < .001). Despite a decrease in the incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests during the study period (40.4 to 34.4 per 100,000 persons in 2001 and 2010, respectively; P = .002), the number of survivors per 100,000 persons increased significantly (P < .001). For the entire study period, bystander CPR was positively associated with 30-day survival, regardless of witnessed status (30-day survival for nonwitnessed cardiac arrest, 4.3% [95% CI, 3.4%-5.2%] with bystander CPR and 1.0% [95% CI, 0.8%-1.3%] without; odds ratio, 4.38 [95% CI, 3.17-6.06]). For witnessed arrest the corresponding values were 19.4% (95% CI, 18.1%-20.7%) vs 6.1% (95% CI, 5.4%-6.7%); odds ratio, 3.74 (95% CI, 3.26-4.28). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In Denmark between 2001 and 2010, an increase in survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was significantly associated with a concomitant increase in bystander CPR. Because of the co-occurrence of other related initiatives, a causal relationship remains uncertain.

Sex Differences and Caffeine Impact in Adenosine-Induced Hyperemia.

Caffeine consumption before adenosine stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is known to affect the hemodynamic response and, thus, reduce the stress myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial flow reserve (MFR) assessments. However, it is not clear if any sex-specific differences in the hemodynamic response after caffeine consumption exist. This study aimed to evaluate if such differences exist and, if so, their impact on MBF and MFR assessments. Methods: This study comprised 40 healthy volunteers (19 women). All volunteers underwent 4 serial rest/stress MPI sessions using 82Rb; 2 sessions were acquired without controlled caffeine consumption, and 2 sessions after oral ingestion of either 100 and 300 mg of caffeine or 200 and 400 mg of caffeine. For the caffeine imaging sessions, caffeine was ingested orally 1 h before the MPI scan. Results: Increase in plasma caffeine concentration (PCC) (mg/L) after consumption of caffeine was larger in women (MPI session without caffeine vs. MPI session with caffeine: women = 0.3 ± 0.2 vs. 5.4 ± 5.1, men = 0.1 ± 0.2 vs. 2.7 ± 2.6, both P < 0.001). Caffeine consumption led to reduced stress MBF and MFR assessments for men whereas no changes were reported for women (women [PCC < 1 mg/L vs. PCC ≥ 1 mg/L]: stress MBF = 3.3 ± 0.6 vs. 3.0 ± 0.8 mL/g/min, P = 0.07; MFR = 3.7 ± 0.6 vs. 3.5 ± 1.0, P = 0.35; men [PCC < 1 mg/L vs. PCC ≥ 1 mg/L]: stress MBF = 2.7 ± 0.7 vs. 2.1 ± 1.0 mL/g/min, P = 0.005; MFR = 3.8 ± 1.0 vs. 3.1 ± 1.4, P = 0.018). Significant differences in the stress MBF were observed for the 2 sexes (both P ≤ 0.001), whereas similar MFR was reported (both P ≥ 0.12). Conclusion: Associations between increases in PCC and reductions in stress MBF and MFR were observed for men, whereas women did not have the same hemodynamic response. Stress MBF was affected at lower PCCs in men than women.