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ObjectiveTo preliminarily confirm the effective anti-lung cancer sites of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium and study their mechanism of action. MethodOn the basis of preliminary research, the extraction method of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium was optimized and the effective parts were screened under the guidance of pharmacological effects. Different ethanol elution and water elution sites of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium were obtained through adsorption and elution with D101 macroporous resin. The methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay was used to detect the effects of total drug extracts and different elution sites on the proliferation of various tumor cell lines, and to screen for the optimal elution site and tumor sensitive strains. Flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of the elution sites of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in A549 cells. Western blot was used to compare the expressions of tumor protein 53 (p53), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 and 9 (Caspase-3 and Caspase-9) proteins in A549 cells. ResultThe inhibitory effect of Momordicae Semen on the proliferation of A549 cells was better than the kernel of Momordicae Semen, with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) being (86.83±2.88) mg·L-1 and (95.10±18.13) mg·L-1, respectively. The effect of total extracts of Epimedii Folium on A549 anti proliferation IC50 value was (4.71±0.81) mg·L-1. The IC50 values of the 40%, 60%, and 80% ethanol and anhydrous ethanol eluted macroporous resins of the total extracts of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium inhibiting A549 proliferation were (45.32±4.38)、 (14.95±0.73)、 (17.07±1.76)、 (14.46±2.35)、 (51.7±2.26)、 (12.37±0.67)、 (20.29±0.93)、 and (3.43±0.91) mg·L-1, respectively. Compared with the normal group, the 1∶1 combination of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium inhibited A549 cell proliferation in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner. Compared with the normal group, 50 mg·L-1 of the combination of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium significantly increased intracellular ROS expression (P<0.01). Compared with the normal group, 12.5, 25, 50 mg·L-1 of the combination of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium significantly increased the expression of A549 cell apoptosis (P<0.01). Compared with the normal group, 25, 50 mg·L-1 of the combination of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium significantly increased the expression of p53 in A549 cells (P<0.01). Compared with the normal group, 12.5, 25, 50 mg·L-1 of the combination of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium significantly increased the expression of Bax (P<0.01). Compared with the normal group, 50 mg·L-1 of the combination of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium significantly reduced the expressions of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 (P<0.01). ConclusionThe anti-tumor effect of Momordicae Semen is better than that of the kernel of Momordicae Semen. The anti-tumor substances of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium mainly concentrate in the 60% ethanol to anhydrous ethanol elution site. A549 cells are sensitive to the 1∶1 combination of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium, which can effectively inhibit the cell proliferation. The mechanism may be related to increasing the generation of ROS in A549 cells, promoting their apoptosis, increasing the expressions of apoptotic proteins such as p53 and Bax, and reducing the expressions of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9.
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Tumor metastasis is the major cause of death for tumor patients and the key bottleneck of clinical treatment. In recent years, basic and clinical studies have recognized that tumor microenvironment (TME) is highly correlated with tumor metastasis, which provides hope for anti-metastatic drug development and clinical treatment. At present, the mainstream studies on TME represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) mainly focus on the rectification of immune function of T cells and B cells. However, a large number of studies have shown that the significance of other members of TME for tumor metastasis cannot be ignored, which greatly reflects the progress of anti-metastatic research based on TME regulation. This review focused on tumor metastasis, summarized the mechanism of action of non-T and non-B immune cells [tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs)] and non-immune members [vascular endothelial cells (ECs), tumor-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and blood platelet] in the process of tumor metastasis in TME based on the literature over the recent five years, and explored their key value in the treatment of metastasis. At the treatment level, this review focused on the perspective of the integration of frontier and traditional methods and took the functional homeostasis remodeling of TME as the entry point to summarize the activity and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) regulation of non-T and non-B immune cells and non-immune members and highlight its advantages and characteristics in clinical intervention of metastasis. This review helps to break through the limitations of over-reliance on T and B immune cells in anti-metastatic research, make the research rely on a wider range of cell groups, explore the potential value of TME in anti-metastatic drug intervention, and enrich the idea and strategy of understanding the anti-metastatic pharmacological activity. The review is also expected to provide a broader vision for the research and development of new anti-metastatic drugs.
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ObjectiveTo study the plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of five representative components in Wujiwan, and to illustrate the difference of metabolism and tissue distribution before and after compatibility. MethodHealthy male SD rats were divided into four groups, including Wujiwan group(A group, 62.96 g·L-1), Coptidis Rhizoma group(B group, 38.4 g·L-1), processed Euodiae Fructus group(C group, 5.88 g·L-1) and fried Paeoniae Radix Alba group(D group, 18.68 g·L-1), with 65 rats in each group, and were administered the drugs according to the clinical dose of decoction pieces converted into the dose of the extracts. Then plasma, liver, small intestine and brain were taken at pharmacokinetic set time in each group after administration. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the quantitative analysis of five representative components[berberine(Ber), palmatine(Pal), evodiamine(Evo), rutecarpine(Rut) and paeoniflorin(Pae)] in Wujiwan, their concentrations in plasma, liver, small intestine and brain were detected at different time, plasma samples were processed by protein precipitation, and tissue samples were pretreated by protein precipitation plus liquid-liquid extraction. Non-atrioventricular model was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters of each component, and the parameters of each group were compared. ResultPharmacokinetic results of A group showed that area under the curve(AUC0-t) of the five representative components were ranked as follows:Ber and Pal were small intestine>liver>blood, Evo and Rut were liver>small intestine>plasma, Pae was small intestine>plasma, which was not detected in the liver, no other components were detected in brain except for Ber. In comparison with plasma and other tissues, peak concentration(Cmax) of Ber, Pal, Evo, and Rut were the highest and time to peak(tmax) were the lowest in the liver of A group. In plasma, the AUC0-t and Cmax of Evo and Rut were increased in A group compared with C group, tmax of Pea was elevated and its Cmax was decreased in A group compared with D group. In the liver, compared with B-D groups, Cmax values of 5 representative components except Pae were elevated, AUC0-t of Pae was decreased and AUC0-t of Evo and Rut were increased in the A group. In the small intestine, half-life(t1/2) of each representative components in A group was elevated and tmax was decreased, and Cmax of each representative ingredient except Pal was decreased, AUC0-t values of Ber and Pal were increased, whereas the AUC0-t values of Evo and Rut were decreased. ConclusionThe small intestine, as the effector organ, is the most distributed, followed by the liver. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the representative components in Wujiwan are changed before and after compatibility, which is more favorable to the exertion of its pharmacodynamic effects.
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Demyelination of the central nervous system often occurs in neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The myelin sheath, a layer of myelin membrane wrapping the axon, plays a role in the rapid conduction and metabolic coupling of impulses for neurons. The exposure of the axon will lead to axonal degeneratio, and further neuronal degeneration, which is the main cause of dysfunction and even disability in patients with demyelinating neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to the demyelination of mature myelin sheath, remyelination disorder is also one of the major reasons leading to the development of the diseases. The myelin sheath is composed of oligodendrocytes (OLs) derived from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) which are differentiated from neural stem cells (NSCs). The process of myelin regeneration, i.e., remyelination, is the differentiation of NSCs into OLs. Recent studies have shown that this process is regulated by a variety of genes. MicroRNAs, as important regulators of neurodegenerative diseases, form a complex regulatory network in the process of myelin regeneration. This review summarizes the main molecular pathways of myelin regeneration and microRNAs involved in this process and classifies the mechanisms and targets. This review is expected to provide a theoretical reference for the future research on the treatment of demyelinating diseases by targeting the regulation of microRNAs.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of Jiaohong pills (JHP) and its prescription, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli (PZ) and Rehmanniae Radix (RR) cognitive dysfunction in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice and its mechanism through pharmacodynamic and metabolomics study. MethodThe animal model of AD induced by scopolamine was established and treated with PZ, RG and JHP, respectively. The effects of JHP and its formulations were investigated by open field test, water maze test, object recognition test, avoidance test, cholinergic system and oxidative stress related biochemical test. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of cerebral cortex was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-Quadrupole/Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS). ResultThe behavioral data showed that, compared with the model group, the discrimination indexes of the high dose of JHP, PZ and RR groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). The staging rate of Morris water maze test in the PZ, RR, high and low dose groups of JHP was significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01), the crossing numbers in the PZ, JHP high and low dose groups were significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01); the number of errors in the avoidance test were significantly reduced in the PZ and high-dose JHP groups (P<0.01), and the error latencies were significantly increased in the JHP and its prescription drug groups (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the activities of acetylcholinesterase in the cerebral cortex of the two doses of JHP group and the PZ group were significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the activity of acetylcholinesterase in the high-dose JHP group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the level of acetylcholine was significantly increased (P<0.01). At the same time, the contents of malondialdehyde in the serum of the two dose groups of JHP decreased significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01). The results of metabolomics study of cerebral cortex showed that 149 differential metabolites were identified between the JHP group and the model group, which were involved in neurotransmitter metabolism, energy metabolism, oxidative stress and amino acid metabolism. ConclusionJHP and its prescription can antagonize scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction, regulate cholinergic system, and reduce oxidative stress damage. The mechanism of its therapeutic effect on AD is related to the regulation of neurotransmitter, energy, amino acid metabolism, and improvement of oxidative stress.
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Microfluidic liver and kidney chips have become preferred model carriers in recent years for new drug development, pharmacological and toxicological research, mechanism exploration, and disease model construction. In the context of the USA. Food and Drug Administration allowing the use of in vitro model data as a substitute for animal model data in new drug applications when animal disease models are difficult to construct, microfluidic chips have received widespread attention due to their high throughput, ability to highly mimic biological characteristics of living organisms, convenient evaluation of drug toxicity in normal or pathological states with repeated dosing, real-time induction and monitoring of culture processes, and real-time data acquisition and analysis. In toxicology research, liver and kidney chips can construct in vitro models suitable for the pharmacological and toxicological detection of different substances by combining 2D monocultures and co-cultures from different species sources, 3D cultures, spheroids/organoid cells, precision-cut liver and kidney slices, immortalized cell lines, or sandwich-cultured cell lines. This model maximally simulates or retains the organ function and in vivo microenvironment of the liver and kidney, including specific physiological tissue structures, multicellular interactions/crosstalk, and multi-organ coordination/feedback, to obtain results similar to or the same as in vivo experimental data, reducing interspecies differences. At the same time, it greatly reduces the use of experimental animals and lowers costs. Microfluidic technology provides necessary shear force microenvironments for the cultivation of contents and solves problems encountered in the cultivation process of liver and kidney chips, such as insufficient tissue oxygen supply, nutrient deficiencies, and accumulation of metabolites, leading to cell apoptosis and even tissue necrosis fibrosis, which make it difficult to maintain long-term structure and function. This article reviewed the application of microfluidic technology combined with liver and kidney chips in Chinese medicine toxicology research. By summarizing the development of microfluidic technology, liver chips, kidney chips, and providing application examples of microfluidic liver and kidney chips in Chinese medicine toxicology research, combined with the characteristics of Chinese medicine administration, the article explored the advantages and future development directions of their application in the field of Chinese medicine toxicology research.
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Breast cancer, as a kind of malignant tumor with high incidence rate in female population, poses a great threat to people's health. At present, chemotherapy is the main treatment for breast cancer besides surgery and radiotherapy. However, chemotherapy is often accompanied by multidrug resistance (MDR), which results in a series of severe consequences such as low efficacy, relapse of cancer after drug withdrawal, increased consumption of medical resources, and increased burden of medical system. Previous studies showed that the mechanism of MDR in breast cancer was quite complex, involving drug efflux, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage repair, tumor microenvironment, autophagy, epigenetic regulation, tumor stem cells, lipid metabolism, and so on. In addition, there were extensive connections among the mechanisms of MDR. Therefore, it is necessary to reveal the mechanism of MDR and develop corresponding drugs to reverse MDR, thus improving the effect of chemotherapy on treating breast cancer. Chinese medicine has the advantages of high efficiency, low toxicity, multi targets, and overall regulation. Various studies found that Chinese medicine monomer, single drug, and compound were able to reverse MDR in breast cancer by regulating the expression of drug efflux protein, promoting apoptosis, and regulating autophagy, showing the potential of anti-MDR in breast cancer. This paper summarized the research progress of the mechanism of MDR in breast cancer and the strategies of Chinese medicine in coping with MDR in breas cancer in recent years, and provided references for further research.
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ObjectiveTo observe the protective effect of Shenlian prescription on acute lung injury induced by particulate matter (PM) exposure in rats and explore the mechanism. MethodFifty male SD rats were randomly divided into the control group, model group, Shenlian low-dose group (4.32 g·kg-1), Shenlian high-dose group (8.64 g·kg-1), and roflumilast group (3.46 mg·kg-1), with 10 in each group. Pre-administration with drugs by gavage was performed for one week. On the 8th and 11th days, the control group was instilled with normal saline in the trachea and the other groups with PM suspension to establish a rat model of acute lung injury induced by PM exposure. After modeling, drugs were given continuously until the end of the experiment. Forty-eight hours after the last exposure, the lung function of rats was detected. Then the rats were sacrificed and the lung morphological changes and pathological changes by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining were observed. CD68 expression in lung was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the levels of lung injury markers surfactant protein A (SP-A) and Clara cell protein16 (CC16) in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression of interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-6, IL-18, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in lung tissue was measured by Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR). ResultCompared with those in the control group, the rats in the model group had decreased lung function and obvious structural damage of lung tissue, PM deposition, and infiltration of CD68 positive cells. The expressions of IL-1α, IL-6, IL-18, and MCP-1 in lung tissue were increased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, Shenlian prescription low and high doses restored the rats' lung function injury(P<0.05,P<0.01), improved lung morphological and pathological structure, and reduced PM deposition. Infiltration of CD68 positive cells in lung was not significantly decreased. The levels of inflammatory factors IL-1α, IL -6, IL-18, and MCP-1 in lung were lowered (P<0.01). ConclusionShenlian prescription could protect the rats' lung injury caused by PM exposure, improve lung morphology, and reduce PM deposition and inflammatory factor expression.
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Objective To explore the biological indicators of diagnosis and treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and to explore the mechanism of action of a Chinese medicine Wuji Pill (WJW) on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Methods (1) Postinflammatory irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) rat model was established by acetic acid plus restraint stress method . (2) The colonic motor ability of rats was evaluated by colon motility index (MI), the number of fecal particles discharged within 2 h, and the time of glass pellet discharge. (3) The formation of PI-IBS model rats and the therapeutic effect of WJW were observed. (4) The levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), motilin (MTL), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and cholecystokinin (CCK) in the brain and colon tissues of PI-IBS rats were measured by ELISA. Results (1) The rat PI-IBS model was successfully established. Compared with the normal group, the body weight of the model rats was decreased, the food intake decreased, the amount of feces increased, loose stools and amorphous soft stools appeared, voluntary movements decreased, colon motility index ( MI) significantly increased ( P < 0. 05 ), the number of fecal particles discharged significantly increased ( P< 0. 05), and the glass pellet discharge time was significantly shortened ( P < 0. 05). (2) WJW treatment for 7 days significantly improved a variety of symptoms. Compared with the normal control, the levels of CGRP, SS and VIP in the brain tissue of PI-IBS rats were significantly increased (P< 0. 05), and the NPY concentration was significantly decreased ( P < 0. 05). However, the treatment with WJW significantly reduced CGRP, SS and VIP levels (P< 0. 05), and significantly increased the NPY concentration level (P < 0. 05). (3) Compared with the normal control group, the levels of CCK, NPY, MTL, SS and VIP in colonic tissues of PI-IBS rats were significantly decreased (P< 0. 05), while WJW significantly increased the CCK and VIP levels. Conclusions WJW can be used to treat IBS by regulating the levels of various brain-gut peptides in the brain and colon tissues of IBS rats. These anomalous and adjustable brain-gut peptides may become a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of IBS.
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The proliferation of tumor cells is regulated by a complex array of signaling pathways, among these signaling pathways,the programmed cell death. Autophagy and apoptosis are two types of programmed death. There are significant differences in their morphological and functional features, but they also have many links. Both apoptosis and autophagy are involved in activation,expression and regulation of a series of genes. By reviewing the research progress in recent years, this article will discuss the cellular regulation and molecular mechanisms of their related genes. Through summarizing the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis,it aims to get a better understanding of the mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis in tumor progression,and looking at the perspectives for studies on the autophagy and apoptosis in tumor treatment.
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Neurodegenerative diseases are threating our health seriously.Inflammation plays an important role in the initiation and development of neurodegenerative diseases, and its primary characteristics are the activation of microglia and the increasing level of inflammation cytokines.This review describes the relationship between neuroinflammation and several neurodegenerative diseases, and the models in vivo and in vitro.In addition, combining with traditional Chinese medicines knowledge of encephalopathy, we summarizes pharmacological effects and mechanisms of multiple herb extracts and monomer compounds in preventing the activation of microglia and inhibiting neuroinflammation, thus, to provide the basis for gradually revealing the related rules and characteristics of treating encephalopathy by traditional Chinese medicine, and improving the accuracy of the clinical drugs, as well as developing new drugs for the prevention and control of encephalopathy.
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AIM OF STUDY: The heart-protective effect and mechanism of Qishaowuwei formula (QSW), a Traditional Chinese Medicine formula composed of Radix Astragali, Radix Paeoniae Rubra and Fructus Schisandrae was investigated on murine model of viral myocarditis (VMC) induced by Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were randomly divided into infected control group, QSW high dose group, QSW medium dose group, QSW low dose group and Vitamin C plus Ribavirin treatment group. 50 mice were included in each group. The day of virus inoculation was defined as day 0 and the drug treatment continued once a day for 14 days. Mice were sacrificed on days 3, 7, 14, 21 postinoculation (p.i.). The histopathological changes of myocardium, CVB3 RNA copies in the myocardium, cardiomycytic apoptosis, the serum level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and maleic dialdehyde (MDA) and the phenotype of T lymphocytes subsets in peripheral blood was analyzed. RESULTS: QSW treatment significantly increase the survival rate (p<0.05) in VMC model. Histopathology and flow cytometry inspection revealed low ratio of cardiomyocytes necrosis and apoptosis in QSW treated mice with dose dependent manner. The cardiomyocytic ultra-structure observed by transmission electron microscope also supported the above results. The ameliorated tissue damage was consistent with reduced CVB3 copy numbers detected by real-time PCR in the myocardium of QSW treated mice. The antioxidant effect of QSW was proved by elevated activity of SOD and reduced level of MDA in the serum. Furthermore, the disturbed balance of CD4+ and CD8+ subsets in peripheral blood was restored. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated QSW had potent protective effect against CVB3-induced heart injury and this effect might be mediated by its inhibition on viral replication, antioxidant activity and immunoregulation mechanism.
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Cardiotónicos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por Coxsackievirus/prevención & control , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/uso terapéutico , Enterovirus Humano B/patogenicidad , Miocarditis/prevención & control , Miocarditis/virología , Animales , Infecciones por Coxsackievirus/patología , Infecciones por Coxsackievirus/virología , Enterovirus Humano B/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Miocarditis/patología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Raíces de Plantas/química , Distribución AleatoriaRESUMEN
The fruit of Ziziphus jujuba was known as fine quality in the Shennong's Herbal. It is sweet in taste and mild in property with the effect of regulating the middle, invigorating the spleen, assisting twelve meridians, harmonizing stomach-qi, unclogging nine orifices, and moderating hundreds of herbs. In recent years, the efficacies of Ziziphus jujuba have been widely studied with considerable meaningful achievements. In this article, main research progresses in recent ten years were reviewed, which included resources, chemical components and pharmacological effects of Ziziphus jujuba. The research and development of medication, health care product and food with Ziziphus jujuba as its main ingredient were summarized for further references in related studies.
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This is to report the screening, extracting and validating antitumor components and compounds from Stellera chamaejasme L. under the case of discrete distribution of active data. In this work, different components from Stellera chamaejasme L. were collected by HPD macroporous resin and polyamide resin column, and their antitumor activity on A549 were tested by MTT assay. Activity results indicate that activity of components at 30-39 min is more potent than that of Stellera chamaejasme L. extract, and the activity of components at 33.97 min is equivalent to positive drug, cis-platinum at 100 microg x mL(-1), but with totally different mode of action. Under the case of discrete activity, the weight analysis is capable of screening active components and compounds from natural products.
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This study was aimed to provide references for techniques in future application of traditional and natural drugs for tumor prevention and treatment. Domestic and foreign literatures on applications of gene chip technology in antitumor studies with natural and traditional medicine from 2000 to 2014 were reviewed. Corresponding database was established from aspects of published articles, drug intervention types, study fields, sample sources, chip technology platforms, repeatability of gene chip experiments, criteria of differential genes, and validation of gene chip experiments. Application experiences of gene chip in antitumor natural and traditional drugs were summarized. Shortcomings of gene chip technology application were analyzed deeply. The results showed that experimental gene screening was limited at the cellular level. More attentions should be paid to experiments at the animal and clinical levels. Scholars had paid more attention to expression level of mRNA and less attention to gene regulation level and epigenetic research of microRNA chip and DNA methylation chip. Gene chip experiments were lack of repeatability, which directly affected the evaluation results of difference gene and reduced reliability of gene screening. Screening results of genes should be verified not only at the mRNA level, but also increased at the protein level. It was concluded that gene chip was one of the most mature technologies to detect the level of gene expression, which was widely used in the research field of traditional and natural antitumor drug studies. Researchers should try to avoid deficiencies mentioned above in experiments related to gene chip technology.
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Atherosclerosis (As) is an important pathological basis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The pathogenesis studies of As have been a hot topic in the field of vascular biology research. The inflammation is known as a major participant in the development process of As. And monocyte-macrophage plays a central role in inflam-mation. In recent years, with the deepening research on inflammatory mechanisms, the As macrophage polarization is attracting researchers' attention. Under different environmental inductions, macrophages develop into M1 and M2 phenotypes. M1 macrophages (classical type), which can stimulate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, is generally considered as pro-inflammatory subtypes and can facilitate the progress of As. Whereas, M2 macrophages (alternative type), which can inhibit pro-inflammatory factor production, function as anti-inflammatory subtypes and likely to inhibit the progression of As. The mechanisms of As, macrophage polarization in As, and opportunities for herbal medicines will be summarized in this review.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the scientific theory on detoxification (attenuation) of Stellera chamaejasme (ScL) by processing and the impact on drug effect of ScL before and after being processed with vinegar.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The difference in ingredients of ScL before and after being processed vinegar was compared by using PHLC-MS technique. A subcutaneously transplanted tumor model of H22 hepatoma was established to compare the lethal effect and weight change between tumor-loaded mice and normal mice. After consecutive oral administration in tumor-loaded mice, the impacts on tumors and immune organs were compared before and after being processed with vinegar. Luciferase Report Gene was employed to investigate the target genes TGF-beta, AP1 and NF-kappaB.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The LD50 (median fatal dose) of extract Zp1102 exhibited higher than that of the processed one Zp1103, that is 9. 89 g x kg(-1) vs. 16.85 g x kg(-1). According to the test, Zp1102 showed more effective anti-tumor activities in vivo than that of Zp1103 in a same dosage, with the tumor inhibitory rate 36.24% (P < 0.01) at the dosage of2 g x kg(-1) and 34.40% (P < 0.05) at the dosage of 1 g x kg(-1). At the dosage of 1 g x kg(-1), Zp1102 showed a tumor inhibitory rate of 34.52% (P < 0.05), much higher from 21.55% in Zp1103. Both Zp1102 and Zp1103 had basically no impact on the report gene NF-kappaB, besides that Zp1102 up-regulated the report gene after increase in NF-kappaB concentration and down-regulated TGF-beta, but Zp1103 can only up-regulate NF-kappaB expression without any impact on TGF-beta.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Processed ScL extracts show less toxic than unprocessed extracts and slight reduction in anti-tumor activity, which may be related to the regulation of transforming growth factor TGF-beta.</p>
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Animales , Masculino , Ratones , Ácido Acético , Química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Dosificación Letal Mediana , FN-kappa B , Fisiología , Neoplasias Experimentales , Quimioterapia , Fitoterapia , Thymelaeaceae , Química , Toxicidad , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta , FisiologíaRESUMEN
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To in vitro compare the induction of extracts of Stellera chamaejasme ESC, ESC-1 and ESC-2 on NCI-H157 cell apoptotic.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The apoptosis rate was inspected by flow cytometry; caspase-3, 8, 9 activities was measured by spectrophotometry. Fas, Fas-L, TNF-alpha, Trail-R, Cyto-C, Smac/diablo protein expressions of apoptosis pathway was observed by Elisa method.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Compared with the control group, ESC, ESC-1, ESC-2 can significantly improve the apoptosis rate of NCI-H157 cell. ESC significantly improved cells caspase-3, 8 activity, ESC-2 can significantly improve the activity of caspase-3, 8, 9. ESC, ESC-1, ESC-2 significantly increased Fas expression and ESC significantly increased Fas/Fas-L ratio. ESC, ESC-1, ESC-2 significantly increased TNF-alpha protein expression. ESC-1 significantly lowered TRAIL-R expression. ESC, ESC-1, ESC-2 had no significant effect on Cyto-C. ESC-1, ESC-2 significantly reduced Smac protein expression.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The apoptotic effect induced by ESCs may be related to the regulation of death receptor pathway proteins. Induction mechanisms of ESCs were so complicated that it may have a two-way regulatory effect. Its induction in apoptosis is a result from comprehensive regulation and control.</p>
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Humanos , Apoptosis , Caspasas , Metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias , Química , Quimioterapia , Patología , Extractos Vegetales , Farmacología , Receptores del Ligando Inductor de Apoptosis Relacionado con TNF , Thymelaeaceae , Química , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa , Receptor fasRESUMEN
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effect of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on urine superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>According to 2×2 factorial analysis, 60 adult male SD rats were randomized into 10 groups (n=6), including a control group (fed with sesame oil), 3 DBP groups (fed with DBP at the doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg), 3 DEHP groups (with DEHP at 50, 150, and 450 mg/kg), and 3 DBP+DEHP groups (with 30 mg/kg DBP+50 mg/kg DEHP, 100 mg/kg DBP+150 mg/kg DEHP, and 300 mg/kg DBP +450 mg/kg DEHP). The agents were administered in a single dose through gavage in a volume of 2 ml. After the treatments, the 24, 48, 72, and 96 h urine samples were collected to determine the SOD activity and MDA content.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>DBP and DEHP, either alone or in combination, significantly decreased SOD activity and increased MDA content in the urine collected at 24 h but not at the other time points. Such changes were gradually reversed with time.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>DBP or DEHP treatment alone can result in significant oxidative damage in the kidney of rats, and the toxic effect of the combined exposure is even more obvious.</p>
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Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Dibutil Ftalato , Toxicidad , Dietilhexil Ftalato , Toxicidad , Contaminantes Ambientales , Toxicidad , Riñón , Malondialdehído , Orina , Estrés Oxidativo , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Superóxido Dismutasa , Metabolismo , OrinaRESUMEN
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the impact on absorption of berberine and palmatine in different compatibilities of Wuji pill by the perfused rat intestine-liver preparation.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Use L9 (3(4)) orthogonal design table, establish the perfused rat intestine-liver preparation, the twelve Wuji pill compatibilities duodenal administrated, collect the perfusate at different times points for LC-MS detection, calculate the absorbed score, Ka.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Evodiae Fructus and the absorption score, Ka of berberine and palmatine are inverse correlated. The most superior portion which promote the absorption is Coptidis Rhizoma-Evodiae Fructus-Paeoniae Radix Alba 3:1:3.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Evodiae Fructus suppressed the absorption of berberine and palmatine. With the different portion the absorption also have big different.</p>