Large-Scale Production and Integrated Application of Micro-Supercapacitors.

Micro-supercapacitors, emerging as promising micro-energy storage devices, have attracted significant attention due to their unique features. This comprehensive review focuses on two key aspects: the scalable fabrication of MSCs and their diverse applications. The review begins by elucidating the energy storage mechanisms and guiding principles for designing high-performance devices. It subsequently explores recent advancements in scalable fabrication techniques for electrode materials and micro-nano fabrication technologies for micro-devices. The discussion encompasses critical application domains, including multifunctional MSCs, energy storage integration, integrated power generation, and integrated applications. Despite notable progress, there are still some challenges such as large-scale production of electrode material, well-controlled fabrication technology, and scalable integrated manufacture. The summary concludes by emphasizing the need for future research to enhance micro-supercapacitor performance, reduce production costs, achieve large-scale production, and explore synergies with other energy storage technologies. This collective effort aims to propel MSCs from laboratory innovation to market viability, providing robust energy storage solutions for MEMS and portable electronics.

Vertical-MXene based micro-supercapacitors with thickness-independent capacitance.

MXenes have shown great potential as an emerging two-dimensional (2D) material for micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) due to their high conductivity, rich surface chemistry, and high capacity. However, MXene sheets inherently tend to lay flat on the substrate during film formation to assemble into compact stacked structures, which hinders ion accessibility and prolongs ion transport paths, leading to highly dependent electrochemical properties on the thickness of the film. Here, we demonstrate a vertically aligned Ti3C2Tx MXene based micro-supercapacitor with an excellent electrochemical performance by a liquid nitrogen-assisted freeze-drying method. The vertical arrangement of the 2D MXene sheets allows for directional ion transport, enabling the vertical-MXene based MSCs to exhibit thickness-independent electrochemical properties even in thick films. In addition, the MSCs displayed a high areal capacitance of 87 mF cm-2 at 10 mV s-1 along with an excellent stability of ∼87.4% after 10 000 charge-discharge cycles. Furthermore, the vertical-MXene approach proposed here is scalable and can be extended to other systems involving directional transport.

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Diacerein on 76 Isolates of Gram-Positive Cocci from Bacterial Keratitis Patients and In Vivo Study of Diacerein Eye Drops on Staphylococcus aureus Keratitis in Mice.

Bacterial keratitis is an aggressive infectious corneal disease. With the continuing rise in antibiotic resistance and a decline in the discovery of new antibiotics, new antimicrobial drugs are now required. In the present study, we determined the antibacterial activity of diacerein, an anti-inflammatory drug, against 76 Gram-positive cocci isolated from bacterial keratitis patients in vitro and anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity in a mouse bacterial keratitis model in vivo The MICs of diacerein were tested using the broth microdilution method in vitro A BALB/c Staphylococcus aureus keratitis animal model was selected and the corneal clinical observation, viable bacteria, and hematoxylin-eosin and Gram staining of infected corneas were measured to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of diacerein eye drops in vivo An in vivo eye irritation study was carried out by a modified Draize test in rabbits. Our in vitro results showed that diacerein possesses satisfactory antibacterial activity against the majority of Gram-positive cocci (60/76), including all 57 tested Staphylococcus spp. and 3 Enterococcus spp. The in vivo experiment showed that diacerein eye drops reduced bacterial load and improved ocular clinical scores after topical administration of diacerein drops on infected corneas. The ocular irritation test revealed that diacerein eye drop had excellent ocular tolerance. These results indicated that diacerein possesses in vivo anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity. We suggest that diacerein is a possible topically administered drug for Staphylococcus aureus-infected patients, especially those with ocular surface inflammatory disorders.

One-step hydrothermal synthesis of fluorescence carbon quantum dots with high product yield and quantum yield.

A one-step hydrothermal synthesis of nitrogen and silicon co-doped fluorescence carbon quantum dots (N,Si-CQDs), from citric acid monohydrate and silane coupling agent KH-792 with a high product yield (PY) of 52.56% and high quantum yield (QY) of 97.32%, was developed. This greatly improves both the PY and QY of CQDs and provides a new approach for a large-scale production of high-quality CQDs. Furthermore, N,Si-CQDs were employed as phosphors without dispersants to fabricate white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) with the color coordinates at (0.29, 0.32). It is suggested that N,Si-CQDs have great potential as promising fluorescent materials to be applied in WLEDs.

Feasibility of Peripheral Artery CT Angiography under 70 kV with 50 ml Contrast Medium on the Third-generation Dual-source CT.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of peripheral artery CT angiography (CTA)under 70 kV with 50 ml contrast medium on the third-generation dual-source CT. Methods Totally 82 patients who were equally randomized into two groups:70 kV group:the scan was performed under 70 kV tube voltage+50 ml iopromide on the third-generation dual-source CT;and 100 kV group:the scan was performed under 100 kV tube voltage+90 ml iopromide on the second-generation dual-source CT. The CT number of abdominal aorta,bilateral common iliac arteries,common femoral arteries,superficial femoral arteries,popliteal arteries and arteries of the calf were measured and contrast to noise ratio(CNR),signal to noise ratio(SNR)were calculated. The image quality was compared between these two groups. Results The dose-length product was (195.8±46.9)mGy·cm in 70 kV group,which was significantly lower than that in 100 kV group (461.6±57.9)mGy·cm,and was decreased by 57% (t=-22.848,P=0.000). Compared with the 100 kV group,the CT number of the proximal abdominal aorta in 70 kV group was significantly lower(t=-2.502,P=0.014),while the CT number of superficial femoral arteries (t=3.053,P=0.003)and popliteal arteries (t=4.013,P=0.000)was much higher in 70 kV group. SNR and CNR of proximal abdominal aorta,distal abdominal aorta,bilateral common iliac arteries,common femoral arteries,superficial femoral arteries,popliteal arteries and arteries of the calf were significantly lower in 70 kV group than those in 100 kV group (all P<0.05). The artifacts in abdominal aorta (t=2.893,P=0.000)and feet arteries (t=3.776,P=0.000)were higher in 70 kV group than those in 100 kV group,the enhancement of abdominal aorta (t=-1.000,P=0.002)and feet arteries (t=2.893,P=0.010)were lower in 70 kV group,the enhancement of femoral-popliteal arteries (t=-1.000,P=0.000)and arteries of calf (t=4.261,P=0.000)were higher in 70 kV group. Compared with the 100 kV group,the image noise in aorta (t=2.048,P=0.044),femoral-popliteal arteries (t=8.370,P=0.000),arteries of the calf (t=8.315,P=0.000)and feet arteries (t=7.202,P=0.000)were higher in 70 kV group. Conclusion Compared to conventional scan protocol,using 70 kV tube voltage with 50 ml contrast medium to perform peripheral artery CTA can assure the image quality and meanwhile remarkably reduce the radiation dose and the use of contrast medium.

γδ T cells regulate the expression of cytokines but not the manifestation of fungal keratitis.

As an important immunoregulatory cell type, the role of γδ T cells in fungal keratitis (FK) is unclear. We observed the distribution of γδ T cells in infected corneas in vivo by two-photon microscopy. The γδ T cells were depleted by neutralizing antibodies. The cytokine expression profile was obtained by protein arrays to determine the cytokines regulated by γδ T cells. ICAM-1, MIP-2 and IL-17A were evaluated by ELISA assays to confirm the role of γδ T cells in FK. We counted the number of neutrophils, evaluated the volume of fungal hyphae and analyzed the manifestation of the disease. The γδ T cells increased significantly at 36 h and 72 h post fungal infection (P < 0.05) and migrated from the limbus to the infection site. The neutralizing antibodies completely depleted the γδ T cells in 24 h. The depletion of γδ T cells led to up regulation of 25 cytokines and down regulation of 3 cytokines. ICAM-1, MIP-2 and IL-17A changed significantly because of the depletion of γδ T cells (P < 0.05). However, the number of neutrophils, volume of fungal hyphae and manifestation of the disease was not affected by the depletion of γδ T cells. Our results demonstrated that γδ T cells have a role in FK via regulation of some cytokines but did not affect the manifestation of this disease, suggesting that γδ T cells are not the key regulator cells in this disease.

LAGE3 promotes angiogenesis on hepatocellular carcinoma by stabilizing VEGFA mRNA.

RNA modification plays important roles in various physiological and pathological process. LAGE3 is a component of EKC/KEOPS complex, which is probably involved in the formation of a threonylcarbamoyl group on adenosine at position 37 (t(6)A37) in tRNAs, but its exact role in HCC is less studied. Our study reveals that LAGE3 exhibits upregulated expression in HCC compared with normal hepatocellular tissue. High expression of LAGE3 promotes hepatocellular cell proliferation and migration. Further investigations suggest that the increased expression of LAGE3 cloud lead to upregulated VEGFA secretion and angiogenesis in HCC. The mechanistic study reveals LAGE3 is required for the VEGFA mRNA stability. This research may open new avenues for diagnosis and targeted therapy in HCC.

In-situ construction of integrated asymmetric micro-supercapacitors achieving monolithic hundred-volt output.

Asymmetric micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) exhibit higher energy density while face significant challenges in power density as well as cycling life and large dimensions. The key factors contributing to these dilemmas include the match of electrode materials and electrolytes, poor uniformity of device, and complicated while low-precise fabrication processes. Herein we develop a laser scribing-engraving (LSE) strategy to fabricate MSCs with monolithic high-voltage output and scalable array integration. Utilizing this strategy, we induce the conversion of the majority of Ti3C2Tx-MXene into TiO2 and graphene oxide into laser-scribed graphene (LSG), yielding asymmetric MSCs with laser-induced MXene/graphene oxide as the negative electrode and MXene/graphene oxide as the positive electrode. A single asymmetric micro-supercapacitor exhibits a high voltage window of 1.8 V, delivering an outstanding energy density (240 mWh cm-3) and power density (9503 mW cm-3), coupled with excellent cycling stability. Moreover, the LSE strategy enables monolithically integrated 64 devices to achieve a high-voltage output of 115.2 V. Our approach showcases the potential for integrating micro-energy storage devices into various microsystems, increasing the practicality of asymmetric micro-supercapacitors.

A novel murine model of Fusarium solani keratitis utilizing fluorescent labeled fungi.

Fungal keratitis is a common disease that causes blindness. An effective animal model for fungal keratitis is essential for advancing research on this disease. Our objective is to develop a novel mouse model of Fusarium solani keratitis through the inoculation of fluorescent-labeled fungi into the cornea to facilitate the accurate and early identification and screening of fungal infections. F. solani was used as the model fungus in this study. In in vitro experiment, the effects of Calcofluor White (CFW) staining concentration and duration on the fluorescence intensity of F. solani were determined through the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI); the effects of CFW staining on the growth of F. solani were determined by the colony diameter. In in vivo experiment, the F. solani keratitis mice were induced and divided into a CFW-unlabeled and CFW-labeled groups. The positive rate, corneal lesion score and several positive rate determination methods were measured. The MFIs of F. solani in the 30 µg/ml CFW-30 min, 90 µg/ml CFW-10 min and 90 µg/ml CFW-30 min groups were higher than that in the 10 µg/ml CFW-10 min group (P < 0.01). Compared with the 30 µg/ml CFW-30 min group, only the 90 µg/ml CFW-30 min group showed higher MFI (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the colony diameter in the CFW unstained group compared with that in the 10, 30, 90, 270, or 810 µg/ml CFW groups stained for either 10 or 30 min (P > 0.05). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed for the positive rate or the corneal lesion scores between the CFW-unlabeled and the CFW-labeled group. On day 1 and 2, the positive rates of the infected corneas in the scraping group were lower than those in the fluorescence microscopy group (P < 0.05). On day 3, these observe methods showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). Thus, these experiments established a novel murine model of F. solani keratitis utilizing fluorescent labeled fungi. This model facilitates the accurate identification and screening of fungal infections during the early stages of fungal keratitis and provides a novel and reliable technology to study the fungal keratitis.

The measurement of corneal thickness from center to limbus in vivo in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice using two-photon imaging.

The mouse corneal thickness is very important for research into the fields of eye disease. However, the in vivo corneal thickness for the entire cornea from the pupil to the limbus was not determined. We measured in vivo corneal layer thicknesses in different corneal areas, from the central cornea to the limbus, in the widely used inbred C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse strains using two-photon (2 PH) imaging. Eight corneas of the C57BL/6 or BALB/c were scanned using a 2 PH laser scanning fluorescence microscopy system. A total of 14 thicknesses of the different corneal layers, from different corneal regions, were measured using image processing software. In both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, the thickness of the corneal layers was inhomogeneous in different areas of the cornea, and all of the layers had their minimum thickness at the limbus. In C57BL/6 mice, the thickness of the corneal layers gradually increased from the central to the paracentral cornea, peaked at the fifth measurement point in the paracentral area, and decreased from this point to the limbus. In BALB/c mice, the thickness of the entire cornea and corneal epithelium had its maximum at the central cornea and gradually decreased from the central cornea to the peripheral cornea and to the limbus. The thickness of the corneal stroma and endothelium had its maximum at the fourth measurement point in the paracentral cornea and gradually decreased from the paracentral cornea to the limbus. The ratio of epithelial thickness to the total corneal thickness gradually decreased from the central cornea to the limbus in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. The minimum ratio was observed at the fourteenth measurement point in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. The ratio of stromal and endothelial to the total corneal thickness gradually increased from the central cornea to the limbus in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. The maximum ratio was observed at the fourteenth measurement point in C57BL/6 mice. The ratio at the first eight measurement points was significantly lower in BALB/c than in C57BL/6 mice (P < 0.05). Our study demonstrated that the thickness of the entire cornea, the corneal epithelium, the corneal stroma and the endothelium was inhomogeneous in different areas of the cornea. Moreover, all of the layers exhibited a minimum thickness at the limbus in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Furthermore, the corneal thickness in different areas varied between C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, and the variation in thickness with respect to corneal location for these strains was dissimilar. When using the mouse as an animal model to examine the cornea, it is important to note the differences between humans and mice.

High expression of aurora kinase B predicts poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma after curative surgery and its effects on the tumor microenvironment.

Background: Currently, the only broadly used biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), alpha fetoprotein (AFP), has multiple limitations and the need for novel biomarkers is urgent. Aurora kinase B (AURKB) is a key mitotic protein kinase which performs a critical function in cell cycle progression. Nonetheless, neither the function nor the mechanism of AURKB in HCC following curative surgery is fully grasped at this time. This study sought to evaluate the impact of AURKB on prognosis and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in HCC. Methods: We evaluated both the expression profile of AURKB in HCC and its clinical value using online databases and clinical specimens. The prognostic value of AURKB was studied by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and the link between AURKB and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) were analyzed. Results: We found the mRNA expression patterns of AURKB were remarkably upregulated in HCC in contrast with adjoining normal tissues (P<0.001). Upregulation of the AURKB protein in HCC was additionally verified by clinical samples. The expression of AURKB was substantially associated with Child-Pugh, microvascular invasion (MVI), Edmondson-Steiner grade, and tumor recurrence. Furthermore, patients diagnosed with HCC who had a low AURKB expression had a better. Our data suggested age [hazard ratio (HR): 1.34], alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (HR: 1.65), tumor size (HR: 1.99), mor number (HR: 1.60), MVI (HR: 1.93), grade (HR: 5.58), and AURKB expression (HR: 3.63) independently functioned as prognostic risk indicators for HCC (P<0.05). Importantly, we also found AURKB expression was inversely linked to resting natural killer (NK) cells, M2 macrophages, activated mast cells, and naive B cells, and positively linked to M0 macrophages, T follicular helper cells (Tfh), regulatory T cells (Treg), and resting myeloid dendritic cells. In addition, AURKB expression was also positively linked to the immune checkpoints of PDCD1, CD274, CTLA4, and LAG3. Finally, 1,696 DEGs were discovered, and were predominantly implicated in chromosome segregation, cell cycle, xenobiotic metabolic process, calcium signaling pathway, bile secretion, tyrosine metabolism, and DNA replication. Conclusions: AURKB may be a potential prognostic biomarker for HCC after curative surgery, which correlates with MVI and the TIME in HCC.

Surface state modulation of blue-emitting carbon dots with high quantum yield and high product yield.

In order to explore the surface state modulation mechanism of carbon dots (CDs) with high quantum yield (QY) and high product yield (PY), CDs were synthesized from different carbon sources with different contents of oxygen-containing functional groups and different silane coupling agents with nitrogen-containing functional groups. The highest QY of as-prepared CDs can reach 97.32% and the PY values of CDs are all high ranging from 46.33-58.76%. It is found that the high content of C[double bond, length as m-dash]O and pyrrolic N on the surface of CDs can endow CDs with high QY. Moreover, the PY of CDs not only depends on whether CDs have the crosslinked structure, but also is closely and positively correlated with pyridinic N. Consequently, our findings suggest that raw materials rich in carboxyl groups and amino groups are beneficial to the synthesis of CDs with high QY, and whether CDs with crosslinked structure and high content of pyridinic N decide the high PY of CDs. This work provides a theoretical guidance for large-scale synthesis of CDs with high QY and high PY.

Annotation-guided encoder-decoder network for bone extraction in ultrasound-assisted orthopedic surgery.

The patients and surgeons are usually exposed in massive ionizing radiation during fluoroscopy-based navigation orthopedic surgery. Comparatively, ultrasound-assisted orthopedic surgery could not only decrease the risk of radiation but also provide rich navigation information. However, due to the artifacts in ultrasound images, the extraction of bone structure from ultrasound sequences can be a particularly difficult task, which leads to some major challenges in ultrasound-assisted orthopedic navigation. In this paper, we propose an annotation-guided encoder-decoder network (AGN) to extract bone structure from the radiation-free ultrasound sequences. Specifically, the variability of the ultrasound probe's pose leads to the change of the ultrasound frame during the acquisition of ultrasound sequences. Therefore, a feature alignment module deployed in the AGN model is used to achieve reliable matching across ultrasound frames. Moreover, inspired by the interactive ultrasound analysis, where user annotated foreground information can help target extraction, our AGN model incorporates the annotation information obtained by Siamese networks. Experimental results validated that the AGN model not only produced better bone surface extraction than state-of-the-art methods (IOU: 0.92 versus. 0.88), but also achieved almost real-time extraction with the speed about 15 frames per second. In addition, the acquired bone surface further provided radiation-free 3D intraoperative bone structure for the intuitive navigation of orthopedic surgery.

Efficient lower-limb segmentation for large-scale volumetric CT by using projection view and voxel group attention.

3D segmentation of lower-limb bones such as tibia and fibula from volumetric computed tomography (CT) is very important for surgical planning and navigation. However, the input data of the large-scale 3D volumetric CT will increase the computation cost, and meantime, the spatial connections of the long-range voxels will be easily ignored. To solve these problems, this paper proposes an accurate and efficient 3D bone segmentation approach based on the distribution characteristics of the lower-limb bones in volumetric CT. On one hand, the efficient segmentation framework was built for the large-scale volumetric CT using 2D projection view-based slice filtering and parameter-reduced separable convolution. On the other hand, we developed a new voxel group attention mechanism to emphasize the connection of the long-range voxel groups and improve the representational capability of the segmentation network. The experimental results showed that the proposed 3D bone segmentation approach achieved high segmentation accuracy under the conditions of limited computations. It was additionally shown that the proposed approach outperformed the state-of-the-art 3D models for the segmentation of lower-limb bones.

AMPK Activation Enhances Neutrophil's Fungicidal Activity in Vitro and Improves the Clinical Outcome of Fusarium solani Keratitis in Vivo.

PURPOSE: To determine whether Activated 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation enhances Fusarium solani (F. solani) fungicidal capacity of neutrophils. METHODS: The expression of AMPK and phosphorylated-AMPK (p-AMPK) proteins was tested using Western Blot. Plate counting studied the effects of the fungicidal capacity of neutrophils enhanced by AMPK activation. Phagocytized spores by neutrophils were assessed by immunostaining and inhibited hyphal growth images were captured by JULI Stage real-time cell history recorder. Flow cytometry assay tested Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production and the percentage of apoptosis neutrophils. ROS Assay Kit also tested ROS production at different time points. The F. solani keratitis murine model was established, and slit-lamp microscopy captured corneal photographs. RESULTS: Our experiments were divided into the following groups. Neutrophils (N), neutrophils + spores (N + S), neutrophils + spores+ 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) (N + S + A), neutrophils + spores + Compound C (N + S + C). AMPK activator AICAR significantly increased the expression of p-AMPK in neutrophils. The plate counting experiment showed that the number of colonies in the N + S + A was significantly less than in the N + S group. Immunostaining results showed phagocytized spores were significantly increased in the N + S + A group compared with the N + S group. Captured photographs by a real-time cell history recorder camera showed F. solani hyphal growth in the N + S + A group was significantly inhibited than in the N + S group. ROS release in the N + S + A group was significantly higher in the N + S + A group than in other groups. The percentage of apoptosis neutrophils in the N + S + A group was decreased than in the N + S group. Captured photographs by slit-lamp showed that AICAR eye drop treatment alleviated the severity and decreased clinical score at 12 and 24 hours post-infection (h.p.i). CONCLUSION: AMPK activation enhances the efficacy of neutrophils in killing F. solani in vitro and in vivo.

Ti3C2Tx MXene-Based Micro-Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Volumetric Energy Density for All-in-One Si-Electronics.

MXene-based microsupercapacitors (MSCs) have promoted the development of on-chip energy storage for miniaturized and portable electronics due to the small size, high power density and integration density. However, restricted energy density and operating voltage invariably create obstacles to the practical application of MSCs. Here, we report a symmetric MXene-based on-chip MSC, achieving an ultrahigh energy density of 75 mWh cm-3 with high operating voltage of 1.2 V, which are almost the highest values among all reported symmetric MXene MSCs. The adjustment strategy of acetone on the viscosity and surface tension of MXene ink, along with the natural sedimentation strategy, can effectively prevent the orderly stacking of MXene sheets. Further, we developed an all-in-one Si-electronics with three series MSCs through laser-etching technology, obviously presenting high integration capacity and processing compatibility. Thus, this work will contribute to the development of high integration all-in-one electronics with high energy density MXene-based MSCs.

Image-Based 3D Ultrasound Reconstruction with Optical Flow via Pyramid Warping Network.

3D Ultrasound (US) contains rich spatial information which is helpful for medical diagnosis. However, current reconstruction methods with tracking devices are not suitable for clinical application. The sensorless freehand methods reconstruct based on US images which is less accuracy. In this paper, we proposed a network which reconstructs the US volume based on US images features and optical flow features. We proposed the pyramid warping layer which merges the image features and optical flow features with warping operation. To fuse the warped features of different scales in different pyramid levels, we adopted the fusion module using the attention mechanism. Meanwhile, we adopted the channel attention and spatial attention to our network. Our method was evaluated in 100 freehand US sweeps of human forearms which exhibits the efficient performance on volume reconstruction compared with other methods.

Chain-Elongated Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Low Self-Discharge All-Solid-State Supercapacitors at High Temperature.

High power and good stability enable supercapacitors to work efficiently at high temperatures. However, the high-temperature-induced excessive ion transfer of the electrolyte would lead to severe self-discharge behavior, which has often been overlooked but can be highly detrimental. In this study, solid electrolytes consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), bentonite clay, and ionic liquids (IL)-PEO-clay@[EMIM][BF4 ] (PCE), PEO-clay@[BMIM][BF4 ] (PCB), and PEO-clay@[HMIM][BF4 ] (PCH) lead to dramatic decreases in self-discharge when used in all-solid-state supercapacitors at high temperature of 70 °C, which correlate with chain elongation (i. e., [EMIM+ ]<[BMIM+ ]<[HMIM+ ]). Benefiting from both cation adsorption and high-temperature stabilization by bentonite clay, PCH-based supercapacitors (IL=[HMIM][BF4 ]) deliver an extremely low self-discharge rate, with only a 30.7 % voltage drop over 10 h at 70 °C (44.5 % for 38 h), which is much lower than that of traditional liquid supercapacitors (63.7 % drop over 10 h at 70 °C). This improvement in high-temperature self-discharge behavior is found to be from the decrease in diffusion-controlled faradaic process. Based on the longer-chain [HMIM+ ], soft-packaged supercapacitors exhibit a low self-discharge rate and work consistently at 70 °C. This chain-elongation strategy provides a new possibility for the suppression of self-discharge behavior in supercapacitors and further aids long-term energy storage by supercapacitors at high temperatures.

Solving Gravimetric-Volumetric Capacitive Paradox of 2D Materials through Dual-Functional Chemical Bonding-Induced Self-Constructing Graphene-MXene Monoliths.

High electrical conductivity and all-open microstructure characteristics intrinsically endow both graphene and MXenes with superior electrochemical energy storage capability. However, the above two-dimensional (2D) thicker electrodes (>20 µm) severely dilute their unique rapid electronic-ionic transferring characteristic, posing a paradox of high gravimetric and high volumetric capacitive properties due to massively excessive macropores or an unduly restacked issue. Herein, we elaborately construct novel monolithic NH2-graphene and Ti3C2Tx MXene (NG@MX) composites through dual-functional induced self-assembly with the help of both covalent and hydrogen bonding interactions. Notably, much thicker monolithic NG@MX electrodes (>90 µm) fabricated by a conventional roll-coating method without any further compaction treatment can simultaneously deliver two times gravimetric (gra.) and volumetric (vol.) performance than those of pure graphene (in vol.) or MXene (in gra.) materials. Moreover, monolithic NG@MX-based supercapacitors can remarkably present two times energy density as that of graphene and four times as MXene, respectively. Such greatly enhanced electrochemical properties are closely related to the appropriate equilibrium of the volumetric density and the open structure, which can effectively guarantee the rapid transfer of both electrons and ions in the thick monolithic NG@MX electrodes. Undoubtedly, dual-functional chemical bonding-induced self-constructing NG@MX monoliths efficiently solve the long-existing gra. and vol. capacitive paradox of the thicker 2D materials used in supercapacitors, which will guide the design of high-performance capacitive materials and promote their practical application in electrochemical energy storage.

Development and validation of a prognostic and immunotherapeutically relevant model in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The tumor immune microenvironment is pivotal in predicting clinical outcomes and therapeutic efficacy in cancer patients. This study aims to develop an immune prediction model (IPM) to effectively predict prognosis and immunotherapeutic response in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: An IPM was constructed and validated based on immune-related genes. The influence of IPM on the HCC immune microenvironment, as well as the possible mechanism, was comprehensively analyzed. The value of the model in predicting the response of HCC patients to immunotherapy was also evaluated. RESULTS: A novel IPM based on eight genes was developed and validated to predict the prognosis of HCC patients. These genes are matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP12), heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6), hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF), placental growth factor (PGF), tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2), retinoid X receptor beta (RXRB), and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). High-risk patients showed significantly poorer survival than low-risk patients. A nomogram was also established based on the IPM and tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) classification, which showed some net clinical benefit. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed several significantly enriched oncological signatures and immunologic signatures. Furthermore, high-risk patients were characterized by severe clinicopathological characteristics and immune cell infiltration. Finally, we found the that the IPM showed a significant positive correlation with programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1), cluster of differentiation 274 (CD274), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) expression, suggesting a potentially enhanced effects of immunotherapy antibodies in HCC patients with a high risk score. CONCLUSIONS: A novel IPM that could predict clinical prognosis and immunotherapeutic response in HCC patients was developed. Our findings not only provide new insights into the identification of HCC patients with poor survival, but also deepen our understanding of the immune microenvironment, as well as the mechanism of immunotherapy, in HCC.