Decreased Visual Search Behavior in Elderly Drivers during the Early Phase of Reverse Parking, But an Increase during the Late Phase.

The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of visual search behavior in elderly drivers in reverse parking. Fourteen healthy elderly and fourteen expert drivers performed a perpendicular parking task. The parking process was divided into three consecutive phases (Forward, Reverse, and Straighten the wheel) and the visual search behavior was monitored using an eye tracker (Tobii Pro Glasses 2). In addition, driving-related tests and quality of life were evaluated in elderly drivers. As a result, elderly drivers had a shorter time of gaze at the vertex of the parking space both in direct vision and reflected in the driver-side mirror during the Forward and the Reverse phases. In contrast, they had increased gaze time in the passenger-side mirror in the Straighten the wheel phase. Multiple regression analysis revealed that quality of life could be predicted by the total gaze time in the Straighten the wheel phase (ß = -0.45), driving attitude (ß = 0.62), and driving performance (ß = 0.58); the adjusted R2 value was 0.87. These observations could improve our understanding of the characteristics of visual search behavior in parking performance and how this behavior is related to quality of life in elderly drivers.

The effect of using welfare IT convergence contents on physical function, depression, and social participation in the elderly.

[Purpose] This study investigates the effects of welfare IT convergence contents on physical function, depression, and social participation among the elderly. It also aims to provide material for future activity mediation for the elderly. [Subjects] Two hundred subjects >65 years were selected from six elderly welfare facilities and related institutions in the Busan and Gyeongbuk areas and were evaluated from 2014 to 2015. [Methods] This study assessed physical function, depression, and social participation; 100 subjects who utilized commercialized welfare IT convergence contents were included in an experimental group and 100 subjects who had no experience thereof were included in a control group. [Results] When comparing differences in physical function between the groups, balance maintenance was better in the experimental group. There were also significant differences in depression and social participation. The experimental group displayed higher physical function, lower depression levels, and higher social participation levels compared to the control group. [Conclusion] Welfare IT convergence contents positively influence occupational performance in the elderly. Future research is necessary to provide information to the elderly through various routes, so that they can understand welfare IT convergence contents and actively utilize them.

Comparison of older adults' visual perceptual skills, cognitive function, and fall efficacy according to fall risk in the elderly.

[Purpose] This research aims to identify the relationships among visual perceptual skills, cognitive functioning, and fall efficacy of older adults based on whether they are at risk for falls. [Subjects and Methods] Subjects included 116 older adults over 65 years of age who use D Seniors Welfare Center and Y Senior Citizen Center in Busan Metropolitan City. All research subjects were classified based on balance maintenance ability evaluation and whether or not they had experienced falls more than once. Those with scores below the cut-off standard were selected as a group of older adults at risk for falls. An MVPT-3 test was used to assess visual perceptual skill, MMSE-KC, and MoCA-K tests to assess cognitive function, and the FES-K falls efficacy test to classify subjects as either at risk for falls or not. [Results] After comparing scores for visual perceptual skills, cognitive functioning, and fall efficacy, subjects at risk for falls showed significantly lower scores than did those not at risk. [Conclusion] The study found that there are significant differences in balance ability, visual perceptual skill, cognitive functioning, and fall efficacy between older adults at risk for falls and those not at risk.

Correlation between accelerometry and clinical balance testing in stroke.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and acceleration of postural sway in the Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (CTSIB) by using a triaxial accelerometer for quantitative assessment. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty-seven stroke patients participated in this study. Balance ability was evaluated with the BBS, and postural sway was evaluated with a triaxial accelerometer. The data were then analyzed for frequency and correlation by using statistical software (SPSS 18.0). [Result] Acceleration in left-right and forward-backward directions in all conditions of the CTSIB assessment showed a significant correlation with BBS assessment. Acceleration in Signal Vector Magnitude values in condition 3 of the CTSIB assessment showed a significant correlation with BBS assessment. [Conclusion] This study revealed that postural sway represented balance ability as acceleration in the quantitative measurement of kinematic analysis. This finding suggests that the triaxial accelerometer could be used as a measurement tool in clinical conditions.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis for severe stroke patients with upper extremity hemiplegia.

[Purpose] This study is to analyze bioimpedance parameters and occupational assessment for severe stroke patients with upper extremity hemiplegia. [Subjects and Methods] Experimental subjects were 20 hemiplegic stroke patients receiving rehabilitation therapy between November to October, 2015. Prediction marker (PM), and phase angle (θ), a nd characteristic frequency (fc) were measured using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (MultiScan 5000). Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) was also obtained from the bioimpedance data. Then, these values were compared with occupational assessment tools. [Results] A significant differences in PM, θ, fc, and BIVA were observed between paretic region and non-paretic region of 5 severe stroke patients. These results were in good agreement with occupational assessment (pinch and hand grip strength, and ADL by MBI). [Conclusion] There were significant differences in impedance parameters between paretic region and non-paretic region of 5 severe stroke patients with upper extremity hemiplegia. Thus, the BIA could be useful tool for evaluating hemiplegic stroke patients receiving the rehabilitation therapy in the clinical application.

A study on physical status and life satisfaction of workers.

[Purpose] This study was conducted to examine physical status and life satisfaction of workers in Korea. [Subjects] In total, 25,455 workers from eight geographical areas were evaluated from 2007 to 2008. [Methods] Physical status of the subjects was measured based on cardiopulmonary endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and explosive muscular strength, and a life satisfaction index was used to measure life satisfaction. [Results] Higher levels of cardiopulmonary endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and explosive muscular strength of workers were correlated with higher life satisfaction. [Conclusion] The result suggests it is necessary to improve life satisfaction through continuous health management of workers.

Effects of visual perceptual intervention on visual-motor integration and activities of daily living performance of children with cerebral palsy.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to find the effects of a visual perceptual intervention on visual-motor integration and activities of daily living performance of children with cerebral palsy as subjects. [Methods] This study was conducted with 56 children who were diagnosed as having cerebral palsy. The visual perceptual intervention was implemented for 8 weeks, 3 times a week, for 30 minutes per session, for a total of 24 sessions. All children were assessed using the VMI and WeeFIM to evaluate visual motor integration and activities of daily living skills, immediately before and after the 8-week intervention. [Results] The VMI and WeeFIM scores of all of the 56 children with CP who participated in the study improved, and the improvements were statistically significant. [Conclusion] Visual perceptual intervention had a positive influence on the visual-motor integration and activities of daily living performance of children with cerebral palsy.

Effects of mental practice on stroke patients' upper extremity function and daily activity performance.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of mental practice on stroke patients' upper extremity function and activities of daily living (ADL). [Subjects and Methods] In this study, 29 stroke patients were randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group (n=14) and a control group (n=15). The experimental group performed 10 minutes of mental practice once a day, 5 days a week for 2 weeks in combination with conventional rehabilitation therapy. For the control group, general rehabilitation therapy was provided during the same sessions as the experimental group. The Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) and the Fugl-Myer assessment (FMA) were used to measure upper extremity function, and the Modified Bathel Index (MBI) was used to measure daily activity performance. [Results] After the intervention, the mental practice group showed significant improvements in upper extremity function on the affected side and ADL scores compared to the control group. [Conclusion] The results of this study demonstrate mental practice intervention is effective at improving stroke patients' upper extremity function and daily activity performance. In follow-up studies, securing a greater number of experimental subjects, and evaluation of the intervention's therapeutic durability are required.

Modified constraint-induced movement therapy for clients with chronic stroke: interrupted time series (ITS) design.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact that modified constraint-induced movement therapy has on upper extremity function and the daily life of chronic stroke patients. [Subjects and Methods] Modified constraint-induced movement therapy was conduct for 2 stroke patients with hemiplegia. It was performed 5 days a week for 2 weeks, and the participants performed their daily living activities wearing mittens for 6 hours a day, including the 2 hours of the therapy program. The assessment was conducted 5 times in 3 weeks before and after intervention. The upper extremity function was measured using the box and block test and a dynamometer, and performance daily of living activities was assessed using the modified Barthel index. The results were analyzed using a scatterplot and linear regression. [Results] All the upper extremity functions of the participants all improved after the modified constraint-induced movement therapy. Performance of daily living activities by participant 1 showed no change, but the results of participant 2 had improved after the intervention. [Conclusion] Through the results of this research, it was identified that modified constraint-induced movement therapy is effective at improving the upper extremity functions and the performance of daily living activities of chronic stroke patients.

Effect of an exercise program for posture correction on musculoskeletal pain.

[Purpose] The present study investigated the effect of an exercise program for posture correction on musculoskeletal pain. [Subjects] Between September 2, 2013 and November 3, 2013, an exercise program was performed in 88 students from S University in K city (male students, n = 34; female students, n = 54). [Methods] The exercise program for posture correction was performed for 20 minutes per session, 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Pain levels were measured using a pain scale, and pain levels before and after the exercise program were compared. [Results] Overall, pain levels of the participants were lower after the exercise program than before the program, and significant differences in pain levels were noted in the shoulders, middle back, and lower back. [Conclusion] In conclusion, shoulder pain, mid back pain, and low back pain were relieved with the exercise program for posture correction. Therefore, the findings of this study can be used to improve the work efficiency of students as well as people engaged in sedentary work.

Comparison of knowledge of and attitudes toward dementia between health-related and non-health-related university students.

[Purpose] This study compared the knowledge of and attitudes toward dementia between health-related and non-health-related students. [Subjects] The subjects consisted of a total of 416 people, 213 health-related students and 203 non-health-related students, at K University, which is located in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea, between May 1 and 14, 2014. [Methods] The subjects answered a self-administered questionnaire about their knowledge of and attitudes toward dementia. [Results] There was a significant difference in knowledge of and attitudes toward dementia between the two groups examined. [Conclusion] Health-related students displayed higher knowledge of dementia and a more positive attitude toward dementia compared with non-health-related students. In the future, education to cultivate professional knowledge about dementia and enhance positive attitudes toward dementia should be provided continuously to health-related students. This is because students in health-related fields will likely provide services to patients with dementia in the clinical field. Additionally, as they will likely provide support to the elderly in the future, non-health-related students also need to be educated about and develop positive attitudes toward dementia.

Effect of computerized cognitive rehabilitation program on cognitive function and activities of living in stroke patients.

[Purpose] The objective of this study was to examine the effect of cognitive rehabilitation using a computer on cognitive function and activities of daily living in stroke patients presenting impairment of cognitive function. [Subjects] Forty-six stroke patients were divided into two groups (a training group and control group) through random assignment. [Methods] The training group received rehabilitation therapy and an additional computerized cognitive rehabilitation program using The RehaCom software 30 minutes/day, 5 times/week for 5 weeks. The control group received only rehabilitation therapy including physical and occupational therapy. A comparative analysis on all subjects was conducted before and after the experiment using a cognitive test and activities of daily living test. [Results] After 5 weeks of therapy, the training group presented statistically significant improvement in cognitive function assessment items of digit span, visual span, visual learning, auditory continuous performance, visual continuous performance, and others compared with the control group but did not present statistically significant improvement in activities of daily living. [Conclusion] It was revealed through this study that computerized cognitive rehabilitation with the RehaCom program results in improvement in cognitive function and can be used as a treatment tool beneficial to stroke patients presenting cognitive impairment.

Effects of a cognitive-enhancement group training program on daily living activities, cognition, and depression in the demented elderly.

[Purpose] The effects of a cognitive enhancement group training program on daily living activities, cognition, and depression in the demented elderly population of a local Korean community were investigated. [Subjects and Methods] The study included 22 elderly subjects who were 65 years of age or older, had been diagnosed with dementia, and were attending a daily care center in K City, Republic of Korea. Eleven subjects participated in the program, which was conducted twice a week for 8 weeks for a total of 16 sessions. Eleven subjects in a non-training group did not receive any interventions. [Results] The MMSE-K, MBI and KDS scores of all of the eleven subjects who participated in the program improved, and the improvements were statistically significant. [Conclusion] Cognitive enhancement group training programs may have positive effects on daily living activities, cognition, and depression.

A study on the relationships between age, work experience, cognition, and work ability in older employees working in heavy industry.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation of age, work experience, cognition, and work ability in older employees working in heavy industry. [Subjects and Methods] The study was conducted using 100 subjects who were over 55 years old and worked in heavy industry. To obtain data, we first had the subjects complete the MoCA-K test and Work Ability Index (WAI). The data were then analyzed by frequency and correlation using statistical software (SPSS 21.0). [Results] Through this study, we discovered a significant positive correlation between WAI and MoCA-K, age, and work experience. [Conclusion] This study revealed that work ability in older employees increases not with the number of years worked but with the enhancement of cognitive ability. Special management that focuses on cognition is therefore required for senior employees working in the field of heavy industry.

The relationship between obesity and health-related quality of life of office workers.

[Purpose] This study aimed to understand how office workers' obesity, anxiety and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) affect each other. [Subjects] The study was conducted from February 1 of 2013 to March 31 of 2014 and targeted a total of 143 office workers working in Seoul, Republic of Korea. [Methods] The study collected data using both an assessment tool and questionnaire in order to learn the subjects' obesity index, anxiety and HRQOL. [Results] The study revealed a significant difference in the total scores in regard to how the obesity index influences anxiety, mental HRQOL and total HRQOL. The more overweight and the heavier the subjects were, the more severe was the anxiety observed, which resulted in decreased scores for mental HRQOL and total HRQOL. Obesity turned out to be significantly correlated with anxiety, mental HRQOL and total HRQOL, and in terms of how much anxiety the subjects felt, there was a significant correlation with the total scores for physical HRQOL, mental HRQOL and total HRQOL. [Conclusion] The present study found that overweight and obese office workers are more anxious than office workers with normal weights, as the former have a lower mental HRQOL. It also suggests that overweight and obese office workers should improve their mental HRQOL through professional workout programs, which would help with their obesity problem. The study also suggests that subsequent research should be carried out to observe the results of any such workout programs applied in the future.

A systematic review of the assessment tools used to measure metamemory in patients with brain injury.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to provide various assessment tools for metamemory of a patient with brain injury to develop accurate metamemory measurement methods which can be effectively applied in rehabilitation training programs in clinics. [Subjects and Methods] For this study, we carried out a systematic document search of the literature for articles published between January, 2001, and December, 2013, in order to review studies of measurement tools used to assess the metamemory of patients with brain injury. [Results] The initial search of the databases yielded 57 articles, 48 of which did not meet the inclusion criteria. Thus 9 studies were included in our review. The quality level of all the studies was IIA2b and PEDro scale scores were found to range from 4 to 6. [Conclusion] More studies need to be made, using various measurement tools for metamemory of more diverse patient groups. We believe studies should be made of the assessment of metamemory and interventions for it in accordance with the diagnoses and the cognitive levels of the patients with brain injury.

Comparison of Physical Fitness Status between Middle-aged and Elderly Male Laborers According to Lifestyle Behaviors.

[Purpose] We sought to examine the relationship between lifestyle behavior and physical fitness in middle-aged and elderly laborers. [Subjects] In total, 2,469 male laborers between 45 and 64 years of age residing in eight cities in South Korea were studied between January and December 2007. [Methods] Age, height, and weight were evaluated as general characteristics. Lifestyle behavior items included exercise, dietary habits, smoking, drinking, and sleeping hours. Physical fitness was assessed by measuring muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, reflexes, and agility. [Results] In terms of physical fitness status, all items except handgrip strength showed significant changes according to exercise frequency. Dietary habits were associated with significant differences in the Sargent jump and whole-body reaction time between groups. Smoking and drinking were associated with significant differences in sit-ups between subgroups. Sleeping hours demonstrated significant differences in the Sargent jump and whole-body reaction time between groups. [Conclusion] Although there were differences according to physical fitness status, exercise frequency, dietary habits, smoking, drinking, and sleeping hours showed significant associations with physical fitness. Thus, healthy lifestyle behaviors, such as regular exercise, regular dietary habits, not smoking, moderate drinking, and adequate sleep, are important for physical fitness management and work capacity improvement in middle-aged and elderly laborers.

Study of the Physical Condition of Middle-aged Office and Field Workers Aged 50 and Older.

[Purpose] We investigated the physical condition of middle-aged workers in Korea by job category (office job vs. production job). [Subjects] In total, 3,650 middle-aged workers (production job, n = 2,615; office job, n = 1,035) ≥50 years of age from eight geographical areas were evaluated from 2007 to 2008. [Methods] The subjects' subjective physical condition, exercise status, smoking status, and drinking status were investigated, and precise physical measurements, cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, reflexes, and reactions were measured. [Results] Subjectively, the physical condition and exercise status of those with office jobs were superior to those of production job workers. Office workers exhibited a higher rate of drinking than production workers, and also had better cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, reflexes, and reactions. However, production workers were more flexible than office workers. [Conclusion] Middle-aged production job workers in Korea have poorer overall physical condition than middle-aged office job workers. The physical condition of middle-aged and elderly workers must be managed through various health management programs to secure a productive aging society.

Reliability of self-administered Work Ability Index questionnaire among Korean workers.

Although the Work Ability Index (WAI) has been used in many countries, its reliability is yet to be validated in Korea. In our study, test-retest results of WAI total score, WAI category and seven subscales were compared. The correlation coefficients of WAI total score and subscales 1 and 2 between test and retest were 0.70, 0.80 and 0.63, respectively. The κ values on WAI category, subscales 4, 5, 6 and 7 were 0.52, 0.32, 0.31, 0.48 and 0.85, respectively. The results of our reliability test show that WAI scores of female, younger and private company workers were found to be higher than those of male, older and public company workers, respectively. We conclude that overall test-retest reliability of WAI in Korea is acceptable. Another notable observation from our study is that work ability dimension (subscales 1, 2 and 7) had a higher reliability, whereas health dimension (subscales 3-6) had a lower reliability.

A study on the necessity of medical facilities safety design adoption.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the requirements of the introduction of a safety design and certification system for medical facilities. [Subjects] A survey was carried out of one hundred nurses, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech and language therapists from May to August in 2012. [Methods] The survey was conducted after giving subjects some information about safety design. [Results] The participants were aware of the need for establishing a safety design certification system. Total responses to services, facilities and space were analyzed in order to evaluate the priorities of safety, user characteristics, functionality, convenience and aesthetics. Regarding the application of a safety design certification system to services, items were prioritized in the order of children's items, household supplies and hospital supplies. For facilities, the priorities were, living space, social welfare and medical facilities; space, they were public and transportation-related places. The requirements for operating a safety design system were in order development of: highly skilled manpower, the legal system, educational promotion and qualifying facilities. [Conclusion] In conclusion, in order to implement safety design in medical facilities, a safety design certification system should be introduced first, and to do this a systematic and comprehensive study is needed.