Incidence and clinical outcomes of bleeding complications and acute limb ischemia in STEMI and cardiogenic shock.

BACKGROUND: Bleeding complications and acute limb ischemia (ALI) are devastating vascular complications in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Cardiogenic shock (CS) can further increase this risk due to multiorgan failure. In the contemporary era, percutaneous mechanical circulatory support is commonly used for management of CS. We hypothesized that vascular complications may be an important determinant of clinical outcomes for CS due to STEMI (CS-STEMI). OBJECTIVE: We evaluated 10-year national trends, resource utilization and outcomes of bleeding complications, and ALI in CS-STEMI. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of CS-STEMI patients from a large U.S. national database (National Inpatient Sample) between 2005 and 2014. Events were then divided into four different groups: no MCS, with intra-aortic balloon pump, percutaneous ventricular assist device includes Impella or Tandem Heart or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. RESULTS: Bleeding complications and ALI were observed in 31,389 (18.2%) and 1,628 (0.9%) out of 172,491 admissions with CS-STEMI, respectively. Between 2005 and 2014, overall trends increased for ALI; however, the number of bleeding events decreased. ALI was associated with increased in-hospital mortality in comparison to those without any ALI. However, bleeding complications were not associated with increased in-hospital mortality. Compared to patients without complications, both bleeding and ALI were associated with increased length of stay (LOS) and hospitalization costs. CONCLUSIONS: Bleeding and ALI are common complications associated with CS-STEMI in the contemporary era. Both complications are associated with increased hospital costs and LOS. These findings highlight the need to develop algorithms focused on vascular safety in CS-STEMI.

Incidence and clinical outcomes of stroke in ST-elevation myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock.

OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to evaluate 10-year national trends, incidence and clinical outcomes of stroke in CS-STEMI. BACKGROUND: Stroke is a devastating complication among patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Concomitant cardiogenic shock (CS) may further increase the risk of stroke. Use of percutaneous mechanical circulatory support (pMCS) devices may further increase stroke risk in CS-STEMI. No studies have evaluated the risk of stroke in contemporary CS-STEMI. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of CS-STEMI patients from a large U.S. national database between 2005 and 2014. Previously validated codes for stroke were used to identify events of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. They were then divided into different groups: without MCS, with intra-aortic balloon pump, percutaneous ventricular assist device (PVAD, includes Impella or TandemHeart devices), or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. RESULTS: In 172,491 admissions, stroke was noted in 5,613 (3.2%). Between 2005 and 2014, we observed an increase in the events of overall stroke from 3.1% in 2005 to 5.0% in 2014 (p for the trend <.001). The number of ischemic stroke events (2.4%) was higher than hemorrhagic stroke (0.1%) during the study period. Presence of stroke was associated with higher in-hospital mortality (40.6 vs. 29.8%, 95% CI adjusted odds ratio: 1.57, 1.44-1.67; p < .0001 among stroke vs. without stroke). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of stroke events in CS-STEMI patients increased between 2005 and 2014, and is associated with higher in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and cost of hospitalization. The incidence of both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke was higher with pMCS device use. Stroke prevention is a priority for CS-STEMI patients.

Aspirin Resistance: Cardiovascular Risk Game Changer.

BACKGROUND: Aspirin (ASA) is the most used medication on the globe. ASA is a primary pillar of the secondary prevention of cardiovascular atherothromboembolic events. However, a fraction of the population does not respond to ASA as expected in a unique phenomenon called ASA resistance. Multiple mechanisms were described and studied in the literature to explain this phenomenon. AREA OF UNCERTAINTY: ASA resistance is an interesting phenomenon that is worth studying and reviewing. Mechanisms behind this resistance are various and although the rarity of some, it is crucial for the modern health provider to be aware of such phenomenon and its possible explanations to provide more efficient preventive cardiology practice. Our study aimed to review and conclude the evidence behind ASA resistance and its implication on the cardiovascular health. DATA SOURCES: We searched databases like PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid by midline, and Google Scholar for published articles and abstracts. RESULTS: Our systemic search revealed more than 100 articles in relation to ASA resistance. We selected 40 articles, which were relevant for this review. Various mechanisms were described in the literature, with few of them very well documented and understood. Main mechanisms include medication nonadherence, interaction with proton pump inhibitors, esterase-mediated ASA inactivation, post-coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) MRP-4-mediated ASA consumption, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) polymorphisms, high platelet turnover-associated regeneration of platelet COX-1, and the documented platelet ability of de novo COX-1 synthesis in response to thrombin and fibrinogen. CONCLUSION: Multiple mechanisms of ASA resistance were described in the literature. Awareness of such interaction is important for medical practitioners. Bottom line, further studies and reviews are needed to further study this phenomenon and its implication on the cardiovascular health and hence reaching a valid evidence-based conclusion that might change the practice and improve the patient preventive health care.

The impact of atrial fibrillation on transcatheter mitral valve repair outcomes: A propensity-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: The concomitant presence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in the setting of Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair (TMVR) represents a clinical challenge. Despite the high AF burden in patients presenting for the TMVR procedure, there are no studies that evaluate the impact of AF on in-hospital outcomes of TMVR in a nationally representative United States sample reflecting real practice. Therefore, we sought to study the outcomes of AF patients undergoing TMVR. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study included 1026 patients from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) registry. Patients (age ≥18 years) who had undergone TAVR as a primary procedure from 2011 to 2014 were included, using the ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes. We examined patient characteristics and in-hospital outcomes. To account for patient and hospital-level baseline differences, we performed propensity score-matched analysis. The prevalence of AF was approximately 56%. After adjusting for patient-level and hospital-level characteristics, there was no statistical difference regarding in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 0.72, 95%CI 0.29-1.80, P = 0.487), post-TMVR complications, length of stay (OR 1.15, 95%CI 0.97-1.38, P = 0.111), and cost of hospitalization (OR 1.04, 95%CI 0.94-1.14, P = 0.475) between the group with AF versus without AF. However, patients with AF were more likely to have non-routine hospital discharge (42.94% vs 35.48% P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: AF is a frequently encountered arrhythmia among patients undergoing TMVR with MitraClip. However, TMVR can be performed safely in the vast majority of patients, irrespective of their baseline rhythm.

The Ominous Triad of Severe Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy.

QT prolongation is present in 26-52% of cases of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM). It has been postulated to result from reduced cardiac repolarization reserve and reflects the transient myocardial insult observed in TCM. Bradycardia-induced QT interval prolongation is amplified by the occurrence of TCM, a combination that potentially carries a significant risk for torsade de pointes (TdP). We present a unique case of an 80-year-old female with TCM-related cardiac arrest. The patient had acquired long QT syndrome in which TCM myocardial insult led to the precipitation of a third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block and subsequent bradycardia-induced TdP. Due to the lack of robust literature, there is no clear guideline in the management of third-degree AV block in the setting of TCM. In our case, because of recurrent ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) arrest, we opted for temporary pacing at a high ventricular rate, followed by a biventricular implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (BiV/ICD). Follow-up 3 months later revealed improvement of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and resolution of QT prolongation. However, the noticed AV conduction defects persisted. In the available literature, we identified five reported cases that bear similarity with our patient's presentation. The identified cases were middle-aged to elderly females with no significant cardiac history, who exhibited a similar triad of TCM associated with high-grade AV block, acquired long QT syndrome, and a rapid progression of bradycardia-induced TdP, resulting in a near cardiac arrest within the first 24 - 48 h of admission. It is crucial to monitor corrected QT (QTc), correct electrolyte abnormalities, and minimize QT-prolonging medications in patients with TCM. The recognition of AV conduction defects in patients with TCM is critical, especially if it is associated with significant QT prolongation. Such situations are underrecognized, and are potentially fatal, necessitating close monitoring and timely intervention.

Esophago-Pericardial Fistulae as a Sequela of Boerhaave Syndrome and Esophageal Stenting: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Esophago-pericardial fistulae is a rare and dreaded entity. Most reported cases in the literature were described in association with advanced upper gastrointestinal malignancies, prior surgical procedures, and radiofrequency atrial fibrillation ablation. It has been rarely reported in association with benign esophageal conditions. Surgery had been the mainstay of treatment, but there are increasingly reported cases treated successfully with esophageal stenting and pericardial drainage. In this article, we report a novel case of an esophago-pericardial fistulae occurring as a sequela of esophageal stent placed for the management of Boerhaave syndrome.

Gender Differences in Outcomes After Implantation of Left Ventricular Assist Devices.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation has historically been underutilized in women compared with men. It was hypothesized that the introduction of continuous-flow LVADs would lead to more LVAD implantations in women and possibly narrow the gender gap. METHODS: Patients who underwent LVAD implantation between 2009 and 2014 were identified using the national inpatient sample. RESULTS: A total of 3511 patients (17,251 when weighted) underwent LVAD implantation in the United States between 2009 and 2014. Mean age was 56 years and there were 817 women in the study sample (23.32%). LVAD implantations in women doubled from 2009 to 2014, but men continued to receive LVAD 3 times more than women. Inpatient mortality after LVAD placement was similar between men and women (13.42% women vs 12.85% men; odds ratio, 1.05; P = .16). Most common complications after LVAD implantation in both genders included acute kidney injury, bleeding requiring blood transfusion, and postoperative sepsis. There were no gender-specific differences in the incidence of periprocedural complications, including postoperative cardiac tamponade, postoperative thromboembolism, or sepsis. In addition, no significant difference was found in length of stay and median hospitalization cost. The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation did not differ between men and women. Subgroup analysis in patients older than 65 years of age showed higher in-hospital mortality but no differences between genders. CONCLUSIONS: The number of women undergoing LVAD implantation has increased with the introduction of continuous-flow LVADs, but a gender gap still exists. Most major in-hospital outcomes after LVAD implantation are similar between genders.

Irinotecan inducing sinus pause bradycardia in a patient with small round cell cancer.

Irinotecan is a novel anticancer drug that has worked wonders in combination with other anticancer drugs. It can be used as a single chemotherapy agent in colonic cancer treatment or in combination with 5-fluorouracil. Irinotecan has been found a better salvage therapy in patients who are resistant to 5-fluorouracil. It is also used in combination with cisplatin and other drugs for cancers such as pleural mesothelioma, Ewing's sarcoma, lung cancer and others, and has helped reduce tumour burden. Irinotecan is generally associated with gastrointestinal side effects including nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, while cardiovascular toxicity (5%) has been reported mainly as vasodilatation and possible bradycardia with no known incidence. A case was reported in 1998 by Miya et al of a 65-year-old man with bradycardia which was managed with atropine without modifications in the dosage of irinotecan or in the rate of infusion. We report a case of a patient with small round cell cancer who presented with sinus pause bradycardia after infusion with irinotecan. The patient was managed with atropine during chemotherapy.

Clinical Impact of Atrial Fibrillation on Short-Term Outcomes and In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Takotsubo Syndrome: A Propensity-Matched National Study.

INTRODUCTION: Takotsubo Syndrome (TS) patients are at high risk of developing atrial fibrillation. We sought to investigate the outcomes and economic impact of atrial fibrillation on TS patients utilizing the National Inpatient Sample. METHODS: Patients with TS were identified in the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database between 2010 and 2014 using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), and subsequently were divided into two groups, those with and without atrial fibrillation. The primary outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality in the two groups. Secondary outcomes were in-hospital complications. We also evaluated the length of hospital stay and the cost of hospitalization. Propensity score-matched analysis was performed to address potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Among the study population, the prevalence of atrial fibrillation was 17.57%. After matching, the atrial fibrillation group had no significant increase of in-hospital mortality (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.94-1.35, p = 0.211). However, atrial fibrillation patients were more likely to develop cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmias (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.26-1.80, p < 0.0001), have higher rate of major cardiac complications when combined as a single endpoint in-hospital complication (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.04-1.29, p: 0.006), also they were more likely to stay longer in hospital (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.08-1.19, p < 0.0001), and have increased cost of hospitalization (OR: 1.13, 95% CI 1.07-1.20, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Atrial fibrillation does not increase in-hospital mortality in patients presenting with TS. However atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias, length of stay, non-routine discharges and cost of hospitalization.

Challenges in an X + Y ambulatory model.

BACKGROUND: Internal medicine training requires significant exposure to ambulatory practice. Ensuring continuity of patient care is challenging, especially with intermittent ambulatory resident assignments. A popular scheduling model is an X + Y block system where residents rotate for X weeks on inpatient rotations followed by Y weeks on ambulatory clinics. Although benefits exist with the X + Y model, it has drawbacks, particularly for continuity of care: residents struggle to obtain follow-up test results and return patient calls promptly. To provide patients with seamless continuity the programme assigned two Managing Clinic Continuity Care Residents (MCCCRs) to cover all tasks. The MCCCRs were soon overwhelmed by the number of tasks and became dissatisfied with the workflow, however, resulting in a low task-completion rate. METHOD: In our 4 + 1 model residents are divided into five cohorts, we created mini-practice groups (MPGs) consisting of one resident from each cohort. Each week the resident in the clinic is assigned to act as the Practice Clinic Continuity of Care Resident (PCCCR) for the MPG. This individual is responsible for addressing the patient tasks of the other four residents in the MPG. For optimal performance, the previous two MCCCRs are now assigned for oversight only each week. We tracked task-completion rates weekly and surveyed residents for satisfaction. RESULTS: Following the redistribution of responsibilities, the task-completion rates improved from 75 to 97%. The MCCCR satisfaction rate for the workflow increased from zero to 63%, and the on-time note completion rates increased from 21 to 67%. CONCLUSION: Modification of the X + Y model using the MPG structure ensured the timely completion of patient-related tasks, and improved the overall experience for both patients and providers. Modification of the X + Y model using the MPG structure ensured the timely completion of patient-related tasks, and improved the overall experience for both patients and providers.

Early-Onset Bilateral Severe Valvular Regurgitation After Mediastinal Radiotherapy in Hodgkin Lymphoma Survivors: Should We Screen Prior to 10 Years After Mediastinal Radiotherapy?

Background: Radiation-induced valvulopathy (RIV) is a common complication of mediastinal radiotherapy and usually occurs at least 10 years after exposure to radiotherapy. Case Report: We report the case of a 37-year-old female with a history of stage IIIB Hodgkin lymphoma who was diagnosed with RIV after all other potential causes of shortness of breath and valvular dysfunction were excluded. The patient's presentation, 6 years after receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma, was earlier than expected after mediastinal radiotherapy. The patient was started on a regimen of lisinopril, nifedipine, and metoprolol, and her symptoms improved significantly within 4 days of starting medical therapy. We review the literature, discuss the risk factors and determinants of developing RIV, and suggest the ideal timing to screen patients. Conclusion: This case is of educational value for internal medicine, oncology, and cardiology healthcare providers who should consider RIV as a cause of shortness of breath in patients who underwent mediastinal radiotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma.

Impact of atrial fibrillation on patients hospitalized for acute myocarditis: Insights from a nationally-representative United States cohort.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased all-cause mortality in the general population. However, the impact of AF on the in-hospital outcomes of acute myocarditis (AM) patients is not well characterized. METHODS: Patients (age ≥ 18 years) with a primary diagnosis of AM in the National Inpatient Sample from 2007 to 2014 were included, using the ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes. We compared the in-hospital outcomes between the AF group and propensity score-matched control group without AF. RESULTS: AF was reported in 602 (9%) of the AM patients. Compared to those without AF, AM patients with AF experienced higher in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-2.7, P = 0.02). AF was associated with higher risk of cardiogenic shock (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3-2.8, P < 0.001), cardiac tamponade (OR 5.6, 95% CI 1.2-25.3, P = 0.002) and acute kidney injury (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.1, P = 0.02). Furthermore, patients with AF were more likely to have non-routine hospital discharge (31.6% vs 38.4% P = 0.02), longer length of stay and higher cost of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: AF was associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality and complications in patients admitted to the hospital with acute myocarditis.

Comparison of In-Hospital Outcomes of Patients With-Versus-Without Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Undergoing Left Ventricular Assist Device Placement.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of heart failure (HF) etiology (ischemic cardiomyopathy [ICM] versus nonischemic cardiomyopathy) on in-hospital outcomes in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. We identified patients who underwent LVAD placement from 2011 to 2014. The primary end point was the effect of ICM on in-hospital mortality. Secondary end points included periprocedural vascular complications requiring surgery, postoperative myocardial infarction, stroke, and hemorrhage requiring transfusion. We also assessed length of stay and cost of hospitalization. A mixed effects logistic model was used for clinical end points and a linear mixed model was used for cost and length of stay. In 3,511 patients who underwent LVAD placement (23.32% women and 56.23 ± 13.51 years old), the incidence of ICM was 53.5%. After adjusting for patient- and hospital-level characteristics, ICM was not found to influence in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.78 to 1.23). ICM was associated with an increased risk in periprocedural hemorrhage requiring transfusion (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.53), vascular complications requiring surgery (OR 1.58 95% CI 1.10 to 2.28) and postoperative ST-segment myocardial infarction (OR 7.38 95% CI 5.33 to 10.24). In conclusion, ICM did not impact in-hospital mortality in patients who underwent LVAD placement but was associated with increased vascular complications, hemorrhage requiring transfusion, and postoperative myocardial infarction.