[Analysis of the accuracy between orthopedic robot-assisted and traditional manual pedicle screw placement techniques in adult degenerative scoliosis posterior surgery].

Objective: To comparing the accuracy of pedicle screw placement in posterior surgery for adult degenerative scoliosis (ADS) between robotic-assisted and traditional freehand techniques. Methods: This retrospective study included 92 patients with ADS who underwent posterior spinal surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu Province Hospital) between March 2019 and December 2023. There were 19 males and 73 females with a mean age of (63.6±9.8) years. The patients were divided into two groups based on the technique used for pedicle screw placement: robot-assisted group (34 cases) and manual group (58 cases). Operative duration, intraoperative blood loss, facet joint violation, postoperative complications, magnitude of curve correction, visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores preoperatively, 1 week postoperatively, and 1 month postoperatively were compared and analyzed between the two groups. The Gertzbein-Robbins classification criteria was used to assess the accuracy of screw placement. Results: Differences in baseline data, operative duration, intraoperative blood loss, magnitude of curve correction, and VAS and ODI scores preoperatively, 1 week postoperatively, and 1 month postoperatively between the two groups exhibited no statistically significant differences (all P>0.05). The accuracy of pedicle screw placement in the robot-assisted group was significantly higher than that in the manual group [90.9% (416/458) vs 80.1% (697/870), P<0.001]. In terms of surgical segments, in T1-T12 and L1-S1 segments, the accuracy of pedicle screw placement in the robot group were both significantly higher than those in the control group [91.5% (130/142) vs 77.8% (186/239), P=0.001; 90.3% (271/300) vs 80.8% (502/621), P<0.001]. However, no significant differences was observed in the accuracy of S2-alar-iliac (S2AI) screw placement between the two groups [90.0%(9/10) vs 93.8%(15/16), P=0.727]. Moreover, no significant differences was found in the deviation direction of the cortical screw penetration between both groups (P=0.133). Significant differences were observed in the accuracy of screw placement between the Nash Moe 2 and 3 vertebral bodies in the robot group compared with those in the control group [88.9% (88/99) vs 71.0% (115/162), P=0.001; 89.2% (83/93) vs 60.2% (68/113), P<0.001]. Additionally, the incidence and grade of facet joint violation in the manual group were both significantly higher than those in the robot-assisted group (both P<0.001). No statistically significant differences was identified in postoperative complications between the two groups (P=0.841). Conclusion: It suggests that robot-assisted pedicle screw placement in posterior surgery for patients with ADS can significantly improve the accuracy of screw placement and reduce the incidence of facet joint violation.

Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms influence chemotherapy response and treatment outcome in breast cancer.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of GSTM1 null/present, GSTT1 null/present, and GSTP1 IIe105Val polymorphisms in the clinical response to chemotherapy and treatment outcome of patients with breast cancer. A total of 262 subjects were randomly selected from among patients with a histologically confirmed breast cancer. The genotypes of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 IIe105Val polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Our study found that the null genotype of GSTM1 was associated with a better response to chemo-therapy, and the odds ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)] was 1.78 (1.03-3.08). In the Cox proportional hazard model, the hazard ratio (95%CI) for overall survival (OS) in patients carrying the null genotype of GSTM1 was 0.57 (0.32-0.98) using the non-null genotype as the reference variable. However, we observed no significant association between the GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms and response to chemotherapy and OS in patients with breast cancer. In conclusion, our study found that the GSTM1 polymorphism plays an important role in influencing the chemotherapy response and OS in patients with breast cancer.

The developmental pattern of Brca1 expression implies a role in differentiation of the breast and other tissues.

We have examined the developmental expression of the murine breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene, Brca1, to investigate its role in the control of cell growth and differentiation. Specifically, we have analysed Brca1 expression during embryonic development, in adult tissues, and during postnatal mammary gland development, particularly in response to ovarian hormones. Our results suggest that Brca1 is expressed in rapidly proliferating cell types undergoing differentiation. In the mammary gland, Brca1 expression is induced during puberty, pregnancy, and following treatment of ovariectomized animals with 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone. These observations imply that Brca1 is involved in the processes of proliferation and differentiation in multiple tissues, notably in the mammary gland in response to ovarian hormones.

X-ray parametric down-conversion in the Langevin regime.

We experimentally and theoretically study the coincidence count rate for down-converted x-ray photons. Because of photoionization, parametric down-conversion at x-ray wavelengths generally involves loss and the theoretical description requires a Langevin approach. By working in a transmission geometry (Laue) rather than in the Bragg geometry of previous experiments, we obtain an improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio of 12.5, and find agreement between experiment and theory.

Generation and compression of chirped biphotons.

We describe an experiment demonstrating the radarlike technique of "chirp and compress." Chirped biphotons are generated using a quasi-phase-matched nonlinear crystal where the phase-matched frequency varies linearly with position. Sum frequency generation is used to measure the amplitude of the biphoton wave function. As compared to a nonchirped crystal, compression and an increase in summing efficiency of a factor of 5 is observed.

Hiding single photons with spread spectrum technology.

We describe a proof-of-principal experiment demonstrating the use of spread spectrum technology at the single photon level. We show how single photons with a prescribed temporal shape, in the presence of interfering noise, may be hidden and recovered.

Observation of nonlocal modulation with entangled photons.

We demonstrate a new type of quantum mechanical correlation where phase modulators at distant locations, acting on the photons of an entangled pair, interfere to determine the apparent depth of modulation. When the modulators have the same phase, the modulation depth doubles; when oppositely phased, the modulators negate each other.

[Study on mitochondrial ultrastructure, trace elements and correlative factors of gastric mucosa in patients with spleen deficiency syndrome].

Eighty-eight gastropathic patients with Spleen deficiency syndrome by using transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray energy disperse analysis system (EDAX), histochemical staining and radioimmuno methods were examined. The authors found that the gastric mucosa cAMP, SOD level, the quantity of mitochondria and its crista, the ratio of diameter between ventricle and cavity of mitochondria and the content of Zn, Cu of mitochondria were reduced in the trend of healthy control group, Spleen Qi deficiency group, Spleen deficiency with Qi stagnation group; chronic superficial gastritis group, chronic atrophic gastritis group, gastric cancer group: complete small intestinal metaplasia group, incomplete small intestinal metaplasia group, complete colonic intestinal metaplasia group, incomplete colonic intestinal metaplasia group (P < 0.05-0.001). While the degeneration rate of mitochondria, the Cu/Zn ratio of mitochondria, the metaplasia rate of gastric, the rate of incomplete colonic intestinal metaplasia and the content of serum LPO were increased in the above turn. It is suggested that the comprehensive effect of the degeneration of mitochondria and the quantitative changes of its correlative factors is the physiopathologic base for inducing Spleen deficiency disease, gastric mucosa metaplasia and canceration. Much attention must be paid in clinic to the cancerization trend of gastric disease with Spleen deficiency syndrome.

[Clinical study on the piweiping capsule in treating patients with metaplasia of gastric mucosa].

One hundred and forty-three patients were diagnosed as chronic superficial atrophic gastritis of gastric antrum or with metaplasia by means of gastroscopic observation with pathological biopsy examination. They were divided into 4 types (the Spleen-Stomach Cold-Deficiency type, Disharmonious of Liver and Stomach type, Spleen-Stomach Yin Deficiency type and Spleen Deficiency with Qi-Stagnation type) and subdivided according to treatment into two groups, 75 patients of treatment group of above-mentioned 4 types were treated with Piweiping capsule (PWPC) I, II, III, IV respectively, 68 patients of control group were all treated with Sanjiu Weitai (SJWT). After 3-6 months of treatment, the improvement of gastric mucosa cyclic adenosine monophosphate, deoxyribonucleic acid, 3H-thymopyrimidine nucleoside and lymphocyte transformation of treatment group were all superior to that of control group, P < 0.05-0.001. The curative rate and total effective rate of symptomatic effect of treatment group were 49.3% and 92.0%, while at intestinal metaplasia of treatment group were 45.3% and 62.7%. As in control group, they were 29.4%, 67.6%, 10.3% and 29.4% respectively. The difference between two groups was significant, P < 0.001. These results suggested that the PWPC could reverse the intestinal metaplasia through improving the gastric cAMP, DNA and strengthening the cellular immunity and the effect would be enhanced when the treatment was based on syndrome differentiation.

[Effect of zhuchun pill on immunity and endocrine function of elderly with kidney-yang deficiency].

After randomly dividing 45 elderly males with Kidney-Yang Deficiency into Zhuchun Pill (ZCP) group and placebo (starch capsule) group by single blind method, and treating them for 3 months, we found that ZCP could greatly improve the main symptoms of Kidney-Yang Deficiency, P < 0.01 by comparison with control group: the 3H-TdR lymphocyte transformation (3H-TdR LCT) rate, level of serum C3, IgA, IgD, IgG & IgM went up (P < 0.01); contents of plasma adrenocortical hormone (ACTH), testosterone (T) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) increased (P < 0.01-0.001): the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum also increased while lipid peroxide (LPO) in plasma decreased (P < 0.01). But for control group, there were no remarkable changes after treatment, so it revealed that the improvement of Kidney-Yang Deficiency by ZCP is realized through regulating the organism's immunity and endocrine function as well as through scavenging the free radical agents.

Serotonin regulates osteoblast proliferation and function in vitro.

The monoamine serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), a well-known neurotransmitter, also has important functions outside the central nervous system. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of 5-HT in the proliferation, differentiation, and function of osteoblasts in vitro. We treated rat primary calvarial osteoblasts with various concentrations of 5-HT (1 nM to 10 µM) and assessed the rate of osteoblast proliferation, expression levels of osteoblast-specific proteins and genes, and the ability to form mineralized nodules. Next, we detected which 5-HT receptor subtypes were expressed in rat osteoblasts at different stages of osteoblast differentiation. We found that 5-HT could inhibit osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization at low concentrations, but this inhibitory effect was mitigated at relatively high concentrations. Six of the 5-HT receptor subtypes (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C) were found to exist in rat osteoblasts. Of these, 5-HT2A and 5-HT1B receptors had the highest expression levels, at both early and late stages of differentiation. Our results indicated that 5-HT can regulate osteoblast proliferation and function in vitro.

A prospective comparative study of kyphoplasty using the Jack vertebral dilator and balloon kyphoplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.

This study prospectively compared the efficacy of kyphoplasty using a Jack vertebral dilator and balloon kyphoplasty to treat osteoporotic compression fractures between T10 and L5. Between 2004 and 2009, two groups of 55 patients each underwent vertebral dilator kyphoplasty and balloon kyphoplasty, respectively. Pain, function, the Cobb angle, and the anterior and middle height of the vertebral body were assessed before and after operation. Leakage of bone cement was recorded. The post-operative change in the Cobb angle was significantly greater in the dilator kyphoplasty group than in the balloon kyphoplasty group (-9.51 degrees (sd 2.56) vs -7.78 degrees (sd 1.19), p < 0.001)). Leakage of cement was less in the dilator kyphoplasty group. No other significant differences were found in the two groups after operation, and both procedures gave equally satisfactory results in terms of all other variables assessed. No serious complications occurred in either group. These findings suggest that vertebral dilator kyphoplasty can facilitate better correction of kyphotic deformity and may ultimately be a safer procedure in reducing leakage of bone cement.

Resonant sum frequency generation with time-energy entangled photons.

We describe a technique for enhancing the efficiency of sum frequency generation using entangled signal and idler photons. By resonating the sum frequency field, we observe that the generated power varies linearly with input power and is increased by a factor of 12.

Serotonin regulates osteoblast proliferation and function in vitro

The monoamine serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), a well-known neurotransmitter, also has important functions outside the central nervous system. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of 5-HT in the proliferation, differentiation, and function of osteoblasts in vitro. We treated rat primary calvarial osteoblasts with various concentrations of 5-HT (1 nM to 10 µM) and assessed the rate of osteoblast proliferation, expression levels of osteoblast-specific proteins and genes, and the ability to form mineralized nodules. Next, we detected which 5-HT receptor subtypes were expressed in rat osteoblasts at different stages of osteoblast differentiation. We found that 5-HT could inhibit osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization at low concentrations, but this inhibitory effect was mitigated at relatively high concentrations. Six of the 5-HT receptor subtypes (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C) were found to exist in rat osteoblasts. Of these, 5-HT2A and 5-HT1B receptors had the highest expression levels, at both early and late stages of differentiation. Our results indicated that 5-HT can regulate osteoblast proliferation and function in vitro.

Electro-optic modulation of single photons.

We use the Stokes photon of a biphoton pair to set the time origin for electro-optic modulation of the wave function of the anti-Stokes photon thereby allowing arbitrary phase and amplitude modulation. We demonstrate conditional single-photon wave functions composed of several pulses, or instead, having Gaussian or exponential shapes.

Observation of optical precursors at the biphoton level.

We describe the observation of a sharp leading-edge spike in a biphoton wave packet that is produced using slow light and measured by two-photon correlation. Using the stationary-phase approximation we characterize this spike as a Sommerfeld-Brillouin precursor resulting from the interference of low- and high-frequency spectral components.

Subnatural linewidth biphotons with controllable temporal length.

This Letter describes the generation of biphotons with a temporal length that can be varied over the range of 50-900 ns, with an estimated subnatural linewidth as small as 0.75 MHz. We make use of electromagnetically induced transparency and slow light in a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap with an optical depth as high as 62. We report a sharp leading edge spike that is a Sommerfeld-Brillouin precursor, as observed at the biphoton level.