RbPbI3 Seed Embedding in PbI2 Substrate Tailors the Facet Orientation and Crystallization Kinetics of Perovskites.

High power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have always been awe-inspiring, but perovskite films scalability is an exacting precondition for PSCs commercial deployment, generally unachievable through the antisolvent technique. On the contrary, in the two-step sequential method, the perovskite's uncontrolled crystallization and unnecessary PbI2 residue impede the device's performance. These two issues motivated to empower the PbI2 substrate with orthorhombic RbPbI3 crystal seeds, which act as grown nuclei and develop orientated perovskites lattice stacks, improving the perovskite films morphologically and reducing the PbI2 content in eventual perovskite films. Thence, achieving a PCE of 24.17% with suppressed voltage losses and an impressive life span of 1140 h in the open air.

Dietary supplementation with short- and long-chain structured lipids alleviates obesity via regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation and gut microbiota in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is closely associated with lipid accumulation, inflammation and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. Short- and long-chain type structured lipids (SLCTs) are kinds of low-calorie structured lipids and demonstrate anti-obesity and hypolipidemia bioactivity. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential effects of dietary supplementation of SLCTs rich in short-chain fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids on high-fat-diet-induced obesity and gut microbiota modulation in C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS: Results showed that SLCTs supplementation ameliorated body weight, dyslipidemia, liver lipid accumulation, liver injury and systemic inflammation in obese mice. As expected, immunohistochemical analysis showed that SLCTs significantly increased the expression of proliferator-activated receptor alpha and decreased the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 in liver tissue. Furthermore, SLCTs supplementation significantly downregulated the expression level of liver inflammation-related genes while upregulating the expression level of liver lipid metabolism-related genes. Additionally, SLCTs supplementation markedly enhanced the diversity of gut microbiota, reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increased the diversity and richness of beneficial intestinal microorganisms, such as Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, Alloprevotella and Ruminococcaceae UCG-014. CONCLUSION: Our work suggested that SLCTs may have the potential to reduce obesity associated with a high-fat diet by regulating liver metabolism, inflammation and gut microbiota. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of tandem repeats of antimicrobial peptide CC34 on production of target proteins and activity of Pichia pastoris.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are attracting attention in the fields of medicine, food, and agriculture because of their broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, low resistance, and low-residue in the body. However, the low yield and instability of the prepared AMP drugs limit their application. In this study, we designed a tetramer of the AMP CC34, constructed and transfected two recombinant expression vectors with pGAPZαA containing a haploid CC34 and tetraploid CC34 (CC34-4js) into Pichia pastoris to explore the effect of biosynthesized peptides. The results showed that CC34 and CC34-4js expression levels were 648.2 and 1105.3 mg/L, respectively, in the fermentation supernatant of P. pastoris. The CC34-4js tetramer showed no antibacterial activity, could be cleaved to the monomer using formic acid, and the hemolytic rate of the polyploid was slightly lower than that of monomeric CC34. The average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and immune organ index of rats fed CC34 and CC34-4js showed no differences. In conclusion, CC34-4js exhibited a higher yield and lower hemolysis in P. pastoris than those of CC34. Finally, CC34 and CC34-4js enterokinase lysates showed similar antibacterial activity and both expressed peptides potentially improved the growth performance and organ indices of rats.

A Functional Biological Molecule Restores the PbI2 Residue-Induced Defects in Two-Step Fabricated Perovskites.

Coating the perovskite layer via a two-step method is an adaptable solution for industries compared to the anti-solvent process. But what about the impact of unreacted PbI2? Usually, it is generated during perovskite conversion in a two-step method and considered beneficial within the grain boundaries, while also being accused of enhancing the interface defects and nonradiative recombination. Several additives are mixed in PbI2 precursors for the purpose of improving the perovskite crystallinity and hindering the Pb2+ defects. Herein, in lieu of adding additives to the PbI2, the effects of the PbI2 residue via the electron transport layer/perovskite interface modification are explored. Consequently, by introducing artemisinin decorated with hydrophobic alkyl units and a ketone group, it reduces the residual PbI2 and improves the perovskites' crystallinity by coordinating with Pb2+. In addition, artemisinin-deposited perovskite enhances both the stability and efficiency of perovskite solar cells by suppressing nonradiative recombination.

Electrocrystallization Regulation Enabled Stacked Hexagonal Platelet Growth toward Highly Reversible Zinc Anodes.

Realizing durative flattened and dendrite-free zinc (Zn) metal configuration is the key to resolving premature battery failure caused by the internal short circuit, which is highly determined by the crystal growth in the electrocrystallization process. Herein, we report that regulating the molecular structure of the inner Helmholtz plane (HIP) can effectively convert the deposition into activation control by weakening the solvated ion adsorption at the interface. The moderated electrochemical reaction kinetics lower than the adatom self-diffusion rate steers conformal stratiform Zn growth and dominant Zn (0001) texture, achieving crystallographic optimization. Through in situ mediation of electrolyte engineering, orientational plating and stripping behaviors at edge-sites and tailored solvation structure immensely improve the utilization efficiency and total charge passed of Zn metal, even under extreme conditions, including high areal capacity (3 mAh cm-2 ) and wide temperature range (-40-60 °C).

Homogeneous nuclei-induced, secondary nuclei-induced, and spontaneous whey protein concentrate nanofibril formation through different pathways.

The addition of homogeneous nuclei (HN) or secondary nuclei (SN) could lead to different kinetics and thermodynamics as the nucleation energy barrier decreases and the lag time is shortened to different degrees compared with spontaneous fibrillation. To explain these differences, we monitored the formation and depletion of HN during fibril formation and found that both SN-induced fibrils and HN-induced fibrils follow the same nucleated growth pathway as spontaneously formed WPC fibrils. Moreover, there were also other paths, which were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The surfaces of the SN could recruit monomers and resulted in stronger intersheet stacking and a larger fibril height and periodicity. The HN incorporation led to a propensity for hydrogen-bonding interactions and a longer fibril. Fibrillation by the addition HN and SN followed both common and distinct pathways, as spontaneous fibrillation and led to different capacities to induce fibrillation.

Misdiagnosis of a Patient with Internal Carotid Artery Fenestration: A Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Internal carotid artery fenestration is a rare congenital cerebrovascular condition and can be misdiagnosed as carotid artery dissection. CASE REPORT: A patient was initially misdiagnosed with carotid artery dissection. This initial diagnosis was made using a carotid vascular computed angiography and magnetic resonance angiography. A digital subtraction angiography examination revealed a fenestration in the terminal C1 segment of the right internal carotid artery. Previous literature related to carotid artery fenestration was reviewed and analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Fenestration of the carotid artery combined with aneurysm at the external segment of the internal carotid artery or from the starting position of the carotid artery remains rare in elderly patients, can be misdiagnosed as artery dissection.

Biodegradable and multifunctional polymer micro-tubes for targeting photothermal therapy.

We describe an innovative form of polymer micro-tubes with diverse functions including biodegradation, magnetic manipulation, and photothermal effect that employs and activates photothermal therapy to target cancer cells. The micro-tube comprised soybean protein isolate, poly-l-glutamic acid, magnetite nanoparticles, plus gold nanoparticles. Through electrostatic force, these components, with opposite charges, formed pairs of layers in the pores of the template, various bilayers of soybean protein isolate and poly-l-glutamic acid served as the biodegradable building wall to each micro-tube. The layers of magnetite nanoparticle functionalized micro-tubes enabled the micro-tube manipulate to target the cancer cells by using an external magnetic field. The photo-thermal effect of the layer of gold nanoparticles on the outer surface of the micro-tubes, when under irradiation and when brought about by the near infrared radiation, elevated each sample's temperature. In addition, and when under the exposure of the near infrared radiation, the elevated temperature of the suspension of the micro-tubes, likewise with a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL, and similarly with a power of 2 W and as well maintained for 10 min, elevated the temperature of the suspension beyond 42 °C. Such temperatures induced apoptosis of target cancer cells through the effect of photothermal therapy. The findings assert that structured micro-tubes have a promising application as a photothermal agent. From this assertion, the implications are that this multifunctional agent will significantly improve the methodology for cancer diagnosis and therapy.

[Clinical features of early newborn infants with congenital heart disease].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical feature of early newborn infants with congenital heart disease. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features of 477 newborn infants with congenital heart disease born within seven days out of 28 050 live births in Shaoxing women and children hospital from October 1, 2009 to September 30, 2012. Infants with congenital heart disease were divided into single malformation group (240 cases), composite deformity group (199 cases) and multiple malformations group (38 cases). Differences of clinical feature were compared between the three groups. RESULTS: Atrial septal defect was the most malformation 91.6% (437/477) .Incidence of preterm birth was higher in newborn inants with congenital heart disease [512.23/10 000(134/2 616)] than infants without without congenital heart disease [134.86/10 000 (343/25 434) , P < 0.01]. Proportion of preterm birth among the three congenital heart disease groups was similar (P > 0.05) . The incidence of small for gestational age in congenital heart disease group (10.90%, 52/477) was also significantly higher than those without congenital heart disease group (5.91%, 1 630/27 573, P < 0.01).Small for gestational age with congenital heart disease of complex malformations, multiple malformations groups was higher than that in the single malformation group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Early newborn with atrial septal defect is the most common neonatal congenital heart disease. The incidence of preterm is higher in newborn infants with congenital heart disease. Complex and multiple malformations are linked with small for gestational age birth weight.

Wood-Derived Freestanding Carbon-Based Electrode with Hierarchical Structure for Industrial-Level Hydrogen Production.

The sustainable and scalable fabrication of low-cost, efficient, and durable electrocatalysts that operate well at industrial-level current density is urgently needed for large-scale implementation of the water splitting to produce hydrogen. In this work, an integrated carbon electrode is constructed by encapsulating Ni nanoparticles within N-doped carbonized wood framework (Ni@NCW). Such integrated electrode with hierarchically porous structure facilitates mass transfer process for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Ni@NCW electrode can be employed directly as a robust electrocatalyst for HER, which affords the industrial-level current density of 1000 mA cm-2 at low overpotential of 401 mV. The freestanding binder-free electrode exhibits extraordinary stability for 100 h. An anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) electrolyzer assembled with such freestanding carbon electrode requires only a lower cell voltage of 2.43 V to achieve ampere-level current of 4.0 A for hydrogen production without significant performance degradation. These advantages reveal the great potential of this strategy in designing cost-effective freestanding electrode with monometallic, bimetallic, or trimetallic species based on abundant natural wood resources for water splitting.

Construction of an interface interaction in a g-C3N4/CdS/NiS for photoreforming of plastic and clean hydrogen regeneration.

Converting plastics into organic matter by photoreforming is an emerging way to deal with plastic pollution and produce valuable organic matter. Water shortage can be alleviated by using seawater resources. To solve these problems, we synthesize a ternary heterostructure composite g-C3N4/CdS/NiS. Heterojunctions are formed between graphitized carbon nitride (g-C3N4), cadmium sulfide (CdS) and nickel sulfide (NiS), which effectively improve the problem of fast charge recombination of pure g-C3N4 and CdS. The results of the g-C3N4/CdS/NiS photocatalytic tests show that the hydrogen production rates in seawater and pure water for 5 h are 30.44 and 25.79 mmol/g/h, respectively. In stability test, the hydrogen production rate of the g-C3N4/CdS/NiS in seawater and pure water is similar. This suggests that seawater can replace pure water as a source of hydrogen. While H2 is generated, the lactate obtained by polylactic acid (PLA) hydrolysis is oxidized to form small organic compounds such as formate, acetate and pyruvate. Our study shows that g-C3N4/CdS/NiS can not only use seawater as a hydrogen source to produce H2, but also photoreformate plastics dissolved in seawater into valuable small organic molecules. This has a positive impact on the production and use of clean energy, as well as on plastic pollution and water scarcity.

Removal of perchlorate in water by calcined MgAl-CO3 layered double hydroxides.

Perchlorate is widely known as an inorganic endocrine disruptor. In this study, MgAl-CO3 layered double hydroxides with different Mg/Al molar ratios were prepared using a coprecipitation method and followed by a calcination process at a temperature range of 300 to 700 degrees C. Results showed that the best synthesis conditions were a calcination temperature of 550 degrees C and Mg/Al molar ratio of 3. Further, the adsorbent and its adsorption product were characterized by x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis. The layered double hydroxides structures in the adsorbent were lost during calcination at 550 degrees C but were reconstructed subsequent to adsorption of perchlorate, indicating that the "memory effect" appeared to play an important role in perchlorate adsorption. The perchlorate adsorption pattern was best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, while the Freundlich isotherms appropriately explained perchlorate adsorption data.

Fabrication of bilayer emulsion by ultrasonic emulsification: Effects of chitosan on the interfacial stability of emulsion.

In this study, the stable system of bilayer emulsion was fabricated by ultrasonic emulsification. The effect of chitosan (CS) addition (0.05 %-0.4 %, w/v) at pH 5.0 on the stability of rice bran protein hydrolysate-ferulic acid (RBPH-FA) monolayer emulsion was investigated. It was found that the addition of CS (0.3 %) could form a stable bilayer emulsion. The droplet size was 3.38 µm and the absolute ζ-potential value was 31.52 mV. The bilayer emulsion had better storage stability, oxidation stability and environmental stabilities than the monolayer emulsion. The results of in vitro simulations revealed the bilayer emulsion was able to deliver the ß-carotene to the small intestine digestive stage stably and the bioaccessibility was increased from 22.34 % to 61.36 % compared with the monolayer emulsion. The research confirmed that the bilayer emulsion prepared by ultrasonic emulsification can be used for the delivery of hydrophobic functional component ß-carotene.

Influence of repeated freeze-thaw treatments on the oxidation and degradation of muscle proteins from mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), based on myofibrillar protein structural changes.

The effects of repeated freeze-thaw (F-T) treatments on the oxidation and degradation of muscle proteins from mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were investigated. The myofibrillar fragmentation index, trichloroacetic acid-soluble peptides, total volatile basic nitrogen, amino nitrogen, and carbonyl content of the samples significantly increased (P < 0.05). However, the samples showed a significant reduction in the fragmentation index, myofibrillar protein (MP) solubility, and total sulfhydryl content after five F-T cycles (P < 0.05). Moreover, the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis bands of the MP faded because of the oxidation and degradation of the protein with increasing F-T cycles. By the fifth F-T cycle, the α-helix and ß-turn content significantly decreased by 10.41 % and 5.72 %, respectively (P < 0.05), whereas the ß-sheet and random coil content significantly rose by 7.66 % and 8.47 %, respectively (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the intrinsic fluorescence of the MP showed a substantial decrease in intensity and a redshift. In summary, iterative F-T cycles destroyed the MP structure and caused the oxidation and degradation of muscle proteins from mirror carp.

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Panicle Heterosis in an Elite Hybrid Rice ZZY10 and Its Parental Lines.

Heterosis is the phenomenon in which some hybrid traits are superior to those of their parents. Most studies have analyzed the heterosis of agronomic traits of crops; however, heterosis of the panicles can improve yield and is important for crop breeding. Therefore, a systematic study of panicle heterosis is needed, especially during the reproductive stage. RNA sequencing (RNA Seq) and transcriptome analysis are suitable for further study of heterosis. Using the Illumina Nova Seq platform, the transcriptome of ZhongZheYou 10 (ZZY10), an elite rice hybrid, the maintainer line ZhongZhe B (ZZB), and the restorer line Z7-10 were analyzed at the heading date in Hangzhou, 2022. 581 million high-quality short reads were obtained by sequencing and were aligned against the Nipponbare reference genome. A total of 9000 differential expression genes were found between the hybrids and their parents (DGHP). Of the DGHP, 60.71% were up-regulated and 39.29% were down-regulated in the hybrid. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that 5235 and 3765 DGHP were between ZZY10 and ZhongZhe B and between ZZY10 and Z7-10, respectively. This result is consistent with the transcriptome profile of ZZY10 and was similar to Z7-10. The expression patterns of DGHP mainly exhibited over-dominance, under-dominance, and additivity. Among the DGHP-involved GO terms, pathways such as photosynthesis, DNA integration, cell wall modification, thylakoid, and photosystem were significant. 21 DGHP, which were involved in photosynthesis, and 17 random DGHP were selected for qRT-PCR validation. The up-regulated PsbQ and down-regulated subunits of PSI and PSII and photosynthetic electron transport in the photosynthesis pathway were observed in our study. Extensive transcriptome data were obtained by RNA-Seq, providing a comprehensive overview of panicle transcriptomes at the heading stage in a heterotic hybrid.

Antidiabetic activity of Armillaria mellea polysaccharides: Joint ultrasonic and enzyme assisted extraction.

Armillaria mellea polysaccharides (AMPs) were obtained by ultrasonic assisted extraction (U), enzyme assisted extraction (E) and ultrasonic-enzyme assisted extraction (UE), respectively. The yield of UE-AMPs (6.32 ± 0.14%) was 1.64 times higher than that of U-AMPs (3.86 ± 0.11%) and 1.21 times higher than that of E-AMPs (5.21 ± 0.09%); meanwhile, the highest total sugar content and the lowest protein content were found in UE-AMPs. AMPs obtained from the three extraction methods had the same monosaccharide composition but in different proportions, allowing UE-AMPs to have the most potent antioxidant activity. The antidiabetic activity of UE-AMPs was investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. UE-AMPs, when given by gavage, greatly prevented weight loss, increased water intake, and considerably decreased blood glucose levels in diabetic mice, which were dose-dependent (P < 0.05). In addition, UE-AMPs also had a positive effect on the reduction of lipid levels in the blood, oxidative damage and liver function impairment. The pathological observation by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) revealed that UE-AMPs protected the organs of mice from diabetic complications (liver disease and nephropathy). Hence, our findings demonstrate that UE-AMPs are a suitable choice for improving diabetes and its complications and have great application prospects in the fields of natural medicine and functional food.

Fabrication of emulsions prepared by rice bran protein hydrolysate and ferulic acid covalent conjugate: Focus on ultrasonic emulsification.

The aim of the paper was to investigate the effect of ultrasonic emulsification treatment on the fabrication mechanism and stability of the emulsion. The covalent conjugate made with rice bran protein hydrolysate (RBPH) and ferulic acid (FA) was used as the emulsifier. The effects of high intensity ultrasound (HIU) power with different level (0 W, 150 W, 300 W, 450 W and 600 W) on the stability of emulsion were evaluated. The results showed that ultrasonic emulsification can significantly improve the stability of the emulsions (p < 0.05). The emulsion gained better stability and emulsifying property at 300 W. It was able to fabricate emulsion with smaller particle size, more uniform distribution and higher interfacial protein content. It was confirmed by fluorescent microscopy and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) furtherly. And it was also proved that the emulsion treated by proper HIU treatment at 300 W had better storage stability. Excessive HIU treatment (450 W, 600 W) had negative effects on the stability of emulsion. The stability of emulsion (300 W) against different environmental stresses was further explored, which established a theoretical basis for the industrial application of emulsion in food industry.

OsWHY1 Interacts with OsTRX z and is Essential for Early Chloroplast Development in Rice.

WHIRLY (WHY) family proteins, a small family of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding proteins, are widely found in plants and have multiple functions to regulate plant growth and development. However, WHY in rice has received less attention. In this study, we continued our previous study on OsTRX z that is important for chloroplast development. OsTRX z was discovered to interact with OsWHY1, which was confirmed using yeast two-hybrid, pull-down, and BiFC assays. Subsequently, the oswhy1 mutants were obtained by CRISPR/Cas9, which exhibited an albino phenotype and died after the three-leaf stage. Consistent with this albino phenotype, low amounts of Chl a, Chl b, and Car were detected in the oswhy1-1 mutant. Moreover, the oswhy1-1 mutant had chloroplasts with disrupted architecture and no stacked grana and thylakoid membranes. Subcellular localization showed that the OsWHY1-GFP fusion protein was targeted to the chloroplast. What's more, OsWHY1 was found to be preferentially expressed in young leaves and was involved in chloroplast RNA editing and splicing. Mutation of OsWHY1 significantly affected the expression of chloroplast and ribosome development-related and chlorophyll synthesis-related genes. In conclusion, OsWHY1 contributes to early chloroplast development and normal seedling survival in rice. These results will further elucidate the molecular mechanism of chloroplast development and expand our understanding of WHY1 functions.

Genome-wide and molecular characterization of the DNA replication helicase 2 (DNA2) gene family in rice under drought and salt stress.

Rice plants experience various biotic (such as insect and pest attack) and abiotic (such as drought, salt, heat, and cold etc.) stresses during the growing season, resulting in DNA damage and the subsequent losses in rice production. DNA Replication Helicase/Nuclease2 (DNA2) is known to be involved in DNA replication and repair. In animals and yeast DNA2 are well characterized because it has the abilities of both helicase and nuclease, it plays a crucial role in DNA replication in the nucleus and mitochondrial genomes. However; they are not fully examined in plants due to less focused on plants damage repair. To fill this research gap, the current study focused on the genome-wide identification and characterization of OsDNA2 genes, along with analyses of their transcriptional expression, duplication, and phylogeny in rice. Overall, 17 OsDNA2 members were reported to be found on eight different chromosomes (2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, and 11). Among these chromosomes (Chr), Chr4 contained a maximum of six OsDNA2 genes. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the OsDNA2 gene members were clustered into three different groups. Furthermore, the conserved domains, gene structures, and cis-regulatory elements were systematically investigated. Gene duplication analysis revealed that OsDNA2_2 had an evolutionary relationship with OsDNA2_14, OsDNA2_5 with OsDNA2_6, and OsDNA2_1 with OsDNA2_8. Moreover, results showed that the conserved domain (AAA_11 superfamily) were present in the OsDNA2 genes, which belongs to the DEAD-like helicase superfamily. In addition, to understand the post-transcriptional modification of OsDNA2 genes, miRNAs were predicted, where 653 miRNAs were reported to target 17 OsDNA2 genes. The results indicated that at the maximum, OsDNA2_1 and OsDNA2_4 were targeted by 74 miRNAs each, and OsDNA2_9 was less targeted (20 miRNAs). The three-dimensional (3D) structures of 17 OsDNA2 proteins were also predicted. Expression of OsDNA2 members was also carried out under drought and salt stresses, and conclusively their induction indicated the possible involvement of OsDNA2 in DNA repair under stress when compared with the control. Further studies are recommended to confirm where this study will offer valuable basic data on the functioning of DNA2 genes in rice and other crop plants.

GluR1 phosphorylation and persistent expression of levodopa-induced motor response alterations in the Hemi-Parkinsonian rat.

The phosphorylation of glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) has been increasingly implicated in the formation and maintenance of plastic responses. To investigate molecular mechanisms that underlie the persisting alterations in motor response occurring with levodopa treatment of parkinsonian patients, we evaluated the time course of these changes in relation to the phosphorylation of GluR1 in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned animals. Three weeks of twice-daily levodopa administration to rats shortened the duration of the rotational responses and increased the peak turning responses, which lasted at least 7 days after withdrawal of chronic levodopa treatment. The shortened response duration and increased peak turning, resembling human wearing-off fluctuations and dyskinesia, were associated with a marked increase in Ser-845 phosphorylated GluR1 (pGluR1S845) immunoreactivity in lesioned striatum in response to levodopa treatment. The time course of changes in GluR1 phosphorylation correlated with the time course of changes in motor behavior after withdrawal of chronic levodopa therapy. Our immunostaining data showed that these changes were confined to parvalbumin-positive neurons where GluR1 are exclusively expressed. Both the altered motor response and the degree of pGluR1S845 were attenuated by the intrastriatal administration of protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor Rp-cAMPS or GluR1 antisense oligonucleotides. The results suggest that Ser-845 GluR1 phosphorylation within parvalbumin-positive neurons contributes to the persistence of the motor response alterations produced by chronic intermittent dopaminergic stimulation.