High energy supercapattery with an ionic liquid solution of LiClO4.

A supercapattery combining an ideally polarized capacitor-like electrode and a battery-like electrode is demonstrated theoretically and practically using an ionic liquid electrolyte containing 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tri(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (BMPyrrFAP), gamma-butyrolactone (γ-GBL) and LiClO4. The electrochemical deposition and dissolution of lithium metal on a platinum and glass carbon electrode were investigated in this ionic liquid solution. The CVs showed that the fresh electrochemically deposited lithium metal was stable in the electrolyte, which encouraged the investigation of this ionic liquid solution in a supercapattery with a lithium battery negative electrode. The active material counted specific energy of the supercapattery based on a lithium negative electrode and an activated carbon (Act-C) positive electrode could reach 230 W h kg(-1) under a galvanostatic charge-discharge current density of 1 mA cm(-2). The positive electrode material (Act-C) was also investigated by CV, AC impedance, SEM and BET. The non-uniform particle size and micropores dominated porous structure of the Act-C enabled its electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) behavior in the ionic liquid solution. The measured specific capacitance of the Act-C in this ionic liquid solution is higher than the same Act-C in aqueous solution, which indicates the Act-C can also perform well in the ionic liquid electrolyte.

Improved electrochemiluminescence labels for heterogeneous microbead immunoassay.

Ruthenium(II) complexes with carboxylic acid as a bioconjugatable group, i.e., [Ru(bathophenanthroline disulfonate)(2,2'-bipyridine)(4-methyl-4'-(3-carboxypropyl)-2,2'-bipyridine)](0), (C49H38N6O8S2Ru), and [Ru(bathophenanthroline disulfonate)2(4-methyl-4'-(3-carboxypropyl)-2,2'-bipyridine)](2-) · 2Na(+), (C63H44N6O14S4RuNa2) were characterized spectroscopically and electrochemically. As potential labels for electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassays, the ECL intensities of the free labels in homogenous aqueous buffer solutions were compared under a condition that is similar to the one employed by a commercial clinical immunoassay system. The two labels were found to be more emissive and, thus, can be detected at 10(- 12) pM compared with 5× 10(-12) pM of the label currently used in the commercial ECL system. Furthermore, the improved ECL emission of the free labels in homogenous solutions was proven to be translated into more intense ECL signal in heterogeneous sandwich immunoassay and, thus, leading to a lower limit of detection in immunoassay. The data obtained from these ECL labels shed light on the further development of ECL-based clinical immunoassay technology. Graphical abstract Electrochemiluminescence immunoassays were carried out with three different ruthenium(II) complex labels. It was proved that the higher signal intensities found with the novel labels in homogeneous solutions were maintained in heterogeneous sandwich format.

NMR study on iridium(III) complexes for identifying disulfonate substituted bathophenanthroline regio-isomers.

A series of novel biscyclometalated iridium (III) complexes with an ancillary disulfonated bathophenanthroline (DSBP(2-)) ligand, Ir(L)(2)DSBPNa, L = 2-phenylpyridine (ppy), 2,4-difluorophenylpyridine (fppy), and 1-phenylisoquinoline (piq) were found to have two isomeric forms. The chemical structures of the isomers were determined by the one- and two-dimensional (1)H and (13)C NMR studies. The isomeric state was proved to have originated from the disulfonate-related regio-isomer of the DSBP(2-) ligand.

Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes for Supercapacitor and Supercapattery.

There is a strong desire to replace or complement aqueous and organic electrolytes by ionic liquids (ILs) in electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices to achieve high operating voltages and hence high energy capacity. ILs are regarded as the inherent and competitive electrolytes since they were introduced to the electrochemical research community because they can overcome many disadvantages of the conventional aqueous and organic electrolytes, such as narrow potential windows, volatility, and flammability. This paper reviews critically the recent literatures of IL-based electrolytes used in supercapacitor, supercapattery, and micro-supercapacitor. Supercapattery is a generic term for various hybrid devices combining the merits of rechargeable battery and supercapacitor and often shows capacitive behavior. Fundamentals of supercapattery are briefly explained with typical examples. Micro-supercapacitor falls in the same scope of supercapacitor and supercapattery and shares the same fundamental concerns besides topology or structure. The future of IL-based electrolytes for the capacitive EES devices are also prospected.

Highly efficient electrochemiluminescence from iridium(III) complexes with 2-phenylquinoline ligand.

A series of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with 2-phenylquinoline ligand (1-4) were designed and synthesized, which were thoroughly investigated by the photophysics, electrochemistry, theoretical calculations and electrochemiluminescence (ECL). By incorporating methyl groups into the 2-phenylquinoline, the corresponding complexes 2 and 3 displayed lower oxidative potential and higher HOMO energy levels. Most importantly, compared with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) ([Ru(bipy)3](2+)), these iridium(III) complexes demonstrated more intense ECL in acetonitrile solutions.