Enhancing the Humidity Resistance of Triboelectric Nanogenerators: A Review.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are sustainable energy resources for powering electronic devices from miniature to large-scale applications. However, their output performance and stability can deteriorate significantly when TENGs are exposed to moisture or humidity caused by the ambient environment or human physiological activities. This review provides an overview of the recent research advancements in enhancing the humidity resistance of TENGs. Various approaches have been reviewed including encapsulation techniques, surface modification of triboelectric materials to augment hydrophobicity or superhydrophobicity, the creation of fibrous architectures for effective moisture dissipation, leveraging water assistance for TENG performance enhancement, and other strategies like charge excitation. These research efforts contribute to the improvement of environmental adaptability and lead to expanded practical TENG applications both as energy harvesters and self-powered sensors. The efficacy of these strategies and future challenges are also discussed to facilitate the continued development of resilient TENGs in high humidity environments.

[Correlations between the average Young's modulus and histopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma].

Objective: To explore the histopathological factors affecting the stiffness of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Methods: Ninety-six patients with PTC confirmed by surgery and pathology in Shanxi Bethune Hospital from January 2019 to December 2020 were selected, including 101 nodules. Two-dimensional ultrasound and shear-wave elastography (SWE) were performed before surgery and the average Young's modulus (Emean) of PTC nodules were measured. Histopathological examinations on the nodules were conducted after surgery to decide the lesion size, number of lesions, calcification type, presence or absence of capsular and extracapsular invasion, degree of fibrosis, microvessel density, and number of tumor cells. The correlations between the lesion size, degree of fibrosis, microvessel density, and number of tumor cells and the Emean were analyzed. The Emeans of nodules with different numbers of lesions, presence or absence of capsular and extracapsular invasion, and different pathological calcification types were compared. The multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the histopathological factors influencing the Emean. Results: The ranges of the lesion sizes, degrees of fibrosis, microvascular density, numbers of tumor cells, and the Emeans of the 101 investigated PTC nodules were (1.29±0.95) cm, (30.64±18.37)%, (101.64±30.7) vessels per high power field, (373.52±149.87) cells per high power field, and (36.47±19.62) kPa, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the lesion size of PTC and the degree of fibrosis were positively correlated with the Emean (r=0.660, P＜0.001; r=0.789, P＜0.001), while the microvessel density was negatively correlated with the Emean (r=-0.198, P=0.047). The Emean of the group with capsular and extracapsular invasion was higher than that of the group without (P=0.014). There were statistical differences in the Emeans among different types of pathological calcification (P＜0.001). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that the lesion size (ß=0.325, P＜0.001), degree of fibrosis (ß=0.563, P＜0.001), psammoma bodies (ß=0.177, P=0.001), stromal calcification (ß=0.164, P=0.003), and mixed calcification of both psammoma bodies and stroma (ß=0.163, P=0.003) were independent influencing factors for the Emean. The degree of fibrosis had the greatest impact on the Emean. Conclusions: The Emean of PTC lesions was correlated with the histopathological characteristics of PTC. The lesion size, degree of fibrosis, and calcification had significant impact on the Emean, among which the degree of fibrosis had the greatest impact.

[Study of appropriate cut-off for diagnosis of primary aldosteronism by seated saline suppression test based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry].

Objective: To investigate the appropriate cut-off for diagnosis of primary aldosteronism (PA) by seated saline suppression test (SSST) based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients who underwent SSST for suspected PA in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2018 to March 2022 were evaluated. Briefly, 300 patients with PA and 119 with essential hypertension (EH) were included. Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) after SSST was determined by LC-MS/MS. Primary aldosteronism confirmatory testing (PACT) score was used as the reference standard for diagnosis of PA, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to explore the cut-off value. Results: The average age of the PA group was (50.8±10.5) years, and males accounted for 53.00% (n=159); the average age of the EH group was (49.4±11.2) years, and males accounted for 26.89% (n=32). The area under the ROC curve of PAC post-SSST was 0.819 (95%CI 0.775-0.862). When 40 pg/ml (110.8 pmol/L) was selected as the appropriate cut-off for diagnosis of PA, the sensitivity was 83.67% (95%CI 78.88%-87.56%) and specificity was 60.50% (95%CI 51.10%-69.21%). Thus, 95.09% (155/163) of patients with unilateral PA could be identified. Conclusion: PAC after SSST determined by LC-MS/MS has high efficacy for diagnosis of PA, and 40 pg/ml is recommended as the appropriate cut-off value.

[To determine the value of iMAX, a new electrodiagnostic method, and its application in the evaluation of peripheral motor nerve excitability].

Objective: To test the new method of iMAX (the minimum stimulus current that elicits the maximum compound muscle action potential amplitude) electrodiagnosis, verify the feasibility of this method in evaluating the excitability of peripheral motor axons, and preliminarily explore the clinical application value. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. A total of 50 healthy subjects were recruited from the outpatient department of Peking University Third Hospital from June 2022 to March 2023, including 25 males and 25 females, aged 25-68 (48±8) years. Eleven patients with Charcot-Marie-Pain-1A (CMT1A), 7 males and 4 females, aged 19-55 (41±13) years and 21 patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), 10 males and 11 females, aged 28-79 (53±16) years were enrolled in this study. iMAX of bilateral median nerves, ulnar nerves and peroneal nerves were detected in all patients. Repeatable motor responses with minimum motor threshold and amplitude of at least 0.1 mV and the minimum stimulus current intensity, at which the maximum compound muscle action potential amplitude is elicited, were measured respectively [1 mA increment is called (iUP) and, 0.1 mA adjustment is called (iMAX)].Comparison of the parameters: the parameters of threshold, iUP and iMAX were compared among different age groups, genders and sides, body mass index(BMI) values and detection time , as well as between CMT1A patients, DPN patients and healthy subjects. Results: In healthy subjects, the threshold, iUP value and iMAX value were (1.8±0.7) mA, (4.4±1.2) mA, and (4.2±1.3) mA respectively; ulnar nerve (3.1±1.6) mA, (6.8±3.2) mA, (6.4±3.2) mA; peroneal nerve (3.7±2.0) mA, (7.8±2.8) mA, (7.4±2.9) mA. There were statistically significant differences in threshold, iUP value and iMAX value among different age groups (all P<0.001).With the increase of age, there was a trend of increasing threshold, iUP, and iMAX values in different nerves, and the differences are statistically significant (all P<0.001). There were no significant differences in gender, side and detection time threshold, iUP value and iMAX value (all P>0.05). The parameters of healthy subjects with high BMI value were higher than those of healthy subjects with low BMI value(all P<0.05). Compared with the healthy subjects, the parameters of 11 CMT1A patients were significantly increased (all P<0.05), and the parameters of 21 DPN patients were slightly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion: The new iMAX method reflects the excitability of motor axons and early axonal dysfunction, which is an important supplement to the traditional nerve conduction, and can be used to monitor motor axon excitability disorders.

[Correlation between common driver gene variations and clinicopathological typing in lung adenocarcinoma].

Objective: To correlate the common driver gene variations in primary lung adenocarcinoma with their clinical characteristics and histopathological subtypes. Methods: There were 4 995 cases of primary lung adenocarcinoma diagnosed at Weifang People's Hospital of Shandong Province from January 2015 to December 2021 which were retrospectively analyzed. Among them 1 983 cases were evaluated for their histopathological subtype; 3 012 were analyzed for the correlation of their histopathological subtypes and corresponding driver gene variations, including invasive non-mucinous adenocarcinoma (INMA) and invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA), and morphologically, poorly-differentiated, moderately-differentiated and well-differentiated adenocarcinomas. Next-generation sequencing was used to detect variations in EGFR, KRAS, ALK, RET, ROS1, MET, HER2, or BRAF driver genes. Results: There were 2 384 males and 2 611 females. EGFR and ALK variations were more commonly found in female patients aged 60 years or older, with EGFR mutation rate in clinical stage Ⅰ (25.80%) significantly higher than in other stages (P<0.05). KRAS mutations were more commonly detected in male smokers aged 60 years or older, HER2 mutations were more commonly in patients younger than 60 years, and RET mutations were more commonly in non-smokers (all P<0.05). No correlation was found between ROS1, MET, and BRAF gene variations and their clinical characteristics (P>0.05). For the histopathological subtypes, among the 1 899 cases of acinar adenocarcinoma, EGFR mutation rate was the highest (67.30%) compared to the other genes. Exon 21 L858R and exon 19 del were the main mutation sites in IMA and INMA, with a higher mutation rate at exon 20 T790M (11.63%) in micropapillary adenocarcinoma. In IMA, KRAS had the highest overall mutation rate (43.80%), with statistically significant difference in mutation rates of exon 2 G12D and exon 2 G12V in acinar adenocarcinoma, solid, and IMA (P<0.05). KRAS mutation at various sites were higher in poorly differentiated groups compared to moderately- and well-differentiated groups (P<0.05). HER2 mutations were more commonly observed in acinar adenocarcinoma, papillary, and micropapillary adenocarcinoma of INMA. BRAF mutation was higher in micropapillary adenocarcinoma compared with other types (P<0.05). Conclusions: Variations in EGFR, ALK, KRAS, HER2, and RET in primary lung adenocarcinoma are associated with patients' age, smoking history, and clinical stage, and driver gene mutations vary among different histopathological subtypes. EGFR mutations are predominant in INMA, while KRAS mutations are predominant in IMA.

[Hemodynamic changes with serial balloon pulmonary angioplasty in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension].

Objective: To monitor hemodynamic changes during serial balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Methods: General clinical data of CTEPH patients diagnosed from October 2017 to January 2022 in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital were collected, and 83 patients who underwent at least 1 BPA treatment were included to analyze their 6 min walking distance, WHO functional class, N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide precursor (NT-proBNP), troponin I (cTnI) and haemodynamic indices. Baseline and follow-up after the final BPA clinical data and hemodynamics, functional status and serial hemodynamics before each series of BPA were collected to evaluate the efficacy of BPA for CTEPH patients. Complications and managements were documented to confirm the safety of BPA for CTEPH patients. Results: Three hundred and forty BPA procedures were performed in 83 CTEPH patients. The median number of BPA procedures was 4.0 and a total of 2104 vessels were dilated. In general, mPAP [from 50.0(42.0-55.25) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) to 32.0(27.0-42.0) mmHg, P<0.001], PVR[from (806.6±323.2) dyn·s·cm-5 to 420.0(295.0-613.5) dyn·s·cm-5, P<0.001] were significantly improved compared with baseline, but not CO and CI. Functional parameters including WHO functional class Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ/Ⅳ (from 0/35/34/14 to 43/32/7/1, P<0.001), 6MWD [from 364.5(300.0-429.5)m to 461.0(409.0-501.0)m, P<0.001], NT-proBNP [from 1 357.0(232.0-2 715.0) ng/L to 141.0(57.0-627.8) ng/L,P<0.001] were significantly improved compared with baseline. A cumulative (compared to baseline) and serial (compared to preceding BPA session) analysis of the sequential BPA session confirmed that a major hemodynamic improvement in PVR and mPAP occurred in the first 3 serial BPA treatments. There was a dose-response relationship: the more segments that were treated, the greater were the subsequent reduction in PVR and mPAP. There were 32.0 complications (9.4%) associated with BPA procedures, and the most common complication was pulmonary hemorrhage caused by catheter-related vascular injury. Conclusions: BPA is an effective and safe alternative for technically non-operable CTEPH patients. The hemodynamic benefits of BPA in CTEPH patients were cumulative and correlated with the total number of vessels successfully dilated.

[Clinical application of Neuroform Atlas stent-assisted coiling in the treatment of unruptured wide-neck intracranial aneurysms].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of Neuroform Atlas stent used in treatment of unruptured wide-neck intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: Clinical data of 62 patients with unruptured wide-neck intracranial aneurysms undergoing Neuroform Atlas stent-assisted coiling from August 2020 to September 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 64 aneurysms in those 62 patients. Among them, 25 aneurysms were located at the bifurcation of M1 segment on middle cerebral artery, 16 at the anterior communicating artery, 10 at the C7 segment of internal carotid artery, 5 at the C6 segment of internal carotid artery, 4 at the apex of basilar artery, 3 at the A3 segment of anterior cerebral artery, and 1 at the M2 segment of middle cerebral artery. All the patients underwent Neuroform Atlas stent-assisted coiling, including 49 patients with single stent assisted coiling and 15 patients with dual stents assisted coiling (14"Y"style and 1"X"style). After the procedure, the immediate DSA was performed to evaluate the status of aneurysm occlusion and the parent artery patency. The clinical follow-up was performed 3 months after the operation and evaluated based on the modified Rankin Scale(mRS).DSA image was reviewed at 6 months after operation and Raymond grading scale was used to assess the status of aneurysm occlusion and the parent artery patency. RESULTS: A total of 62 patients with 64 aneurysms were all achieved technical success(100%).The immediate post-procedural Raymond scale was assessed, including Raymond Ⅰ in 57 aneurysms(89.1%, 57/64), Raymond Ⅱ in 6 aneurysms(9.3%, 6/64) and Raymond Ⅲ in 1 aneurysm(1.6%, 1/64). The peri-procedural complications rate was 4.8%(3/62), 2 patients developed intraoperative thrombosis and 1 patient suffered from local subarachnoid hemorrhage. Among them, 55 patients obtained 3 months clinical follow-up after operation and all the patients had good outcomes (mRS≤2), 50 patients with 52 aneurysms were followed up with DSA 6 months after operation, including Raymond Ⅰ in 45 aneurysms(86.5%, 45/52), Raymond Ⅱ in 4 aneurysms(7.7%, 4/52) and Raymond Ⅲ in 3 aneurysms(5.8%, 3/52). CONCLUSION: Neuroform Atlas stent for the treatment of unruptured wide-neck intracranial aneurysms has high safety and good efficacy, and has its advantages over other traditional stents.

[Analysis of different protein expression levels in peripheral blood circulating tumor cells from patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and their predictive efficiency for recurrence].

Objective: To analyze the expression levels of differentiation cluster 47 (CD47), signal regulatory protein α (SIRP-α), proto-oncogene (MYC) and proliferating cell associated antigen (Ki67) proteins in peripheral blood circulating tumor cells (CTC) from patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and their predictive efficiency for tumor recurrence. Methods: The data of 82 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who were confirmed by histopathology and were in remission after chemotherapy in the Hematology Department of Linyi People's Hospital from January 2018 to January 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 44 males and 38 females, and aged from 50 to 75 (63.8±4.6) years. The patients were divided into recurrent group (n=36) and non-recurrent group (n=46) according to their recurrence within 1 year after remission. The fasting peripheral venous blood samples (4 ml) from patients in the morning were collected, and the CTC were isolated. The expression levels of CD47, SIRP-α, MYC and Ki67 proteins in CTC were detected by Western blotting. The correlations between CD47 expression level and SIRP-α, MYC and Ki67 expression levels were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. The predictive efficiency of CD47, SIRP-α, MYC and Ki67 expression levels on tumor recurrence was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and the areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated. Results: The expression levels of CD47, SIRP-α, MYC and Ki67 in recurrent group were 2.24±0.23, 1.17±0.12, 1.98±0.20 and 2.63±0.27, while those in non-recurrent group were 2.04±0.21, 1.31±0.13, 1.53±0.16 and 2.24±0.25. The expression levels of CD47, MYC and Ki67 in the recurrent group were higher than those in the non-recurrent group, while the expression levels of SIRP-α were lower than those in the non-recurrent group (all P<0.001). In 82 patients, the expression levels of CD47, SIRP-α, MYC and Ki67 were 2.13±0.22, 1.25±0.13, 1.73±0.18 and 2.41±0.26, respectively. The expression level of CD47 was negatively correlated with the expression level of SIRP-α (r=-0.308, P=0.005), but positively correlated with the expression level of MYC and Ki67 (r=0.484 and 0.332, P=0.012 and 0.003). The sensitivity of CD47, SIRP-α, MYC and Ki67 expression levels in predicting recurrence of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was 66.7%, 72.2%, 72.2% and 66.7%, with the specificity of 67.4%, 71.7%, 67.4% and 71.7%, and AUC (95%CI) of 0.694 (0.582-0.791), 0.693 (0582-0.790), 0.714 (0.603-0.808) and 0.709 (0.598-0.804), respectively. The sensitivity of the combined detection of the above four indicators was 83.3%, with the specificity of 78.3% and the AUC (95%CI) of 0.864 (0.771-0.930), which was higher than those of the individual detection of each indicator (all P<0.05). Conclusions: The expression level of CD47 was negatively correlated with the expression level of SIRP-α, but positively correlated with the expression level of MYC and Ki67. The expression levels of CD47, SIRP-α, MYC and Ki67 have certain predictive value for tumor recurrence in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and the predictive efficiency of combined detection is higher than single indicator detection.

[The optimal examination duration for the detection of epileptiform discharge in outpatient video-electroencephalography].

Objective: To determine the optimal examination duration by evaluating the detection rate of epileptiform discharges (EDs) with different examination duration of video-electroencephalography (EEG) in outpatients. Methods: Patients with EDs who underwent 4-hour EEG examination from Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from October 2020 to November 2021 were retrospectively enrolled, and the detection rates of EDs were calculated with examination duration of 0-0.5 h, 0-1 h, 0-2 h, 0-3 h, and 0-4 h (group A, B, C, D and E), respectively. For each patient, EDs in each hour (group H1, group H2, group H3, group H4) were counted, and the standardized amount of EDs was calculated. For each patient, EDs in wakefulness, drowsiness, non-rapid eye movement-Ⅰ (NREM-Ⅰ), NREM-Ⅱ and NREM-Ⅲ were counted, and the standardized amount of EDs in each state was calculated. Meanwhile, the sleep duration per hour of each patient was also counted (group H1', group H2', group H3', group H4'). The Wilcoxon paired test was used for intergroup comparison to determine the optimal examination duration. Results: A total of 80 patients were enrolled, and aged [M(Q1, Q3)]31 (21, 39) years (range: 5-68 years). There were 38 males and 42 females. The detection rate of EDs was 42.5% (34/80) in group A, 81.3% (65/80) in group B, and 100.0% (80/80) in group C, group D and group E, respectively. The standardized amount of EDs of H1, H2, H3 and H4 was 24.8% (7.8%, 44.2%), 41.5% (25.9%, 63.3%), 15.1% (1.3%, 27.8%) and 1.3% (0, 14.5%), respectively. The standardized amount of EDs of H2 was significantly higher than that of H1, H3 and H4 (all P<0.05). The standardized amount of EDs in wakefulness, drowsiness, NREM-Ⅰ, NREM-Ⅱ and NREM-Ⅲ were 9.6% (0, 28.2%), 3.6% (0, 16.9%), 3.3% (0, 11.8%), 47.3% (21.9%, 72.5%) and 0 (0, 11.5%), respectively. The standardized amount of EDs in NREM-Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in wakefulness, drowsiness, NREM-Ⅰ and NREM-Ⅲ (all P<0.05). The sleep duration in the group of the H1', H2', H3' and H4' was 13.6 (2.5, 23.6), 35.8 (16.5, 54.2), 14.5(0, 34.7) and 0 (0, 14.6) minutes, respectively. The sleep duration in the group of the H2' group was significantly longer than that in the group of H1', H3' and H4' (all P<0.05). Conclusion: The study recommends 2 hours video-EEG in outpatients, which not only ensures the detection rate of EDs, but also facilitates patient cooperation and optimizes the allocation of medical resources.

[Clinical analysis of 11 cases of pregnancy with aortic dissection].

Objective: To investigate the treatment and maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnant women with aortic dissection (AD). Methods: The clinical data of 11 pregnant women with AD treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University from January 1st, 2011 to August 1st, 2022 were collected, and their clinical characteristics, treatment plans and maternal and fetal outcomes were analyzed retrospectively. Results: (1) Clinical characteristics: the age of onset of 11 pregnant women with AD was (30±5) years old, and the week of pregnancy of onset was (31.4±8.0) weeks. Clinical manifestations: the main symptoms were sudden onset of chest and back pain or low back pain. Type of AD: 8 cases of Stanford type A, and 3 cases of type B. The aortic width was (42±11) mm. Diagnostic methods: the diagnosis of AD was confirmed by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), computed tomography angiography (CTA) or enhanced CT examination, among which 4 cases were confirmed by CTA examination, 4 cases by TTE examination, and 3 cases by enhanced CT examination. Laboratory results: white blood cell count was (15.4±8.7) ×109/L, neutrophil count was (13.5±8.5) ×109/L, the median D-dimer level was 2.7 mg/L (2.1-9.2 mg/L), and the median fibrin degradation products level was 12.0 mg/L (5.4-36.1 mg/L). (2) Treatments: all 11 patients were admitted to hospital in emergency. Before operation, the departments of cardiac surgery, obstetrics, pediatrics and anesthesiology cooperated to develop individualized treatment plan. Aortic surgery was performed in 11 pregnant women with AD. In 6 of them, pregnancy termination was performed at the same time as aortic surgery, and aortic surgery was performed after cesarean section. Four cases of pregnancy termination and aortic operation were performed by stages, including aortic operation after cesarean section in 2 cases, and cesarean section after aortic operation in 2 cases. One case (12+6 weeks of gestation) had spontaneous abortion on the day after aortic surgery. The gestational age of the 11 patients on pregnancy termination was (32.9±7.4) weeks. Aorta surgical methods: 7 patients received under extracorporeal circulation ascending aorta replacement ± aortic valve replacement ± coronary artery transplantation (or coronary artery bypass transplantation)± left and right coronary Cabrol + total arch replacement (or aortic arch replacement)± stent implantation, 1 patient received under extracorporeal circulation aortic root replacement, and 3 patients underwent aortic endoluminal isolation. (3) Maternal and fetal outcomes: among the 11 pregnant women with AD, 9 (9/11) survived, 2 (2/11) died with lower limb ischemia before the onset of the disease. A total of 10 newborns were born in 9 pregnant women after delivery (1 of them was twins), and the 2 cases were spontaneous abortion after aortic surgery in the first trimester (12+6 weeks) and fetal death after hysterotomy in the second trimester (26+3 weeks), respectively. Among the 10 surviving neonates, 3 were full-term infants and 7 were premature infants. The birth weight of newborn was (2 651±784) g. Respiratory distress syndrome was found in 6 cases. The newborns were followed up for (5.6±3.6) years after birth, and the infants developed well during the follow-up period. Conclusions: Pregnancy complicated with AD is dangerous, and chest and back pain is the main clinical manifestation of this disease. With early identification and selection of appropriate diagnostic methods, multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment, mother and children could obtain good outcomes.

[Burden of non-communicable diseases attributable to population aging in China, 1990‒2050].

Objective: The direction and intensity of population aging on the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in China from 1990 to 2019 were analyzed, and the burden of NCDs in 2050 was predicted. Methods: The disease-specific disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) in the Chinese population from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study.The differences in indicators from 1990 to 2019 were attributed to the contribution of age structure, population size, and all other causes. The Bayesian age-time-cohort models were used to predict DALYs from NCDs to 2050. Results: The absolute level of DALYs caused by NCDs increased by 7.460 million from 1990 to 2019, and the age structure contributed 186.0% (95% Uncertainty Intervals (UIs): 178.4%-193.6%), population size contributed 77.0% (95% UIs: 69.5%-80.8%), all other causes contributed -163.0% (95% UIs:-163.1%- -159.3%). DALYs caused by NCDs consist of 2.527 million YLLs and 4.934 million YLDs, in which the contribution of age structure to YLLs and YLDs was 414.6% (95% UIs: 396.2%-432.5%) and 69.1% (95% UIs: 66.7%-71.4%), respectively. From 2019 to 2050, the diseases with increased DALYs due to changes in age structure are cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms, chronic respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, sense organ diseases, diabetes and kidney diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, digestive diseases, mental disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases in descending order. Conclusions: From 1990 to 2019, except for skin and subcutaneous diseases, the burden of other NCDs attributable to population aging increased, mainly due to disability. By 2050, the burden of NCDsattributable to population aging will continue to rise.

[Attach great importance to the significance of serum anti-müllerian hormone and androgen in the evaluation of polycystic ovary syndrome].

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disease in women of childbearing age, which seriously affects women's reproductive health. In recent years, more and more studies have found that serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) has certain significance in the diagnosis and treatment evaluation of PCOS. In addition, with the improvement of detection methods, more attention has been paid to the significance of female androgens and AMH in the evaluation of PCOS. This article reviews the recent research progress of serum AMH and androgens in the evaluation of PCOS.

[Effects of long working hours exposure on occupational stress and depression symptoms in couriers in Zhejiang Province].

Objective: To understand the current situation of long working hours exposure of couriers in Zhejiang Province, and to analyze the influence of long working hours exposure levels on their occupational stress and depression symptoms, and provide a basis for promoting the physical and mental health of couriers. Methods: From September to December 2021 , 1159 couriers from Zhejiang Express Transport Companies were selected as respondents by cluster sampling, and their basic information were collected. The occupational stress and depression symptoms of the couriers were assessed using the Core Occupational Stress Scale (COSS) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The effects of long work hours (>48 h per week) on the occupational stress and depression symptoms of the couriers were analyzed. Results: The average age of 1159 courier in Zhejiang Province was (33.24±8.42) years, the average weekly working hours were (63.21±18.77) h, and 75.15% (871/1159) were long-term workers. The detection rates of occupational stress and depression symptoms in courier were 32.44% (376/1159) and 32.53% (377/1159), respectively. There were significant differences in the detection rates of occupational stress and depression symptoms among couriers with different ages, educational background, marital status, monthly average income, length of service, position or post, shift status, drinking status, and average weekly working hours (P <0.05). The adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for the influence of confounding factors such as age, educational background, marital status, monthly average income, length of service, position or post, shift status and drinking status, compared with the weekly working hours ≤48 h, weekly working hours of 63-77 h, 78-92 h, ≥93 h were the risk factors for occupational stress (OR=1.547, 95%CI: 1.019-2.350; OR=1.886, 95%CI: 1.184-3.006; OR=2.338, 95%CI: 1.188-4.062) and depression symptoms (OR=1.897, 95%CI: 1.258-2.860; OR=2.041, 95%CI: 1.290-3.230; OR=4.978, 95%CI: 2.551-9.715) of couriers (P<0.05) . Conclusion: Long working hours could increase the risk of occupational stress and depression symptoms among couriers. It is necessary to arrange working hours reasonably to reduce the occurrence of occupational stress and depression symptoms of couriers.

Investigation on knowledge level about rational use of antimicrobial drugs among pharmacists in medical institutions in Shanxi province, China.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pharmacist's knowledge about rational use of antimicrobials in Shanxi of China, so as to find out the problems and provide support for the management of antimicrobials. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted, which included the basic information of the respondents, the basic knowledge about antimicrobial management and the related knowledge about antimicrobial drugs. SPSS 25.0 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 462 pharmacists were investigated. The average score of the knowledge related to rational use of antimicrobials was 10.49 ± 4.05. It showed that the hospital type, grade, pharmacist's education, professional title and years of experience had effect on the pharmacist's knowledge level about antimicrobial drugs (P < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that hospital grade and pharmacist's education were the main influencing factors (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Pharmacists have insufficient knowledge about the rational use of antibacterial drugs. It is essential to strengthen the training in management regulations and application of antibacterial drugs.

[Role of hyperglycemia-induced 5-hydroxytryptamine degradation of hepatic stellate cells in hepatic inflammation and fibrosis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-related hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice were used to establish T2DM model by high-fat diet feeding combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Then, the mice with hyperglycemia were still fed with high-fat diet for nine weeks, and treated with or without 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) antagonist sarpogrelate hydrochloride (SH) and 5-HT synthesis inhibitor carbidopa (CDP) (alone or in combination). To observe the role of 5-HT in the myofibroblastization of hepa-tic stellate cells (HSCs), human HSCs LX-2 were exposed to high glucose, and were treated with or without SH, CDP or monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitor clorgiline (CGL). Hematoxylin & eosin and Masson staining were used to detect the pathological lesions of liver tissue section, immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to analyze protein expression, biochemical indicators were measured by ELISA or enzyme kits, and levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by fluorescent probe. RESULTS: There were up-regulated expressions of 5-HT2AR, 5-HT synthases and MAO-A, and elevated levels of 5-HT in the liver of the T2DM mice. In addition to reduction of the hepatic 5-HT levels and MAO-A expression, treatment with SH and CDP could effectively ameliorate liver lesions in the T2DM mice, both of which could ameliorate hepatic injury and steatosis, significantly inhibit the increase of hepatic ROS (H2O2) levels to alleviate oxidative stress, and markedly suppress the production of transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) and the development of inflammation and fibrosis in liver. More importantly, there was a synergistic effect between SH and CDP. Studies on LX-2 cells showed that high glucose could induce up-regulation of 5-HT2AR, 5-HT synthases and MAO-A expression, increase intracellular 5-HT level, increase the production of ROS, and lead to myofibroblastization of LX-2, resulting in the increase of TGF-ß1 synthesis and production of inflammatory and fibrosis factors. The effects of high glucose could be significantly inhibited by 5-HT2AR antagonist SH or be markedly abolished by mitochondrial 5-HT degradation inhibitor CGL. In addition, SH significantly suppressed the up-regulation of 5-HT synthases and MAO-A induced by high glucose in LX-2. CONCLUSION: Hyperglycemia-induced myofibroblastization and TGF-ß1 production of HSCs, which leads to hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in T2DM mice, is probably due to the up-regulation of 5-HT2AR expression and increase of 5-HT synthesis and degradation, resulting in the increase of ROS production in mitochondria. Among them, 5-HT2AR is involved in the regulation of 5-HT synthases and MAO-A expression.

[Efficacy of selective bronchial occlusion in the treatment of intractable pneumothorax].

Objective: To analyze the effect of selective bronchial occlusion (SBO) in the treatment of intractable pneumothorax. Methods: A total of 86 patients with refractory pneumothorax treated with SBO in the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021 were included in this study. The basic information, diagnosis and treatment of the patients were collected and analyzed based on their inpatient records. Results: The age of the subjects was (62±11) years old, and 83 cases (96.5%) were male. The first time SBO cure rate was 30.2% (26/86). The effective rate of the first time SBO treatment was 38.4% (33/86), and the final cure rate of SBO was 59.3% (51/86). The total cure rate of SBO combined with other therapies was 73.3% (63/86). The median time [M (Q1, Q3)] from the first plugging to the complete cessation of air leakage in SBO cured patients was 6.5 (3, 7) days, which was shorter than that in the final extubation patients after SBO [11 (7, 19) days] (H=30.24, P<0.001). The median [M (Q1, Q3)] length of hospital stay of the first SBO cured patients was 19 (14, 25) days, which was shorter than that of all patients [28 (19, 37) days] (H=12.89, P=0.002). The median [M (Q1, Q3)] hospitalization expenses of patients with first SBO cure, effective SBO treatment and ineffective SBO treatment were 23 187 (18 906, 27 798), 41 580 (29 388, 50 762) and 38 462 (27 542, 51 720) yuan, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (H=18.58, P<0.001). The incidence of complications after SBO was 7.59% (11/145). Conclusion: SBO has good efficacy and relative high safety in the treatment of intractable pneumothorax.

microRNA-29b mediates Th17/Treg imbalance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by targeting IL-22.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways induced mainly by cigarette smoking. In the current study, cigarette smoke extract (CSE) was used to develop an in vitro COPD model using human bronchial epithelium (HBE) cells to expound the possible role of microRNA-29b (miR-29b) in COPD. Firstly, miR-29b and interleukin (IL)-22 expression was assessed in serum of 20 healthy non-smokers, 20 healthy smokers and 20 COPD patients as well as CSE-treated HBE cells. Then, miR-29b and IL-22 expression was altered to evaluate their functions in Th17/Treg ratio. miR-29b inhibited Th17/Treg ratio and levels of IL-22; whereas overexpression of IL-22 reversed these trends. Moreover, rescue experiments found that IL-22 neutralized the repressive effects of miR-29b on Th17/Treg ratio and inflammatory response. Finally, we found that miR-29b blocked the JAK/STAT3 pathway in CSE-treated HBE cells. These data highlighted that miR-29bs modulated Th17/Treg imbalance in CSE-induced experimental COPD through inhibition of IL-22-dependent JAK/STAT3 pathway.

High-yield strain of fusidic acid obtained by atmospheric and room temperature plasma mutagenesis and the transcriptional changes involved in improving its production in fungus Fusidium coccineum.

AIMS: To obtain the high-yield strain of fusidic acid, which is produced from fungus Fusidium coccineum and is the only fusidane-type antibiotic that has been used clinically, and confirm the changes in the transcription levels involved in increasing its production. METHODS AND RESULTS: By using the atmospheric and room temperature plasma mutagenesis technology, a high-yield mutant strain of fusidic acid-producing fungus F. coccineum was obtained. Using the genomic analysis of the original strain based on biosynthetic pathways of ergosterol and helvolic acid, we demonstrate that the pathway involved in the biosynthesis of 2,3-oxidosqualene from acetyl coenzyme A was shared by fusidic acid and ergosterol, and fusidic acid was finally synthesized by the catalysis of multiple cytochrome P450s and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase from 2,3-oxidosqualene. Then, through the transcriptomic analysis of the original and mutagenized strain, it revealed that the proposed pathway from sucrose to fusidic acid was the most significantly up-regulated in the transcription levels of the mutant strain. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in the transcription levels of fusidic acid during its biosynthesis might result in high-yield of fusidic acid in the mutant strain. This is the first report on the whole biosynthetic pathway of fusidic acid in F. coccineum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study obtain the genetic basis for the biosynthesis of fusidic acid which could be beneficial for the molecular modifications of F. coccineum to further increase its yield by fermentation in future, and established the foundation to reveal the mechanism of the high-yield of the mutant strain.

[Clinical characteristics of central nervous system involvement in IgG4 related diseases].

OBJECTIVE: To improve the understanding of the clinical characteristics of immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) with central nervous system (CNS) involvement, so as to contribute to the early diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: In this study, 10 patients with IgG4-RD with CNS involvement were selected. Clinical data including demographic features, clinical manifestations, organ involvement, laboratory findings, radiological results, pathology, treatments and outcomes were collected retrospectively. RESULTS: Among the 10 IgG4-RD patients complicated with CNS involvement, 6 cases manifested as pituitary involvement and 4 cases manifested as dural involvement. Only 2 patients had nervous system involvement alone, while the left patients were complicated with other organ involvement besides nervous system. Half of the patients presented nervous system involvement as the initial manifestation, and the main symptoms of nervous system included polydipsia, polyuria, headache, decreased vision and so on. In the laboratory examination, the serum IgG4 level was increased in 9 cases (90.0%), and the total serum IgE was increased in 7 cases (87.5%). At the same time, their IgG, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were increased, while complement (C) 3 and C4 were decreased in some patients. Eight patients underwent tissue biopsies in different parts, the pathological examination showed a large number of lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration, accompanied by fibrous tissue proliferation in part. All the patients were treated with glucocorticoids, and 8 cases (80%) were given immunosuppressants at the same time, and 3 cases were treated with rituximab when they expe-rienced disease relapse. As a result, 2 cases (20%) achieved complete remission (CR), and 8 cases (80%) achieved partial remission (PR). The median follow-up time was 13.5 months, and 4 cases relapsed. CONCLUSION: Pituitary and dura are common affected organs of IgG4-RD with CNS involvement. Most IgG4-RD patients with CNS involvement are combined with other organ involvement, but half of them presented nervous system involvement as the initial manifestation, and the symptoms are not typical. In order to make an early diagnosis, laboratory, imaging examination and tissue biopsy should be taken into consideration in combination if necessary.

[Clinical characteristics and related factors of human respiratory syncytial viruses infection in premature infants within 2 years after birth in Shenzhen Children's Hospital].

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics and factors associated with human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infection in preterm infants within the first 2 years of life. Methods: Children with respiratory tract infections admitted to Shenzhen Children's Hospital during the 3-year period from January 2016 to December 2018 who were <2 years old and whose gestational age at birth was <37 weeks were selected, and those who met the diagnostic criteria for RSV infection were categorized as the positive case group, and those who had no detectable influenza virus, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus antigens were categorized as the negative group. The clinical characteristics of the case group were retrospectively analyzed. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to analyze the associated factors. Results: A total of 1, 483 children were included, of whom 149 (10.1%) were HRSV positive (case group) and 447 (30.1%) were in the negative group (control group). In the case group, there were 88 (59.1%) male and 61 (40.1%) female children; 127 children (85.2%) in the mild-to-moderate disease group and 22 children (14.8%) in the severe disease group. The number of cases in the severe disease group was greater than that in the mild-to-moderate disease group [(17 cases, 77.3%) than (59 cases, 46.5%)], with statistical significance (P=0.010). A total of 117 cases (78.5%) had onset from February to July. Multivariable analysis showed that males [OR (95%CI) of 0.105 (0.013-0.112)], age at month [0.045 (0.036-0.112)], congenital heart disease [0.388 (0.206-0.940)] and bronchopulmonary dysplasia [0.622 (0.484-0.927)] were positively associated with HRSV infection in preterm infants. Conclusion: The high prevalence of HRSV infection in preterm infants in Shenzhen is from February to July each year, and male children are more common. Young age, congenital heart disease and bronchopulmonary dysplasia are all independent risk factors for HRSV infection in preterm infants.