Severe Allergy as a Chronic Inflammatory Condition From a Systems Biology Perspective.

Persistent and unresolved inflammation is a common underlying factor observed in several and seemingly unrelated human diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Particularly, in atopic conditions, acute inflammatory responses such as those triggered by insect venom, food or drug allergies possess also a life-threatening potential. However, respiratory allergies predominantly exhibit late immune responses associated with chronic inflammation, that can eventually progress into a severe phenotype displaying similar features as those observed in other chronic inflammatory diseases, as is the case of uncontrolled severe asthma. This review aims to explore the different facets and systems involved in chronic allergic inflammation, including processes such as tissue remodelling and immune cell dysregulation, as well as genetic, metabolic and microbiota alterations, which are common to other inflammatory conditions. Our goal here was to deepen on the understanding of an entangled disease as is chronic allergic inflammation and expose potential avenues for the development of better diagnostic and intervention strategies.

Microbiome and Allergy: New Insights and Perspectives.

The role of the microbiome in the molecular mechanisms underlying allergy has become highly relevant in recent years. Studies are increasingly suggesting that altered composition of the microbiota, or dysbiosis, may result in local and systemic alteration of the immune response to specific allergens. In this regard, a link has been established between lung microbiota and respiratory allergy, between skin microbiota and atopic dermatitis, and between gut microbiota and food allergy. The composition of the human microbiota is dynamic and depends on host-associated factors such as diet, diseases, and lifestyle. Omics are the techniques of choice for the analysis and understanding of the microbiota. Microbiota analysis techniques have advanced considerably in recent decades, and the need for multiple approaches to explore and comprehend multifactorial diseases, including allergy, has increased. Thus, more and more studies are proposing mechanisms for intervention in the microbiota. In this review, we present the latest advances with respect to the human microbiota in the literature, focusing on the intestinal, cutaneous, and respiratory microbiota. We discuss the relationship between the microbiome and the immune system, with emphasis on allergic diseases. Finally, we discuss the main technologies for the study of the microbiome and interventions targeting the microbiota for prevention of allergy.

Microbiome and Allergy: New Insights and Perspectives

The role of the microbiome in the molecular mechanisms underlying allergy has become highly relevant in recent years. Studies areincreasingly suggesting that altered composition of the microbiota, or dysbiosis, may result in local and systemic alteration of the immuneresponse to specific allergens. In this regard, a link has been established between lung microbiota and respiratory allergy, between skinmicrobiota and atopic dermatitis, and between gut microbiota and food allergy.The composition of the human microbiota is dynamic and depends on host-associated factors such as diet, diseases, and lifestyle. Omics arethe techniques of choice for the analysis and understanding of the microbiota. Microbiota analysis techniques have advanced considerablyin recent decades, and the need for multiple approaches to explore and comprehend multifactorial diseases, including allergy, has increased.Thus, more and more studies are proposing mechanisms for intervention in the microbiota.In this review, we present the latest advances with respect to the human microbiota in the literature, focusing on the intestinal, cutaneous,and respiratory microbiota. We discuss the relationship between the microbiome and the immune system, with emphasis on allergic diseases.Finally, we discuss the main technologies for the study of the microbiome and interventions targeting the microbiota for prevention of allergy. (AU)

El papel del microbioma en los mecanismos moleculares de las enfermedades alérgicas se ha vuelto muy relevante en los últimos años.Cada vez más estudios sugieren que una composición alterada de la microbiota, o disbiosis, puede resultar en una alteración local ysistémica de la respuesta inmune a alérgenos específicos. En este sentido, se ha establecido un vínculo entre la microbiota pulmonar y laalergia respiratoria, así como la microbiota cutánea y el desarrollo de dermatitis atópica, y la microbiota intestinal y la alergia alimentaria.La composición de la microbiota humana es dinámica y depende de diversos factores asociados al huésped como la dieta, las enfermedadesy el estilo de vida, entre otros. Para el análisis y comprensión de la microbiota, las ómicas son las técnicas de elección. En las últimasdécadas, las técnicas de análisis de microbiota han tenido un gran avance y han aumentado la necesidad de múltiples enfoques paraexplorar y comprender las enfermedades multifactoriales, incluidas las enfermedades alérgicas. De esta manera, cada vez son más losestudios que proponen mecanismos de intervención sobre la microbiota de pacientes.En esta revisión, presentamos los últimos avances encontrados en la literatura sobre la microbiota humana, centrándose en las microbiotasintestinal, cutánea y respiratoria. Discutimos la relación entre el microbioma y el sistema inmunológico, con especial énfasis en lasenfermedades alérgicas. Finalmente, discutimos las principales tecnologías para el estudio del microbioma y los estudios de intervencióndirigidos a la microbiota propuestos para la prevención de alergias. (AU)