Effects of different light conditions on morphological, anatomical, photosynthetic and biochemical parameters of Cypripedium macranthos Sw.

In this study, the morphological (plant height, leaf length and width, stem diameter and leaf number), anatomical (epidermal cell density and thickness, Stomatal length and width), photosynthetic (net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, relative humidity, leaf temperature and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters) and biochemical parameters (the content of soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline, malondialdehyde and electrical conductivity) of Cypripedium macranthos Sw. in Changbai Mountain were determined under different light conditions (L10, L30, L50, L100). The results showed that morphological values including plant height, leaf area, stem diameter and leaf number of C. macranthos were smaller under the condition of full light at L100. The epidermal cell density and epidermal thickness of C. macranthos were the highest under L30 and L50 treatments, respectively. It had the highest net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and chlorophyll content under L50 treatment. Meanwhile, correlation analysis indicated that photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and water use efficiency (WUE) were the main factors influencing Pn. C. macranthos accumulated more soluble sugars and soluble proteins under L100 treatment, while the degree of membrane peroxidation was the highest and the plant was severely damaged. In summary, the adaptability of C. macranthos to light conditions is ranked as follows L50 > L30 > L10 > L100. Appropriate light conditions for C. macranthos are 30%-50% of full light, which should be taken into account in protection and cultivation.

Niche and phenotypic differentiation in fern hybrid speciation, a case study of Pteris fauriei (Pteridaceae).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Niche differentiation is a crucial issue in speciation. Although it has a well-known role in adaptive processes of hybrid angiosperms, it is less understood in hybrid ferns. Here, we investigate whether an intermediate ecological niche of a fern hybrid is a novel adaptation that provides insights into fern hybrid speciation. METHODS: Pteris fauriei (Pteridaceae) is a natural hybrid fern, occurring in environments between its parent species. The maternal Pteris minor is found in sunny areas, but the habitat of the paternal Pteris latipinna is shady. We combined data from morphology, leaf anatomy and photosynthetic traits to explore adaptation and differentiation, along with measuring the environmental features of their niches. We also performed experiments in a common garden to understand ecological plasticity. KEY RESULTS: The hybrid P. fauriei was intermediate between the parent species in stomatal density, leaf anatomical features and photosynthetic characteristics in both natural habitats and a common garden. Interestingly, the maternal P. minor showed significant environmental plasticity and was more similar to the hybrid P. fauriei in the common garden, suggesting that the maternal species experiences stress in its natural habitats but thrives in environments similar to those of the hybrid. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the similar niche preferences of the hybrid and parents, we propose hybrid superiority. Our results indicate that the hybrid P. fauriei exhibits greater fitness and can compete with and occupy the initial niches of the maternal P. minor. Consequently, we suggest that the maternal P. minor has experienced a niche shift, elucidating the pattern of niche differentiation in this hybrid group. These findings offer a potential explanation for the frequent occurrence of hybridization in ferns and provide new insights into fern hybrid speciation, enhancing our understanding of fern diversity.

[Acute and chronic rhinosinusitis age characteristics]. / Vozrastnye osobennosti techeniya ostrogo i khronicheskogo rinosinusita.

Children's and adults' rhinosinusitis are two diseases that have both similarities and differences in anatomy, epidemiology, causes, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. At the same rhinosinusitis is one of the most common in otorhinolaryngology's practice, both in children and adults. The of adults paranasal sinuses (PNS) anatomy differs from children's PNS anatomy. Although ostiomeatal complex occlusion is recognized as a major cause of poor ventilation and drainage of the adult paranasal sinuses, it does not have a strong effect on pediatric rhinosinusitis, but adenoids play a key role. Adenoids are bacteria and biofilms reservoirs that cause chronic refractory rhinosinusitis regardless of pharyngeal tonsil size. The prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is lower in children than in adults. Diagnosis of children's rhinosinusitis is more difficult because nasal cavity endoscopic examination is performed rarely due to the occasional need of general anesthesia during the procedure. Moreover, it's necessary to take into account prevailing etiological role of viruses in ARS at children's age and chronic adenoiditis often accompanies pediatric CRS, which requires attention prescribing medical therapy as the basis of rhinosinusitis treatment. The DysheLORz based on Pelargonium sidoides roots is highly effective and safe for children's and adults ARS and CRS treatment, both as monotherapy and in combination with topical steroids and antibiotics. This herbal medicine immunomodulatory effect is mediated mainly by stimulating the production of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-12 and IFN-γ. It activates macrophages and improves their phagocytic activity. IL-12, together with TNF-α, enhances NK and cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes' activity against infected cells. IL-12 effect on Th1 lymphocytes maturation provides a link between innate and adaptive immunity. This is also increasing MCP-1, IP-10 and MIP-1ß chemokines synthesis and decreasing MIP-1α, ENA-78, GROα and IL-8 production in PNS and nasal mucosa. This leads to decrease of neutrophils chemotaxis to the inflammation site, and decline of serine proteases concentration (neutrophils main enzymes), that increases mucous membrane epithelial barrier permeability, reducing bacterial infections risk. Additionally, Pelargonium sidoides increases epithelial cells beating cilia frequency and inhibits hemagglutinin and neuraminidase present on influenza virus surface. The drug increases antimicrobial peptides production as defensins, human neutrophil peptides (HNP) and bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (BPI), which is also important for rapid inflammation regression in rhinosinusitis. It causes bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells inhibition, phagocytosis stimulation, nitric oxide (NO) release and oxidative burst. The medicine had a direct effect on Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenza. Based on these data, it is possible to explain the high effectiveness and safety of the drugs based on Pelargonium sidoides in ENT organs inflammation treatment, for both adults and children over 1 year old.

Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a novel Anatomical classification and dUal anchoRing theory to Optimize the tavR strategy for pure severe Aortic regurgitation (AURORA): a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Success rate of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in aortic regurgitation (AR) patients is relatively low on account of the absence of calcified anchoring structures. Morphological classification and corresponding TAVR strategies for AR are lacking yet. METHODS: The AURORA study is a prospective, multicenter, single-arm cohort study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transfemoral TAVR for severe AR in patients with high or prohibitive risk for surgery. Patients who are ≥ 65 years and diagnosed with severe pure AR as defined by the Echocardiographic Core Laboratory will be consecutively enrolled for further multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scanning and multiplanar analyses. Based on a new anatomical classification and dual anchoring theory, patients will be classified into 4 types according to the level of the anchoring area. Types 1, 2 and 3 (at least 2 anchoring areas) will undergo the TAVR procedure with a domestic Chinese self-expanding valve (VitaFlow Valve, MicroPort, Shanghai, China), whereas type 4 (0 or 1 anchoring area) patients will be considered unsuitable for TAVR and will receive medical treatment. Our goal is to recruit 100 patients to account for 10% missing data or loss of patients to follow-up. Procedural, 30-day, 6-month and 12-month outcomes will be assessed according to Valve Academic Research Consortium-3 criteria. DISCUSSION: The AURORA study will establish a new AR anatomical classification based on dual anchoring theory through MDCT multiplanar measurement and assess the safety and efficacy of TAVR guided by this new classification and strategy in AR patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This Study was registered at Chinses Clinical Trial Registry. The registration number: ChiCTR2200055415; The date of registration: 9, January 2022; The URL of the registration: http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=141209 .

An anatomical study of so-called fibrous bands around the ulnar nerve distal to the cubital tunnel.

BACKGROUND: Fibrous bands (FB) are structures that cross the ulnar nerve (UN), distal to the cubital tunnel (CT). In surgical decompression of the UN in the elbow region, by endoscopy, these FB significantly impact UN visibility. The aim of the current study was to characterize the anatomical characteristics of these FB distal to the CT. METHODOLOGY: Eighteen formalinized upper limbs were dissected, nine right and nine left, within the Department of Anatomy of the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO). The dissections were performed with micro techniques, under a magnifying glass and a microscope. Classical UN exposure was established in the elbow region. RESULTS: Of the 18 upper limbs studied, 50% lacked any FB. When present, both the number and location of the FB varied, as near to the cubital tunnel as 3 cm past the UN's entrance into the tunnel, and as far away as almost 11 cm distal to it. Overall, there were no FB on either the left or right side in three cadavers (33.3%), FB on both the left and right side in three, and FB only on the left in three, meaning that FB were twice as common in left limbs (n = 6) as on the right (n = 3). CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified FB in 50% of the dissected limbs, all within 3-11 cm of the CT, though their number and location varied. Further studies are necessary to describe FB variations associated with compressive neuropathies of the UN distal to the CT.

[Research on thorax impact injury of children at different ages based on finite element models].

The pediatric cadaver impact experiments were reconstructed using the validated finite element(FE) models of the 3-year-old and 6-year-old children. The effect of parameters, such as hammer size, material parameters and thorax anatomical structure characteristics, on the impact mechanical responses of 3-year-old and 6-year-old pediatric thorax was discussed by designing reasonable finite element simulation experiments. The research results showed that the variation of thorax contact peak force for 3-year-old group was far larger than that of 6-year-old group when the child was impacted by hammers with different size, which meant that 3-year-old child was more sensitive to hammer size. The mechanical properties of thoracic organs had little influence on the thorax injury because of the small difference between 3-year-old and 6-year-old child in this research. During the impact, rib deformation led to different impact location and deformation of internal organs because the 3-year-old and 6-year-old children had different geometrical anatomical structures, such as different size of internal organs. Therefore, the injury of internal organs in the two groups was obviously different. It is of great significance to develop children finite element models with high biofidelity according to its real anatomical structures.

Comparative analysis of foliar epidermal anatomical traits and their taxonomic relevance in Lilium pumilum, L. brownii, and L. davidi.

The anatomical traits of plant species are essential for taxonomic analyses and evolutionary evaluations. Clarifying the anatomical characteristics of the foliar epidermis in three distinct Lilium species L. pumilum Delile, L. brownii F.E.Br. ex Miellez and L. davidii Duch. ex Elwes were studied in this article. The objective is to assess the taxonomic relevance of these characteristics and their potential as indicators of species divergence within the genus Lilium. Plant samples were gathered in Gansu, China, from numerous populations of each species that represented a range of climatic and ecological factors. A microscopic analysis employing thin slices and peel mounts was done to assess the stomatal density and dimensions. Significant interpopulation differences in stomatal features were found in the results, offering potential opportunities for taxonomic discrimination. The species differ in qualitative and quantitative characters to differentiate the three species. The links between the observed anatomical characteristics and species classification within the Lilium genus were clarified for the three studied species. In the end, this research advances knowledge of Lilium taxonomy, aids in conservation efforts, and deepens awareness of the general patterns of plant variety. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Epidermal Traits Aid Taxonomy: Cell shape, arrangement, and structures aid Lilium Identification. Cuticle Reveals Taxonomic Clues: Thickness, composition, and structure inform classification. Micromorphology for Species ID: Cell shape, wax, and striations differentiate Lilium species.

Variation in photosynthetic capacity of Salvia przewalskii along elevational gradients on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China.

Elevational variation in plant growing environment drives diversification of photosynthetic capacity, however, the mechanism behind this reaction is poorly understood. We measured leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, anatomical characteristics, and biochemical traits of Salvia przewalskii at elevations ranging from 2400 m to 3400 m above sea level (a.s.l) on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. We found that photosynthetic capacity showed an initial increase and then a decrease with rising elevation, and the best state observed at 2800 m a.s.l. Environmental factors indirectly regulated photosynthetic capacity by affecting stomatal conductance (gs), mesophyll conductance (gm), maximum velocity of carboxylation (Vc max), and maximum capacity for photosynthetic electron transport (Jmax). The average temperature (T) and total precipitation (P) during the growing season had the highest contribution to the variation of photosynthetic capacity of S. przewalskii in subalpine areas, which were 25% and 24%, respectively. Photosynthetic capacity was mainly affected by diffusional limitations (71%-89%), and mesophyll limitation (lm) played a leading role. The variation of gm was attributed to the effects of environmental factors on the volume fraction of intercellular air space (fias), the thickness of cell wall (Tcw), the surface of mesophyll cells and chloroplasts exposed to intercellular airspace (Sm, Sc), and plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIPs, PIP1, PIP2), independent of carbonic anhydrase (CA). Optimization of leaf tissue structure and adaptive physiological responses enabled plants to efficiently cope with variable climate conditions of high-elevation areas, and the while maintaining high levels of carbon assimilation.

A data-mining study on the prediction of head injury in traffic accidents among vulnerable road users with varying body sizes and head anatomical characteristics.

Body sizes and head anatomical characteristics play the major role in the head injuries sustained by vulnerable road users (VRU) in traffic accidents. In this study, in order to study the influence mechanism of body sizes and head anatomical characteristics on head injury, we used age, gender, height, and Body Mass Index (BMI) as characteristic parameters to develop the personalized human body multi-rigid body (MB) models and head finite element (FE) models. Next, using simulation calculations, we developed the VRU head injury dataset based on the personalized models. In the dataset, the dependent variables were the degree of head injury and the brain tissue von Mises value, while the independent variables were height, BMI, age, gender, traffic participation status, and vehicle speed. The statistical results of the dataset show that the von Mises value of VRU brain tissue during collision ranges from 4.4 kPa to 46.9 kPa at speeds between 20 and 60 km/h. The effects of anatomical characteristics on head injury include: the risk of a more serious head injury of VRU rises with age; VRU with higher BMIs has less head injury in collision accidents; height has very erratic and nonlinear impacts on the von Mises values of the VRU's brain tissue; and the severity of head injury is not significantly influenced by VRU's gender. Furthermore, we developed the classification prediction models of head injury degree and the regression prediction models of head injury response parameter by applying eight different data mining algorithms to this dataset. The classification prediction models have the best accuracy of 0.89 and the best R2 value of 0.85 for the regression prediction models.

Hereditary Anatomical Risk Factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries.

INTRODUCTION:  Genetic and anatomical factors have been reported as risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. This study aimed to investigate anatomical characteristics in family members sustaining ACL injuries, compared with age- and sex-matched patients with simple meniscus injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS:  Medical records of 1548 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction were reviewed. Cases of ACL injury occurring in first-degree relatives were selected. Forty-one patients from 20 families were included in the study (F-ACL group). Fifty patients with meniscus injuries were included as controls. Anatomical factors comprising posterior-inferior tibial slope (PITS), notch width index (NWI), notch angle (NA), and intercondylar notch roof inclination angle (RA) were compared between groups. The correlation of these anatomical factors between parent and child or siblings was also investigated. RESULTS:  The 41 patients (20 families) consisted of 12 parent-child pairs and 29 siblings (13 pairs and one trio). Injuries occurred during playing the same sport in 11 families (55%). PITS was significantly steeper in the F-ACL group (9.9 vs. 7.8 degrees). NWI and NA were significantly smaller in the F-ACL group (0.262 vs. 0.278 and 50.5 vs. 58.8 degrees). RA was significantly greater in the F-ACL group (130 vs. 126.9 degrees). A positive correlation in NA (r = 0.677) and a weak correlation in NWI and RA were observed between family members. CONCLUSIONS:  Common anatomical risk factors of ACL injury exist within families, including intercondylar notch stenosis and steep posterior tibial slope. The findings suggest the potential for developing effective ACL injury prevention programs targeting these risk factors.

Focal atrial tachycardias originating from the aorta-mitral continuity: Anatomical and electrophysiological characteristics.

BACKGROUND: The aorta-mitral annulus conjunction (AMC) is an uncommon site of origin of focal atrial tachycardias (ATs). Hence, the electrophysiological and ablation target characteristics are poorly described. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of AMC ATs in detail. METHODS: The study enrolled 650 patients with ATs, 21 (3.2%) of whom had ATs originating from the AMC. A comprehensive evaluation, including electrocardiography, electrophysiology study, computed tomography scan, and intracardiac echocardiography, was performed. RESULTS: The majority (19, 90.5%) of ATs occurred spontaneously. The mean age of this group was 48.9 ± 21.6 years, with 12 being female (57.1%). Seventeen patients had a typical biphasic P wave with a prominent positive component. The earliest activation site in the right atrium was near the His bundle, with average activation -10.3 ± 6.0 ms preceding the P wave. The successful ablation targets were distributed as follows: 1 case at 9 o'clock, 6 cases at 10 o'clock, 7 cases at 11 o'clock, 6 cases at 12 o'clock, and 1 case in the left coronary cusp. The local AMC potential differed from the commonly perceived annular potential and was characterized by a prominent A wave and a smaller V wave (atrial-to-ventricular ratio > 1). The angle of encroachment on the left atrial anterior wall, compressed by the left coronary cusp, was significantly smaller in the AMC ATs group than in the control group consisted of 40 patients who underwent coronary artery CT scans because of the chest pain but without atrial arrhythmias were randomly selected, which may have contributed to the arrhythmia substrate (141.7° ± 11.5° vs 155.2° ± 13.9°; P = .026). CONCLUSION: A new strategy for mapping AMC ATs has been introduced. The ablation target should have an atrial-to-ventricular ratio of >1.

Anatomical characteristics and significance of the metopism and Wormian bones in dry adult-Chinese skulls.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the incidence, topographical distribution, morphology, and interrelationship of the metopism and Wormian bones (WBs) in dry adult-Chinese skulls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 285 dried adult-Chinese skull specimens from the Department of Anatomy at the Southern Medical University were examined. The incidence of different types of metopism and WBs were recorded. The length of the metopic suture was measured using a flexible ruler. Additionally, the lengths and widths of the WBs were measured using a vernier calliper. RESULTS: The incidence of metopism and WBs in Chinese adults were estimated at 10.18% (29/285) and 63.86% (182/285), respectively. The metopism always accompanied WBs (26/29, 89.66%), but the WBs did not necessarily accompany metopism (26/182, 14.29%). The locations of the WBs in the order of decreasing incidence were the lambdoid suture (78.57%, 143/182), pterion (34.62%, 63/182), asterion (12.09%, 22/182), lambda (8.24%, 15/182), sagittal suture (4.95%, 9/182), and Inca bone (3.85%, 7/182). These locations differed in topographical distribution and morphological patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Chinese adults differ in incidence of metopism and WBs from adults of other races, indicating racial differences. The characteristics of WBs vary depending on the cranial site of occurrence. The metopism always accompanies WBs, but the WBs do not necessarily accompany metopism.

Xylem anatomical responses of Larix Gmelinii and Pinus Sylvestris influenced by the climate of Daxing'an mountains in Northeastern China.

Wood anatomy and plant hydraulics play a significant role in understanding species-specific responses and their ability to manage rapid environmental changes. This study used the dendro-anatomical approach to assess the anatomical characteristics and their relation to local climate variability in the boreal coniferous tree species Larix gmelinii (Dahurian larch) and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (Scots pine) at an altitude range of 660 m to 842 m. We measured the xylem anatomical traits (lumen area (LA), cell wall thickness (CWt), cell counts per ring (CN), ring width (RW), and cell sizes in rings) of both species at four different sites Mangui (MG), Wuerqihan (WEQH), Moredagha (MEDG) and Alihe (ALH) and investigated their relationship with temperature and precipitation of those sites along a latitude gradient. Results showed that all chronologies have strong summer temperature correlations. LA extremes were mostly associated with climatic variation than CWt and RWt. MEDG site species showed an inverse correlation in different growing seasons. The correlation coefficient with temperature indicated significant variations in the May-September months at MG, WEQH, and ALH sites. These results suggest that climatic seasonality changes in the selected sites positively affect hydraulic efficiency (increase in the diameter of the earlywood cells) and the width of the latewood produced in P. sylvestris. In contrast, L. gmelinii showed the opposite response to warm temperatures. It is concluded that xylem anatomical responses of L. gmelinii and P. sylvestris showed varied responses to different climatic factors at different sites. These differences between the two species responses to climate are due to the change of site condition on a large spatial and temporal scale.

Anatomical characteristics of aortic valve diseases: Implications for transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Background: The etiology of aortic stenosis (AS) significantly impacts transcatheter heart valve (THV) implantation, with rheumatic etiology posing challenges. The concept of valve anchoring during transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for patients with aortic regurgitation (AR) remains unclear. Objective: This study aims to investigate the clinical and CT anatomical characteristics of various aortic valve diseases. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on consecutive patients who underwent CT for severe aortic diseases between April 2019 and February 2023. CT analysis was performed in eight anatomical landmarks: left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), aortic annulus, sinus of Valsalva (SOV), sinotubular junction (STJ), ascending aorta (AAO), coronary height, aortic angle, and aortic valve calcification volume. Results: 121 patients with severe aortic valve disease were included, divided into AS (71 cases, 59%) and AR (50 cases, 41%) groups. In patients with AR, the absolute diameters of the annulus, LVOT, SOV, STJ, and AAO, as well as the heights of SOV and STJ and the cardiac angle, are larger than those in patients with AS (all P < 0.05). In normalized aortic root dimensions, the AR group had a higher SOV and STJ diameter-to-annulus ratio than the AS group (STJ-SOV-annulus: 1.51-1.44-1.00 vs 1.33-1.28-1.00). The bicuspid and rheumatic AS groups had smaller sinuses (STJ-SOV-annulus:1.27-1.35-1.00, 1.17-1.30-1.00, respectively), necessitating the downsizing of the THV. For 74% of AR patients, the sinotubular junction could not be used as a second anchoring zone, and anchoring relied primarily on the annulus. Conclusions: Patients with rheumatic etiology require smaller valves, and anchoring in AR patients depends on the valve annulus. These structural characteristics will influence TAVR selection.

The Insertion of Threaded Acetabulum Components: Indications According to Specific Acetabulum Anatomy and Methods to Avoid Pitfalls.

New-generation threaded acetabulum components have been used in total hip arthroplasty (THA) with good outcomes. We have extensively used the EcoFit® SC cup (Implantcast, Buxtehude, Germany) in our practice. In this report, we present some major complications related to the use of this implant, as well as insights regarding the surgical technique to avoid such adverse effects. Furthermore, we attempt to describe certain contraindications for using threaded cups in THA, taking into account specific patient anatomy and intraoperative acetabulum preparation. We have observed acetabulum roof and posterior wall fractures, as well as incomplete placement of the component. Ensuring the meticulous preparation of the peripheral rim of the acetabulum is crucial to prevent incomplete placement since threaded components have a larger diameter than that of the reamers used to prepare the acetabulum. Additionally, when dealing with the acetabula where the posterior or anterior walls have thinned, it is advisable to refrain from using a threaded cup to avoid the risk of intraoperative fractures caused by the torque forces exerted during implant insertion.

Applications of scanning electron microscopy in taxonomy with special reference to family Euphorbiaceae.

The present study was carried out to identify the 20 medicinally important species of family Euphorbiaceae by the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the foliar anatomical characteristics. Both qualitative and quantitative measurements for the anatomical characters like epidermal cells, stomata, trichomes, and subsidiary cells on both abaxial(ab) and adaxial(ad) epidermis were recorded. Remarkable variations in these anatomical features had been observed among the studied Euphorbiaceae species. Most species had epidermal cells irregular or polygonal in shape, only five species had hexagonal cells, that is, Euphorbia neriifolia L., Euphorbia prostate Aiton, Jatropha integerrima Jacq., Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.), and Euphorbia royleana Boiss. Stomata were abundant on abaxial epidermis as compared to adaxial epidermis. E. prostate Aiton, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotzsch and Phyllanthus emblica L. possessed anomocytic stomata, and Euphorbia helioscopia L., Euphorbia cotinifolia L., E. neriifolia L., and Ricinus communis L. possessed anisocytic stomata, while rest of the species had paracytic stomata. Trichomes were present in very few species including Euphorbia hirta L., E. prostate Aiton, E. pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotzsch, and Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Similarly, variations were also reported by quantitative features such as E. helioscopia L. can be distinguished from E. hirta on the basis of length of epidermal cells, that is, 103.4 ± 0.15 and 74.9 ± 0.55 µm, respectively. Moreover, E. pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotzsch had trichomes with the length of 408 ± 0.55 µm and P. roxburghii Wall. had trichome with the length of 314.2 ± 1.35 µm, respectively. These findings confirmed that taxonomic utility of the anatomical traits for the identification of studied Euphorbiaceae taxa.

Anatomical Characteristics of Cutaneous Branches Extending From the Second Dorsal Metacarpal Artery.

BACKGROUND: A second dorsal metacarpal artery cutaneous branches flap is often used to repair skin defects in the hand. The location of the cutaneous branch of that artery is very critical for the removal of the flap. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the origin of the cutaneous branches of the second dorsal metacarpalartery and the distribution characteristics of the radial and ulnar side to provide an anatomical basis for designing a flap. METHODS: Sixteen upper limb specimens were perfused with latex. Four specimens were infused with ethyl acetate plus plastic, and four specimens were perfused with red latex to create pellucid specimens. The origin, travel paths, and distribution of the cutaneous branches of the second dorsal metacarpal artery were anatomically observed, and we measured the length of the cutaneous branch from the midpoint of the second web space edge. We also measured the diameters and pedicle lengths of the radial and ulnar distributions of cutaneous branches of the second dorsal metacarpal artery. RESULTS: The cutaneous branches of the second dorsal metacarpal artery were mainly clustered at three positions, the second cluster point was at 43.9%, the fourth cluster point was at 61.2%, and the fifth cluster point was at 72.1%. The first cluster point was at 30.8% and the sixth cluster point was at 85.6%. The diameter and pedicle length of the sixth cluster point were the largest. There was no significant difference in the distribution of the diameters and pedicle lengths of the cutaneous branch between the radial and ulnar side. The second dorsal metacarpal artery sent out 1-2 cutaneous branches before the tendon joint, and formed a blood vessel anastomosis with other cutaneous branches located further from the tendon joint. The dorsal branch of the radial nerve in the hand extended a nerve branch at the wrist joint and traveled between the cutaneous branches of the second dorsal metacarpal artery to dominate the corresponding skin. CONCLUSION: Three clusters in the distal second dorsal metacarpal artery were selected to be the flap pedicle containing a cutaneous nerve for use in repairing a skin defect in the hand and fingers.

Significance of leaf morphoanatomical markers for the authentication of adultered drugs sold in herbal markets of district Lahore, Pakistan.

A number of herbal plants sold in herbal markets of Lahore are under adulteration threat which can pose harmful health effects to end-user. This adulteration problem of medicinal plants can be resolved by the implication of some valuable taxonomic parameter such as leaf epidermal anatomical characteristics. Hence, this research was aimed to provide viable anatomical markers in order to resolve this adulteration issue persisted in some common marketed medicinal plants of district Lahore, that is, Cinnamomum verum Presl., Cinnamomum tamala (Buuch.-Ham.) T.Nees&Eberm., Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br.ex Sm., Sphaeranthus indicus Linn., Artemisia maritima Linn., Achillea millifolim L., Adhatoda vasica Nees, Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub, and Morus nigra L. Overall multiple anatomical variations (epidermal cell shape, their length and width, type of stomata, length and width of guard cells along with presence or absence of trichomes) had been reported in the study that could be worthwhile for the correct identification of medicinal plants. Irregular shapes of epidermal cells were observed in Cinnamomum verum and Achillea millifolium while pentagonal and polygonal cells were found in their adultaerants, that is, Canella winterana and Adhatoda vasica, respectively. Types of stomata were also strikingly varied among genuine plant and its adulterant, for example, anisocytic stomata were observed in Artemisia maritima while in its adulterant (Artemisia absinthium) anomocytic stomata were found. Similarly, paracytic stomata were observed in Butea monosperma, whereas its adulterant plant (Averrhoa carambola) characteristically possessed anisocytic stomata. Hence, anatomical characteristics were proved to be a valuable taxonomic tool in resolving the adulteration issue of medicinal plants.

Relationship between lens parameters and ocular anatomical characteristics in myopia patients / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM:To investigate the relationship among lens parameters and their correlation with ocular anatomic characteristics in myopia patients implanted with posterior-chamber phakic implantable collamer lens(Phakic-ICL).METHODS:Retrospective study. A total of 46 myopia patients(46 eyes)who underwent Phakic-ICL implantation were collected in the Wuxi Huaxia Eye Hospital from June 2022 to June 2023. Preoperative evaluation of ocular anatomical characteristics included corneal central thickness(CCT), anterior chamber depth(ACD), axial length(AL), white-to-white(WTW), horizontal sulcus to sulcus(STSH), horizontal angle to angle(ATAH), and vertical sulcus to sulcus(STSV), vertical angle to angle(ATAV). Furthermore, lens parameters included horizontal crystalline lens rise(CLRH), vertical CLR(CLRV)and vertical lens thickness(LTV). The difference, consistency and correlation of the above parameters were analyzed.RESULTS:Except for differences between WTW and STSV, STSH and ATAV, which were not statistically significant(all P&#x003E;0.05), the other horizontal and vertical ocular anatomical characteristics were statistically significant(P&#x003C;0.05). CLRH and CLRV had statistically significant difference(P&#x003C;0.01), while LTH and LTV were not statistically significant difference(P&#x003E;0.05). Bland-Altman results revealed that the anatomical characteristics in the horizontal or vertical diameters showed poor consistency. The consistency between CLRH and CLRV was poor. There was consistency between LTH and LTV, with the 95% limits of agreement(LoA)between the differences ranging from -0.21 to 0.28 mm, and the proportion of out-of-line points off the 95% LoA was 4.35%. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that there were correlations between the anatomical characteristics of the horizontal and vertical diameters(P&#x003C;0.01). Meanwhile, there was no correlation between the anteroposterior diameters(P&#x003E;0.05). There were correlations between the lens parameters(P&#x003C;0.05), excepted for the CLRH, LTH and LTV, which had no correlation. AL correlated with the anatomical characteristics of the horizontal and vertical diameters(P&#x003C;0.05), but it had no correlation with lens parameters(P&#x003E;0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that LT=0.419+0.017×age-0.548×ACD+0.371×ATAH+0.884×CLRV, CLRH=-0.443+0.809×CLRV, CLRV=-0.092-0.200×ATAH+0.560×CLRH(corrected R2=0.458, 0.482, 0.589, respectively).CONCLUSION:Horizontal and vertical diameters were not interchangeable. CLRH and CLRV were not interchangeable, while LTH and LTV were interchangeable. Partial lens parameters, WTW, STS, and ATA were correlated with ACD. Finally, age, ACD, ATAH, and CLRV influenced LT.

An Applied Anatomical Study on the Inferior Extensor Retinaculum of Ankle / Un Estudio de Anatomía Aplicada del Retináculo Extensor Inferior del Tobillo

SUMMARY: Through anatomical observations, the anatomical characteristics of the inferior extensor retinaculum of ankle (IER) of the ankle joint were elucidated, and its potential applications in treating lateral ankle instability or other conditions were discussed. A total of 12 adult foot specimens were dissected to expose the inferior extensor retinaculum of ankle, and a standard model was established. The pre-experimental scheme guided the recording of general findings, adjacent structures, lateral attachment in the tarsal sinus region, and influence on movement of inferior tendons. 1, attachment mean width: lateral band of IER 6.6±1.38 mm, oblique superomedial band of IER (32.3±3.97 mm), oblique inferomedial band of IER (30.0±5.30 mm) ; 2, mean length: lateral band of IER (78.1±4.20 mm) , oblique superomedial band of IER (14.2±0.80 mm), oblique inferomedial band of IER (71.8±2.61 mm); 3, maximum mean thickness: lateral band of IER (1.52±0.03 mm), oblique superomedial band of IER (0.89±0.05 mm), oblique inferomedial band of IER (0.73±0.16 mm); 4, the closest distance between IER and the tip of lateral malleolus: 23.9±0.83 mm; 5, mean width of the fiber tunnel:lateral fiber tunnel (11.9±1.16 mm), intermedium fiber tunnel (6.8±1.24 mm), medial fiber tunnel (8.6±0.79 mm); 6, mean distance from tunnel midpoint to lateral malleolar tip: lateral fiber tunnel (38.0±3.74 mm), intermedium fiber tunnel (69.8±4.15 mm), medial fiber tunnel (181.1±6.00 mm); 7, the distance between medial dorsal cutaneous nerve and the tip of lateral malleolus on the level of the IER (79.2±8.3 mm) the distance between intermediate cutaneous nerve of dorsum and the tip of lateral malleolus on the level of the IER (57.9±1.02 mm). The inferior extensor retinaculum of ankle is a crucial restraint unit of the anterior ankle tendon, and a comprehensive understanding of its anatomical characteristics holds significant implications for treating chronic ankle instability and exploring potential clinical applications.

A través de observaciones anatómicas, se dilucidaron las características anatómicas del retináculo extensor inferior (IER) de la articulación del tobillo y se discutieron sus posibles aplicaciones en el tratamiento de la inestabilidad lateral de esta articulación u otras afecciones. Se disecaron 12 muestras de pies de individuos adultos para exponer el retináculo extensor inferior del tobillo y se estableció un modelo estándar. El esquema preexperimental guió el registro de los hallazgos generales, las estructuras adyacentes, la inserción lateral en la región del seno tarsal y la influencia en el movimiento de los tendones inferiores. Se determino: 1. Ancho medio de inserción: banda lateral de IER (6,6 ± 1,38 mm), banda superomedial oblicua de IER (32,3 ± 3,97 mm), banda inferomedial oblicua de IER (30,0 ± 5,30 mm); 2. Longitud media: banda lateral de IER (78,1 ± 4,20 mm), banda superomedial oblicua de IER (14,2 ± 0,80 mm), banda inferomedial oblicua de IER (71,8 ± 2,61 mm); 3. Espesor medio máximo: banda lateral de IER (1,52 ± 0,03 mm), banda superomedial oblicua de IER (0,89 ± 0,05 mm), banda inferomedial oblicua de IER (0,73 ± 0,16 mm); 4. Distancia más próxima entre IER y el ápice del maléolo lateral: (23,9 ± 0,83 mm); 5.Ancho medio del túnel de fibra: túnel de fibra lateral (11,9 ± 1,16 mm), túnel de fibra intermedio (6,8 ± 1,24 mm), túnel de fibra medial (8,6 ± 0,79 mm); 6. Distancia media desde el punto medio del túnel hasta la punta del maléolor lateral: túnel de fibra lateral (38,0 ± 3,74 mm), túnel de fibra intermedio (69,8 ± 4,15 mm), túnel de fibra medial (181,1 ± 6,00 mm); 7. Distancia entre el nervio cutáneo dorsal medial y el a´pice del maléolo lateral en el nivel del IER (79,2 ± 8,3 mm); la distancia entre el nervio cutáneo intermedio dorsal y el ápice del maléolo lateral en el nivel del IER (57,9 ±1,02 mm). El retináculo extensor inferior del tobillo es una unidad de restricción crucial del tendón anterior del tobillo, y una comprensión integral de sus características anatómicas tiene implicaciones significativas para el tratamiento de la inestabilidad crónica del tobillo y la exploración de posibles aplicaciones clínicas.