The context and historical correlations of the origin and development of the oldest continually existing residential alcohol treatment model ("Apolinar model") in Central Europe from 1948 to 1960.

Building upon the tradition of the oldest specialized programs, the "Apolinar model" of alcohol treatment influenced the emergence and development of residential treatment programs in what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Similarly to the socialist concept of unitary economy, this approach was applied in all emerging treatment programs until the Velvet Revolution. To identify and describe the key factors determining the origin and development of residential alcohol treatment and what became known as the Apolinar model in the context of the development of the addiction-specific institutional infrastructure. Qualitative content analysis of retrieved historical documents was used to identify and establish the sources and data. The relevant documents were identified and compiled according to their thematic relationship with the focus of the research in terms of their place and time of origin and authorship. The Apolinar model represented a compact and unique treatment approach. This was owed to both foreign and local experience, ideas and inspiration, which the program drew on. The key figure behind the Apolinar model was Jaroslav Skála. In addition to achieving the maximum that was possible at the time and creating a homogeneous, original, and successful residential alcohol treatment model, Skála succeeded in establishing valuable international links and kept his facility and the emerging Czechoslovak addiction professional community in contact with the latest international trends and leading institutions.

Estado poblacional del cucarachero de pantano, Cistothorus apolinari (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae) en siete humedales de la Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia

Introduction: The Apolinar's Wren Cisthotorus apolinari is an endemic species of the Eastern Andes of Colombia currently classified as Critically Endangered (CR) at the national level and Endangered (EN) worldwide, mainly due to the degradation of wetlands, their primary habitat, and the parasitism of the nests. Objetive: Evaluate the state of the populations of C. apolinari in seven wetlands of the Sabana de Bogotá, searching to define what the areas evaluated mean that it hosts the largest population of the species and what other factors determine these population sizes. Methods Between July and December 2014 in seven wetlands we monitoring carried out using counting points and auditory censuses, the abundance of the Apolinar's Wren was recorded, the vegetation cover where the individuals were recorded and the abundances of Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis. Results: There were 63.6 h of observation and 88 counting points, obtain a nine records of C. apolinari , one individual in Tibanica, three in La Florida and five in Gualí, mainly associated with the reed Schoenoplectus californicus. None of the biotic and abiotic factors evaluated in the wetlands, were found to determine the presence of the Apolinar's Wren, but trends were present for some variables as the presence of S. californicus and Thypa spp. Conclusions: The population of C. apolinari has had a significant reduction of up to 94 %, added to a possible local extinction in the wetland of La Conejera. These results seek to provide relevant information to contribute to the formulation of effective conservation measures for the protection of the species and its habitat throughout its distribution in the country.