In-Situ Formed Electron Inhibitor Enabling Dendrite-free Garnet Electrolytes: A Case Study of Fumed Silica.

Ta-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZTO) solid-state electrolytes (SEs) show great promise for solid-state batteries due to its high conductivity and safety. However, one of the challenges it faces is lithium dendrite propagation upon long-term cycling. To address this issue, we propose the incorporation of fumed silica (FS) at the grain boundaries of LLZTO to modify the properties of the garnet pellet, which effectively inhibits the dendrite growth. The introduction of FS has demonstrated several beneficial effects. Firstly, it reduces the migration barrier of lithium ions, which helps prevent dendrite formation and propagation. Additionally, FS reduces the electronic conductivity of the SEs pellet, suppressing the dendrite formation. Moreover, the formed lithium silicates from FS might also be acted as electron inhibitor, thus inhibiting the lithium dendrite growth upon cycling. By investigating the use of FS as a modifier in LLZTO-based electrolytes, our study contributes to advancing dendrite-free solid-state electrolytes and thus the development of high-performance all-solid-state batteries.

Fumed-Si-Pr-PNS as a Photoluminescence sensor for the Detection of Hg2+ in Aqueous Media.

Fumed silica was functionalized by piperazine followed by the reaction with 2- naphthalenesulfonyl chloride to prepare Fumed-Si-Pr-Piperazine-Naphthalenesulfonyl chloride (Fumed-Si-Pr-PNS), which was characterized to demonstrate the effective attachment on the surface of fumed silica. The optical sensing ability of Fumed-Si-Pr-PNS was studied via diverse metal ions in H2O solution by photoluminescence spectroscopy. The results showed that Fumed-Si-Pr-PNS detected selectively Hg2+ ions. The prepared sensor showed almost high absorption at different pH for Hg ion. After drawing various diagrams, The detection limits were calculated at about 12.45 × 10-6 M for Hg2+.

Hydrophobic AEROSIL®R972 Fumed Silica Nanoparticles Incorporated Monolithic Nano-Columns for Small Molecule and Protein Separation by Nano-Liquid Chromatography.

A new feature of hydrophobic fumed silica nanoparticles (HFSNPs) when they apply to the preparation of monolithic nano-columns using narrow monolithic fused silica capillary columns (e.g., 50-µm inner diameter) was presented. The monolithic nano-columns were synthesized by an in-situ polymerization using butyl methacrylate (BMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) at various concentrations of AEROSIL®R972, called HFSNPs. Dimethyl formamide (DMF) and water were used as the porogenic solvents. These columns (referred to as HFSNP monoliths) were successfully characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and reversed-phase nano-LC using alkylbenzenes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons as solute probes. The reproducibility values based on run-to-run, column-to-column and batch-to-batch were found as 2.3%, 2.48% and 2.99% (n = 3), respectively. The optimized column also indicated promising hydrophobic interactions under reversed-phase conditions, while the feasibility of the column allowed high efficiency and high throughput nano-LC separations. The potential of the final HFSNP monolith in relation to intact protein separation was successfully demonstrated using six intact proteins, including ribonuclease A, cytochrome C, carbonic anhydrase isozyme II, lysozyme, myoglobin, and α-chymotrypsinogen A in nano-LC. The results showed that HFSNP-based monolithic nanocolumns are promising materials and are powerful tools for sensitive separations.

Super-Toughened Fumed-Silica-Reinforced Thiol-Epoxy Composites Containing Epoxide-Terminated Polydimethylsiloxanes.

In response to the demand for high-performance materials, epoxy thermosetting and its composites are widely used in various industries. However, their poor toughness, resulting from the high crosslinking density of the epoxy network, must be improved to expand their application to the manufacturing of flexible products. In this study, ductile epoxy thermosetting was produced using thiol compounds with functionalities of 2 and 3 as curing agents. The mechanical properties of the epoxy were further enhanced by incorporating fumed silica into it. To increase the filler dispersion, epoxide-terminated polydimethylsiloxane was synthesized and used as a composite component. Thanks to the polysiloxane-silica interaction, the nanosilica was uniformly dispersed in the epoxy composites, and their mechanical properties improved with increasing fumed silica content up to 5 phr (parts per hundred parts of epoxy resin). The toughness and impact strength of the composite containing 5 phr nanosilica were 5.17 (±0.13) MJ/m3 and 69.8 (±1.3) KJ/m2, respectively.

Morphological and Structural Properties of Amino-Functionalized Fumed Nanosilica and Its Comparison with Nanoparticles Obtained by Modified Stöber Method.

In industry, silica nanoparticles (NPs) are obtained by the fuming and the precipitation method. Fumed silica NPs are commonly used in the preparation of nanocomposites because they have an extremely low bulk density (160-190 kg/m3), large surface area (50-600 m2/g), and nonporous surface, which promotes strong physical contact between the NPs and the organic phase. Fumed silica has fewer silanol groups (Si-OH) on its surface than the silica prepared by the Stöber method. However, the number of -OH groups on the fumed silica surface can be increased by pretreating them with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) before further surface modification. In this study, the effectiveness of the NaOH pretreatment was evaluated on commercial fumed silica NPs with a surface area of 200 m2/g. The number of surface -OH groups was estimated by potentiometric titration. The pretreated fumed NPs, and the precipitated NPs (prepared by the Stöber method) were modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to obtain A200S and nSiO2-APTES, respectively. The NPs were characterized using electron dispersive scanning (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) analysis, and ζ-potential. XRD confirmed the presence of the organo-functional group on the surface of both NPs. After the amino-functionalization, the ζ-potential values of the nSiO2 and A200 changed from -35.5 mV and -14.4 mV to +26.2 mV and +11.76 mV, respectively. Consequently, we have successfully synthesized functionalized NPs with interesting, specific surface area and porosity (pore volume and size), which can be attractive materials for chemical and energy industries.

Epinephrine-modified methacrylate monolithic column with fumed silica nanoparticle for pressurized capillary electrochromatography.

Via the ring-opening reaction of epoxy groups with epinephrine, a novel epinephrine functionalized polymethacrylate monolith with fumed silica nanoparticles has been fabricated for pressurized capillary electrochromatography. The preparation of epinephrine-modified monoliths has been optimized. In addition, morphology, electroosmotic flow, separation mechanism and column performance have been studied. The internal structure of the monolithic stationary phase was more uniform and the column efficiency increased after the incorporation of nanoparticles. With this column, satisfactory separation capability of aromatic compounds and alkaloids has been achieved and the column efficiency for naphthalene reached 138 696 plates/m. As for the real sample, 3 alkaloids were separated in Huanglian Shangqing capsules, a Chinese traditional medicine.

Molecularly imprinted polymers synthesized via template immobilization on fumed silica nanoparticles for the enrichment of phosphopeptides.

Phosphorylation is a protein post-translational modification (PTM) that plays an important role in cell signaling, cell differentiation, and metabolism. The hyper phosphorylated forms of certain proteins have been appointed as biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, and phosphorylation-related mutations are important for detecting cancer pathways. Due to the low abundance of phosphorylated proteins in biological fluids, sample enrichment is beneficial prior to detection. Thus, a need to find new strategies for enriching phosphopeptides has emerged. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic polymeric materials manufactured to exhibit affinity for a target molecule. In this study, MIPs have been synthesized using a new approach based on the use of fumed silica as sacrificial support acting as solid porogen with the template (phosphotyrosine) immobilized on its surface. Phosphotyrosine MIPs were tested against a mixture of peptides and phosphopeptides by performing micro-solid phase extraction using MIPs (µMISPE) packed in a pipette tip. First, the capability of the materials to preferentially enrich phosphopeptides was evaluated. In a next step, the enrichment of phosphopeptides from a whole-cell lysate of human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells was performed. The eluates were analyzed using MALDI-MS in the first case and with nano-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS in the second case. The results showed that the MIPs provided affinity for phosphopeptides, binding preferentially to multi-site phosphorylated peptides. The MIPs could enrich phosphopeptides in over 10-fold compared with the number of phosphopeptides found in a cell lysate without enrichment.

Escaping the Tyranny of Carbothermal Reduction: Fumed Silica from Sustainable, Green Sources without First Having to Make SiCl4.

Fumed silica is produced in 1000 tons per year quantities by combusting SiCl4 in H2 /O2 flames. Given that both SiCl4 and combustion byproduct HCl are corrosive, toxic and polluting, this route to fumed silica requires extensive safeguards that may be obviated if an alternate route were found. Silica, including rice hull ash (RHA) can be directly depolymerized using hindered diols to generate distillable spirocyclic alkoxysilanes or Si(OEt)4 . We report here the use of liquid-feed flame spray pyrolysis (LF-FSP) to combust the aforementioned precursors to produce fumed silica very similar to SiCl4 -derived products. The resulting powders are amorphous, necked, <50 nm average particle sizes, with specific surface areas (SSAs) of 140-230 m(2) g(-1) . The LF-FSP approach does not require the containment constraints of the SiCl4 process and given that the RHA silica source is produced in million ton per year quantities worldwide, the reported approach represents a sustainable, green and potentially lower-cost alternative.

Development of mechano-responsive polymeric scaffolds using functionalized silica nano-fillers for the control of cellular functions.

We demonstrate an efficient method to produce mechano-responsive polymeric scaffolds which can alter cellular functions using two different functionalized (OH and NH2) silica nano-fillers. Fumed silica-hydroxyl and fumed silica-amine nano-fillers were mixed with a biocompatible polymer (POSS-PCU) at various wt% to produce scaffolds. XPS and mechanical testing demonstrate that bulk mechanical properties are modified without changing the scaffold's surface chemistry. Mechanical testing showed significant change in bulk properties of POSS-PCU scaffolds with an addition of silica nanofillers as low as 1% (P<0.01). Scaffolds modified with NH2 silica showed significantly higher bulk mechanical properties compared to the one modified with the OH group. Enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation and collagen production over 14days were observed on scaffolds with higher bulk mechanical properties (NH2) compared to those with lower ones (unmodified and OH modified) (P<0.05) during in vitro analysis. This study provides an effective method of manufacturing mechano-responsive polymeric scaffolds, which can help to customize cellular responses for biomaterial applications.

In-vitro and in-vivo study of amorphous spironolactone prepared by adsorption method using supercritical CO2.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to improve the oral bioavailability of spironolactone (SP). METHOD: SP was adsorbed on the fumed silica using supercritical CO2 (scCO2) technology and further compressed into tablets. The morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the crystalline form was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The dissolution test was performed in water, 0.1 M HCl solution, pH 4.5 acetate buffers and pH 6.8 phosphate buffers using the paddle method. The pharmacokinetics was undertaken in six dogs in a crossover fashion. RESULTS: SP was successfully prepared into tablets and presented in amorphous state. SP-silica scCO2 tablets displayed higher dissolution profiles than SP-silica physical mixtures tablets in different media. The AUC0-t and Cmax of SP-silica supercritical CO2 was 1.61- and 1.52-fold greater than those of SP-silica physical mixtures (p < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION: It is a promising method in improving dissolution and bioavailability by adsorbing SP, a poorly soluble drug, on the fumed silica using rapid expansion of supercritical solutions.

Enhanced Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polyimide Films Using Hydrophobic Fumed Silica Fillers.

Polyimide (PI) composite films with enhanced mechanical properties were prepared by incorporating modified fumed silica (FS) particles while preserving their optical and thermal characteristics. The PI matrix was synthesized using a fluorinated diamine, a fluorinated dianhydride, and a rigid biphenyl dianhydride via chemical imidization. Commercially available FS particles, including unmodified FS particles (0-FS) and particles modified with dimethyl (2-FS), trimethyl (3-FS), octyl (8-FS), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4-FS), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS-FS) were used. Scanning electron microscope images and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms revealed well-defined porous structures in the FS particles. The water contact angles on the composite films increased compared to those of the pristine PI films, indicating improved water resistance. The PI/0-FS films exhibited a typical trade-off relationship between tensile modulus and elongation at break, as observed in conventional composites. Owing to the poor compatibility and agglomeration of the PDMS-FS particles, the PI/PDMS-FS composite films exhibited poor mechanical performance and diminished optical characteristics. Although the longer-chained FS particles (8- and D4-FS) improved the tensile modulus of the PI film by up to 12%, a reduction of more than 20% in toughness was observed. The PI composite films containing the methylated FS particles (2- and 3-FS) outperformed 8- and D4-FS in terms of mechanical properties, with PI/3-FS films showing an over 10% increased tensile modulus (from 4.07 to 4.42 GPa) and 15% improved toughness (from 6.97 to 8.04 MJ/m3) at 7 wt. % silica loading. Except for the PI/PDMS-FS composites, all composite film samples exhibited more than 86% transmittance at 550 nm. Regarding thermal properties, the glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal stability remained stable for most composite films. In addition, PI/3-FS films demonstrated enhanced dimensional stability with lower coefficients of thermal expansion (from 47.3 to 34.5 ppm/°C). Overall, this study highlights the potential of incorporating specific modified FS particles to tailor the mechanical, optical, and thermal properties of PI composite films.

CO2 Capture with Polyethylenimine Supported on 3D-Printed Porous SiO2 Structures.

Amines supported on porous solid materials have a high CO2 adsorption capacity and low regeneration temperature. However, the high amine load on such substrates and the substrate itself may lead to substantial pressure drop across the reactor. Herein, we compare the CO2 adsorption capacity and pressure drop of fumed silica powder to 3D-printed monolithic fumed silica structures, both functionalized by polyethylenimine (PEI), and find a drastically reduced pressure drop for 3D-printed substrates (0.01 bar vs. 0.76 bar) in the sorption bed with equal CO2 adsorption capacity. Furthermore, the effect of 3D-printing nozzle diameter and PEI loading on the adsorption capacity are investigated and the highest capacities (2.0 mmol/g at 25 °C with 5000 ppm CO2) are achieved with 0.4 mm nozzle size and 34 wt% PEI loading. These high capacities are achieved since the 3D printing and subsequent sintering (700 °C) of monolithic samples does not compromise the surface area of the fumed silica. Finally, the comparison between 3D-printed monoliths and extruded granulate of varying diameter reveals that the ordered channel system of 3D-printed structures is superior to randomly oriented granulate in terms of CO2 adsorption capacity.

Preparation and Dispersion Performance of Hydrophobic Fumed Silica Aqueous Dispersion.

Hydrophobic fumed silica (HFS) is a commonly used rheology additive in waterborne coatings. A series of experiments were conducted on the HFS-dispersing technology in this study. The size and structure of HFS primary particles were observed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The measurement results of the TEM were D50 = 13.6 nm and D90 = 19.7 nm, respectively. The particle size and dispersion performance of HFS were tested via dynamic light scattering (DLS). Additionally, the HFS aqueous dispersion was prepared and compounded with waterborne polyacrylic latex and polyurethane resin. The elemental distribution of the coatings was characterized using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that the HFS in a non-ionic polymer dispersant had the best dispersion performance. The particle size of the HFS in the aqueous dispersion is related to the dispersion conditions. Under optimized conditions, the HFS aqueous dispersion can be prepared with a particle size of D50 = 27.2 nm. The HFS aqueous dispersion has stable storage stability. Even after storage for 47 d, the particle size still did not change significantly.

Feasibility of Valorization of Post-Consumer Recycled Flexible Polypropylene by Adding Fumed Nanosilica for Its Potential Use in Food Packaging toward Sustainability.

The food industry has a current challenge of increasing the recycling of post-consumer plastics to reduce plastic waste towards a circular economy, especially flexible polypropylene, which is highly demanded in food packaging. However, recycling post-consumer plastics is limited because service life and reprocessing degrade their physical-mechanical properties and modify the migration of components from the recycled material to the food. This research evaluated the feasibility of valorization of post-consumer recycled flexible polypropylene (PCPP) by incorporating fumed nanosilica (NS). For this purpose, the effect of concentration and type (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) of NS on the morphological, mechanical, sealing, barrier and overall migration properties of PCPP films was studied. Incorporating NS improved Young's modulus and, more significantly, tensile strength at 0.5 wt% and 1 wt%, where a better particle dispersion was confirmed by EDS-SEM, but it diminished elongation at breakage of the films. Interestingly, NS tended to increase the seal strength of PCPP nanocomposite films more significantly at higher NS content, showing a seal failure of the adhesive peel type which is preferred for flexible packaging. NS at 1 wt% did not affect the water vapor and oxygen permeabilities of the films. Overall migration of PCPP and nanocomposites exceeded the limit value of 10 mg dm-2 allowed by European legislation at the studied concentrations of 1% and 4 wt%. Nonetheless, NS reduced the overall migration of PCPP from 17.3 to 15 mg dm-2 in all nanocomposites. In conclusion, PCPP with 1 wt% of hydrophobic NS presented an improved overall performance of the studied packaging properties.

Developing Post-Consumer Recycled Flexible Polypropylene and Fumed Silica-Based Nanocomposites with Improved Processability and Thermal Stability.

Collection and mechanical recycling of post-consumer flexible polypropylene packaging is limited, principally due to polypropylene being very light-weight. Moreover, service life and thermal-mechanical reprocessing degrade PP and change its thermal and rheological properties according to the structure and provenance of recycled PP. This work determined the effect of incorporating two fumed nanosilica (NS) types on processability improvement of post-consumer recycled flexible polypropylene (PCPP) through ATR-FTIR, TGA, DSC, MFI and rheological analysis. Presence of trace polyethylene in the collected PCPP increased the thermal stability of the PP and was significantly maximized by NS addition. The onset decomposition temperature raised around 15 °C when 4 and 2 wt% of a non-treated and organically modified NS were used, respectively. NS acted as a nucleating agent and increased the crystallinity of the polymer, but the crystallization and melting temperatures were not affected. The processability of the nanocomposites was improved, observed as an increase in viscosity, storage and loss moduli with respect to the control PCPP, which were deteriorated due to chain scission during recycling. The highest recovery in viscosity and reduction in MFI were found for the hydrophilic NS due to a greater impact of hydrogen bond interactions between the silanol groups of this NS and the oxidized groups of the PCPP.

Centella asiatica extract-SiO2 nanocomposite: More than a drug-delivery system for skin protection from oxidative damage.

An innovative nanotechnology-based approach was used for the preparation of Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) extract-SiO2 nanocomposites, specifically tailored for skin protection from oxidative damage. Different amounts of C. asiatica glycolic extract (1.0, 3.0, 5.0, and 10.0 wt %) and fumed silica were used to prepare the nanocomposites by means of ball milling method. The influence of both composition of the starting mixture and milling time on the final products was evaluated by different techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and nitrogen sorption analysis. Results confirmed the integrity of the natural extract after the milling process, and its successful loading in the silica matrix. No cytotoxicity was observed for the obtained nanocomposites, which showed high in-vitro ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and to protect human keratinocytes from damages induced with hydrogen peroxide.

Keto-enol tautomerism of curcumin in the preparation of nanobiocomposites with fumed silica.

The tautomerism of curcumin (Cur) in water-ethanol solutions in the presence of fumed silica was studied by UV-visible spectroscopy. The results showed that the enol tautomer exists at an ethanol concentration in solution >50%, and with an increase in the water content, the tautomeric equilibrium shifts towards the formation of the keto tautomer. Quantum-chemical calculations (solvation model SM 5.42/6-31G (d), GAMESSPLUS) of various curcumin isomers confirmed that the existence of curcumin keto tautomer in aqueous solution is more thermodynamically favorable. The ratio of keto and enol forms also depends on the dielectric constant of water-ethanol solutions: at ε < 45, only the enol form of curcumin exists, while at ε > 45, the relative amount of the keto tautomer increases in proportion to the dielectric constant. Curcumin tautomers adsorb on fumed silica in different ways. At a low curcumin concentration in the initial solutions (<1.5 × 10-4 M), only the enol tautomer forms a monolayer on the sorbent surface, apparently due to its planar structure. The keto tautomer, characterized by a bent structure, begins to adsorb only at a concentration of Cur > 1.5 × 10-4 M, being a component of molecular aggregates with coplanar geometry.

Hierarchical liquid marbles formed using floating hydrophobic powder and levitating water droplets.

HYPOTHESIS: Liquid marbles i.e. droplets coated by hydrophobic particles may be formed not only on the solid substrates but also on the floating layers of hydrophobic powders such as fluorinated fumed silica or polytetrafluoroethylene. EXPERIMENTS: Formation and growth of liquid marbles on fluorinated fumed silica or polytetrafluoroethylene powder floating on a heated water-vapor interface is reported. Marbles emerge from condensation of water droplets levitating above the powder layer. FINDINGS: The kinetics of the growth of droplets is reported. Growth of droplets results from three main mechanisms: water condensation, absorption of small droplets and merging of droplets with neighboring ones. Growing droplets are coated with the hydrophobic powder, eventually giving rise to the formation of stable liquid marbles. Formation of hierarchical liquid marbles is reported. Growth of liquid marbles emerging from water condensation follows the linear temporal dependence. A phenomenological model of the liquid marble growth is suggested.

Characterisation and Mechanical Modelling of Polyacrylonitrile-Based Nanocomposite Membranes Reinforced with Silica Nanoparticles.

In this study, neat polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and fumed silica (FS)-doped PAN membranes (0.1, 0.5 and 1 wt% doped PAN/FS) are prepared using the phase inversion method and are characterised extensively. According to the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis, the addition of FS to the neat PAN membrane and the added amount changed the stresses in the membrane structure. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) results show that the addition of FS increased the porosity of the membrane. The water content of all fabricated membranes varied between 50% and 88.8%, their porosity ranged between 62.1% and 90%, and the average pore size ranged between 20.1 and 21.8 nm. While the neat PAN membrane's pure water flux is 299.8 L/m2 h, it increased by 26% with the addition of 0.5 wt% FS. Furthermore, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques are used to investigate the membranes' thermal properties. Finally, the mechanical characterisation of manufactured membranes is performed experimentally with tensile testing under dry and wet conditions. To be able to provide further explanation to the explored mechanics of the membranes, numerical methods, namely the finite element method and Mori-Tanaka mean-field homogenisation are performed. The mechanical characterisation results show that FS reinforcement increases the membrane rigidity and wet membranes exhibit more compliant behaviour compared to dry membranes.

An Innovative Simple Electrochemical Levofloxacin Sensor Assembled from Carbon Paste Enhanced with Nano-Sized Fumed Silica.

A new electrochemical sensor for the detection of levofloxacin (LV) was efficiently realized. The aim was to develop a new, cheap, and simple sensor for the detection of LV, which is used in various infections due to its pharmacological importance. It consists of carbon paste (CP) enhanced with nano-sized fumed silica (NFS). NFS has a very low bulk density and a large surface area. The carbon paste-enhanced NFS electrode (NFS/CPE) showed great electrocatalytic activity in the oxidation of 1.0 mM LV in Britton-Robinson buffer (BR) at pH values ranging from 3.0 to 8.0. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used; the peak current value (Ip) of the NFS/CPE sensor was 2.7 times that of the bare electrode, ensuring its high electrocatalytic activity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed at a peak potential (Ep) of +1066 mV, yielding a resistance of 10 kΩ for the designed NFS/CPE sensor compared to 2461 kΩ for the bare electrode, indicating the high conductivity of the modified sensor and verifying the data observed using the CV technique. Surface descriptions were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The variation in the concentration of LV (2.0 to 1000 µM) was considered in BR buffer (pH = 5.0) at a scan rate (SR) of 10 mV/s by the NFS/CPE. The detection and quantification limits were 0.09 µM and 0.30 µM, respectively. To evaluate the application of LV in real samples, this procedure was established on Quinostarmax 500 mg tablets and human plasma samples. Reasonable results were obtained for the detection of LV.