Gendered Trends in Formal and Informal Care Utilization Among Older Adults in South Korea.

Drawing on data from two waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2010 and 2018), this study examined how community-dwelling older men and women (65+) with functional limitations utilized formal and informal sources of care and how their patterns of care utilization changed over time. The usage patterns of formal and informal caregiving services were categorized into three groups: (a) informal help only, (b) formal-informal mix, and (c) no help from either. More men and women used both formal and informal help for their care needs in 2018 than in 2010 (15% compared to 7%). The proportion of older men who relied on informal help only remained similar across survey years, whereas a smaller proportion of older women relied on informal help only in 2018. Although formal care use has been expanded in South Korea, older men continue to utilize help from their families. However, for older women, the proportion who did not receive any help increased - despite an increase in formal care utilization. These findings highlight the importance of considering gendered resources in caregiving in Korea.

Changes in the Equity of the Long-Term Care System in Korea Based on Coulter Index Differences for the Years 2000, 2008, and 2015.

In this study, we examined the adequacy of supply and demand under private expansion of the long-term care (LTC) infrastructure after the introduction of long-term care insurance (LTCI) for the older people in Korea. We used Coulter's coefficient of inequality (Coulter index) to analyze the equity of LTC services by region. In addition, we analyzed the trend of equity changes through equity analysis for three time points: 2000, 2008, and 2015. We found that the level of inequity in LTC service infrastructure in Korea is lower in 2015 compared with 2000, but the differences among regions are high. The adjustment factors in 2015 showed prominent shortages of facilities in urban areas and oversupply in suburban areas. Based on these results, we propose an LTC service infrastructure that meets the demand and improves service access according to regional characteristics.

A comparative analysis of dementia inpatient characteristics: results from a nationwide survey of different care facilities in Japan.

BACKGROUND: In Japan, the number of dementia patients admitted to hospitals and other care facilities has been increasing and their hospital stays prolonged. Until now, there has been no study examining the differences between patients in psychiatric hospitals and other care facilities. Here we attempt a comparative analysis of characteristics of dementia patients in psychiatric hospitals and other types of facilities based on a nationwide survey. METHOD: A nationwide, cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2009-2011. Questionnaires were sent to randomly selected facilities and asked about each facility's status as of September 2009 and about individuals with dementia residing in each facility during the 2008 fiscal year. The portion about individuals consisted of items to assess eligibility for the Long-Term Care Insurance programme. Based on data from 6121 patients residing in seven different types of facilities, features of dementia patients in psychiatric hospitals and differences among facilities were analyzed. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in average age, activities of daily living level, and dementia severity level among the seven types of facilities. The average age in all types of facilities, except for psychiatric hospitals, was higher than the national average life expectancy of 82.59 years. The results of the study revealed that in psychiatric hospitals the proportion of men, those aged <75 years, demented patients with severe behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, and those with frontotemporal dementia was significantly greater than in other types of facilities. In other Long-Term Care Insurance care facilities, dementia patients >80 years and women accounted for 80% of all patients. CONCLUSION: Result showed that dementia patients in psychiatric hospitals had a higher proportion of men, younger age groups, and severe dementia than other types of facilities. These features contrast markedly with status of dementia patients in other Long-Term Care Insurance care facilities. In order to facilitate dementia patients' early discharge from psychiatric hospitals to other care facilities or to home, further fulfillment care services corresponding to severe dementia and early-onset dementia may be needed.

Long-term care insurance in Italy: medico-legal and socio-economic profiles.

Long-term care insurance (LTCI) plays a crucial role in providing substantial aid in non-self-sufficient situations and complementing existing state protection mechanisms. With an aging population and increasing demand for healthcare services LTC policies have become indispensable. While individual LTCI policies face adoption challenges, group insurances offer a more streamlined alternative. However, realizing the full potential of these insurances necessitates targeted legislative intervention to improve accessibility and ensure sustainability. This article explores the evolution of LTCI policies in Italy, offering an overview of the current landscape and highlighting the socio-economic and medico-legal factors shaping the present scenario. By providing this analysis, we seek to offer insights into the dynamic evolution of LTCI policies and the crucial role of legislative measures in enhancing their effectiveness and accessibility.

Does Long-Term Care Literacy Matter in Evaluating Older Care Recipients' Satisfaction with Care Managers? Empirical Evidence from Japanese Survey Data.

In this study, we focused on the long-term care literacy of care recipients (older adults currently receiving formal care services) and examined its relationship with satisfaction with their care managers by using a unique individual dataset of Japanese people aged 65 years and older. To address the problem of non-respondent bias, we applied inverse probability weighting and the Heckman probit model for estimation. We found that the probability of older adults evaluating their satisfaction regarding the six aspects of care manager measurement increased with an increasing level of care literacy. However, concerning the level of satisfaction with their care managers, we only observed significant increases in the aspects of "Explanation power" and "Attitude and manners" as the level of care literacy increased. Covariates, such as age, gender, family structure, level of certification for long-term care, reasons for choosing the care manager, utilization of long-term care services, and the manner in which older respondents answered the survey questions, also mattered regarding the evaluation process of satisfaction of older adults. In Japan, utilizing formal care services based on the long-term care insurance system is complicated and sometimes difficult for older adults to understand. In this survey, 35% of older care recipients had inadequate care literacy. Improving the care literacy of older adults is important for better use of formal care services and increased satisfaction.

Long-Term Care Insurance Pilot Programme in China: Policy Evaluation and Optimization Options-Taking the Pilot Programme in the Northeast of China as an Example.

China's population is ageing rapidly and the increase in life expectancy is accompanied by a loss of capability with advancing age, especially in the Northeast. This study adopts qualitative research methods to analyze the overall status and problems of China's LTCI policy pilots. Taking four LTCI pilot cities in three northeastern provinces as samples, we used purposive sampling to recruit 10 beneficiaries and providers of LTCI in nursing homes of different kinds, as well as 2 operators (Medical Insurance Bureau staff) for semi-structured in-depth interviews. We developed a social welfare policy analysis framework based on Gilbert's framework, designed interview outlines and conducted a thematic analysis of the interview data along five dimensions: allocation base, type of provision, delivery strategy, finance mode, and external environment. The results of the research indicate that the coverage of the system is narrow and that disability assessment criteria are fragmented; that the substance of service provision is lacking, both in terms of precision and dynamic adjustment mechanisms; that socialized care synergy cannot be achieved, informal care lacking policy support; that there is an over-reliance on medical insurance funds and that unfair financing standards are applied; and that economic and social development is insufficient to cope with ageing needs and uncertain risks. Accordingly, this research proposes several optimization options to promote the full establishment of LTCI.

Walking speed and short physical performance battery are associated with conversion to long-term care need: A study in outpatients of a locomotive syndrome-frailty clinic.

AIM: As the number of frail and disabled older people increases in Japan, systems are needed to detect efficiently the populations at high risk in need of care and to allow early intervention. We investigated cut-off values for those physical functioning assessments adopted by AWGS 2019 associated with new or worsening long-term care insurance (LTCI) certification. METHODS: We recruited 497 outpatients from our locomotive syndrome-frailty clinic. After excluding patients who had undergone orthopedic surgery right after assessment or ≤65 years old, 233 patients (mean age, 78 ± 6 years) were included. Logistic regression analysis was performed using new certification for LTCI services need or deterioration of care status in 1 year as the dependent variable and physical function and other assessments as independent variables. Next, we constructed receiver operating characteristic curves and calculated areas under the curve and optimal cut-off values. RESULTS: During 1-year follow-up, 37 patients (16%) obtained new certification for LTCI services need or deterioration of status. After adjusting, usual walking speed and Short Physical Performance Battery score were significantly associated with outcomes. With receiver operating characteristic curves, usual walking speed as the test variable showed an area under the curve of 0.740 with a cut-off of 0.92 m/s, whereas the Short Physical Performance Battery score showed an area under the curve of 0.737 with a cut-off score of 9. CONCLUSIONS: Slower walking speed and lower Short Physical Performance Battery score may predict new or worsening LTCI for older people. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 919-925.

Does COVID-2019 have an Impact on the Purchase Intention of Commercial Long-Term Care Insurance among the Elderly in China?

PURPOSE: As an important measure to alleviate long-term care (LTC) costs for the disabled due to the aging of the population, long-term care insurance (LTCI) system has been paid more attention in China. In addition to the government-led public LTCI system that has been piloted in cities such as Qingdao, Chongqing and Shanghai, health insurers such as the China Life Insurance Company are also experimenting with various types of commercial LTCI in the private market. However, the commercial LTCI market is developing very slowly due to public awareness and other reasons. On the other hand, COVID-2019 has had an impact on the cognition of the importance of long-term care for the elderly due to the fact that the death cases of COVID-2019 have been mainly concentrated in the elderly population with chronic diseases such as hypertension. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the differences in the purchase intention of commercial LTCI among the elderly in two different periods: before and after the outbreak of COVID-2019. METHODS: By using the Andersen behavioral model and two investigations in two different periods before and after the outbreak of COVID-2019, this study explores the impacts of COVID-2019 on the purchase intention of commercial LTCI. RESULTS: Some significant discoveries were found. For example, 25.8% of interviewees showed purchase intention in LTCI in the time before the COVID-2019 outbreak, while this proportion increased to 37.6% after the COVID-2019 outbreak. People who were younger (OR = 2.128, before COVID-2019; OR = 1.875, after COVID-2019) or who had more education (OR = 1.502, before COVID-2019; OR = 2.218, after COVID-2019) were more interested in commercial LTCI. CONCLUSION: This study shows that COVID-2019 has had an obvious impact on the purchase intention of commercial LTCI, which provides some enlightenment for China to improve the LTCI system in the future, especially to accelerate the development of commercial LTCI. For example, it is essential to promote the importance of long-term care among the elderly in a focused and targeted way. In terms of the key target audience, it can be developed gradually from the groups with higher education levels and the middle elderly aged 45-64 years old.