[Main components from cultivated and wild Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma by LC-MS and GC-MS].

In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) were combined with non-targeted metabonomic analysis based on multivariate statistics analysis, and the content of five indicative components in nardosinone was determined and compared by UPLC. The main chemical components of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma with imitative wild cultivation and wild Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma were comprehensively analyzed. The results of multivariate statistical analysis based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS) and GC-MS were consistent. G1 and G2 of the imitative wild cultivation group and G8-G19 of the wild group were clustered into category 1, while G7 of the wild group and G3-G6 of the imitative wild cultivation group were clustered into category 2. After removing the outlier data of G1, G2, and G7, G3-G6 of the imitative wild cultivation group were clustered into one category, and G8-G19 of the wild group were clustered into the other category. Twenty-six chemical components were identified according to the positive and negative ion modes detected by LC-MS. The content of five indicative components(VIP>1.5) was determined using UPLC, revealing that chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C, linarin, nardosinone, and total content in the imitative wild cultivation group were 1.85, 1.52, 1.26, 0.90, 2.93, and 2.56 times those in the wild group, respectively. OPLS-DA based on GC-MS obtained 10 diffe-rential peaks. Among them, the relative content of α-humulene and aristolene in the imitative wild cultivation group were extremely significantly(P<0.01) and significantly(P<0.05) higher than that in the wild group, while the relative content of 7 components such as 5,6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-7-megastigmen-9-one, γ-eudesmol, and juniper camphor and 12-isopropyl-1,5,9-trimethyl-4,8,13-cyclotetrade-catriene-1,3-diol was extremely significantly(P<0.01) and significantly(P<0.05) lower than that in the wild group, respectively. Therefore, the main chemical components of the imitative wild cultivation group and wild group were basically the same. However, the content of non-volatile components in the imitative wild cultivation group was higher than that in the wild group, and the content of some volatile components was opposite. This study provides scientific data for the comprehensive evaluation of the quality of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma with imitative wild cultivation and wild Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma.

Potential application of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma-Rhubarb for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease based on network pharmacology and cell culture experimental verification.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the serious complications of diabetes mellitus, and the existing treatments cannot meet the needs of today's patients. Traditional Chinese medicine has been validated for its efficacy in DKD after many years of clinical application. However, the specific mechanism by which it works is still unclear. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of the Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma-rhubarb drug pair (NRDP) for the treatment of DKD will provide a new way of thinking for the research and development of new drugs. AIM: To investigate the mechanism of the NRDP in DKD by network pharmacology combined with molecular docking, and then verify the initial findings by in vitro experiments. METHODS: The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database was used to screen active ingredient targets of NRDP. Targets for DKD were obtained based on the Genecards, OMIM, and TTD databases. The VENNY 2.1 database was used to obtain DKD and NRDP intersection targets and their Venn diagram, and Cytoscape 3.9.0 was used to build a "drug-component-target-disease" network. The String database was used to construct protein interaction networks. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis and Gene Ontology analysis were performed based on the DAVID database. After selecting the targets and the active ingredients, Autodock software was used to perform molecular docking. In experimental validation using renal tubular epithelial cells (TCMK-1), we used the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay to detect the effect of NRDP on cell viability, with glucose solution used to mimic a hyperglycemic environment. Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of STAT3, p-STAT3, BAX, BCL-2, Caspase9, and Caspase3. RESULTS: A total of 10 active ingredients and 85 targets with 111 disease-related signaling pathways were obtained for NRDP. Enrichment analysis of KEGG pathways was performed to determine advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-receptor for AGEs (RAGE) signaling as the core pathway. Molecular docking showed good binding between each active ingredient and its core targets. In vitro experiments showed that NRDP inhibited the viability of TCMK-1 cells, blocked cell cycle progression in the G0/G1 phase, and reduced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Based on the results of Western blot analysis, NRDP differentially downregulated p-STAT3, BAX, Caspase3, and Caspase9 protein levels (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). In addition, BAX/BCL-2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 ratios were reduced, while BCL-2 and STAT3 protein expression was upregulated (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: NRDP may upregulate BCL-2 and STAT3 protein expression, and downregulate BAX, Caspase3, and Caspase9 protein expression, thus activating the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, inhibiting the vitality of TCMK-1 cells, reducing their apoptosis. and arresting them in the G0/G1 phase to protect them from damage by high glucose.

Main components from cultivated and wild Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma by LC-MS and GC-MS / 中国中药杂志

In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) were combined with non-targeted metabonomic analysis based on multivariate statistics analysis, and the content of five indicative components in nardosinone was determined and compared by UPLC. The main chemical components of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma with imitative wild cultivation and wild Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma were comprehensively analyzed. The results of multivariate statistical analysis based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS) and GC-MS were consistent. G1 and G2 of the imitative wild cultivation group and G8-G19 of the wild group were clustered into category 1, while G7 of the wild group and G3-G6 of the imitative wild cultivation group were clustered into category 2. After removing the outlier data of G1, G2, and G7, G3-G6 of the imitative wild cultivation group were clustered into one category, and G8-G19 of the wild group were clustered into the other category. Twenty-six chemical components were identified according to the positive and negative ion modes detected by LC-MS. The content of five indicative components(VIP>1.5) was determined using UPLC, revealing that chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C, linarin, nardosinone, and total content in the imitative wild cultivation group were 1.85, 1.52, 1.26, 0.90, 2.93, and 2.56 times those in the wild group, respectively. OPLS-DA based on GC-MS obtained 10 diffe-rential peaks. Among them, the relative content of α-humulene and aristolene in the imitative wild cultivation group were extremely significantly(P<0.01) and significantly(P<0.05) higher than that in the wild group, while the relative content of 7 components such as 5,6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-7-megastigmen-9-one, γ-eudesmol, and juniper camphor and 12-isopropyl-1,5,9-trimethyl-4,8,13-cyclotetrade-catriene-1,3-diol was extremely significantly(P<0.01) and significantly(P<0.05) lower than that in the wild group, respectively. Therefore, the main chemical components of the imitative wild cultivation group and wild group were basically the same. However, the content of non-volatile components in the imitative wild cultivation group was higher than that in the wild group, and the content of some volatile components was opposite. This study provides scientific data for the comprehensive evaluation of the quality of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma with imitative wild cultivation and wild Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma.

Molecular Mechanism of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma-Agrimoniae Herba in Treatment of Arrhythmia Based on Network Pharmacology / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the material basis and mechanism of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma （NRER）-Agrimoniae Herba （AH）， the herbal pair effective in regulating the liver， invigorating Qi， and calming palpitations， in the treatment of premature ventricular contractions （PVCs） by network pharmacology and molecular docking. MethodThe chemical components and targets of NRER and AH were collected from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform （TCMSP） combined with relevant literature. GeneCards，Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man（OMIM），and DrugBank were used to predict the potential targets against PVCs. STRING platform was used for protein-protein interaction （PPI） analysis. Metascape platform was used for Gene Ontology（GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG） enrichment analysis. Cytoscape 3.8.0 was used to construct the NRER-AH component-potential target-signaling pathway network. The main target proteins underwent molecular docking to the active components of NRER-AH by AutoDock 4.2.6. ResultThe targets of nine active components in NRER-AH （such as quercetin，kaempferol，and acacetin） against PVCs mainly involved tumor necrosis factor （TNF），mitogen-activated protein kinase 1（MAPK1），and protein kinase B1（Akt1）. The potential targets were mainly enriched in 26 signaling pathways，such as pathways in cancer and the advanced glycosylation end product （AGE）-receptor of advanced glycosylation end product（RAGE） signaling pathway. The results of molecular docking showed that the majority of the active components （92.59%） of NRER-AH had good binding activities with the main target proteins TNF，MAPK1，and Akt1. ConclusionThe active components of NRER-AH can regulate cardiac ion channels，resist inflammation， and combat oxidative stress to treat PVCs through multi-target and multi-pathway interventions. They can also improve symptoms related to depression and anxiety by inhibiting monoamine oxidase activity and protecting nerves from damage. This study is expected to provide research ideas and the theoretical basis for further exploring the material basis and mechanism of NRER-AH in the treatment of PVCs.

Mechanism of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma on Atrial Fibrillation Based on Network Pharmacology / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma in treatment of atrial fibrillation by predicting targets and signaling pathways based on network pharmacology.Method:The traditional Chinese medicine system platform (TCMSP) database was used to screen out active components of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma,predict targets,and construct the active component-predicted target network.Through the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM),Therapeutic Target Database (TTD),and Genecards databases,potential target information of atrial fibrillation was retrieved.STRING 11.0 database was used to obtain the protein-protein interaction data of relevant targets,and the results were visualized by Cytoscape 3.7.1 software to construct protein-protein interaction network relating to atrial fibrillation.The predicted targets of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma were mapped to the potential targets of atrial fibrillation.The intersection targets were the potential targets for the treatment of atrial fibrillation with Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma.Then,Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID),a database for annotation,was used to analyze biological functions and pathways of the potential targets of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma in the treatment of atrial fibrillation.Finally,Cytoscape3.7.1 software was utilized to construct active component-potential target-signal pathway network of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma in treatment of atrial fibrillation.Result:Totally 51 active components of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma were screened out,and 18 potential targets for the treatment of atrial fibrillation with Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma were predicted.The effect was mainly correlated with the regulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6),sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha (SCN5A),tumor necrosis factor (TNF),nitric-oxide synthase,endothelial (NOS3),potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily hmember 2 (KCNH2),collagen alpha-1(I) chain (COL1A1),retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha (RXRA),tissue factor (F3),alpha-1B adrenergic receptor (ADRA1B) and other target proteins,cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG) signaling pathway,phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway,transcriptional disorders in cancer,calcium signaling pathways,and adrenergic signals in cardiomyocytes.Conclusion:Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Corydalis Rhizoma treat atrial fibrillation based on multiple components,multiple targets and multiple channels,and provide a scientific basis for subsequent experimental studies for further explainning its mechanism of action.

Analysis of HPLC Fingerprints and Determination of Nardosinone of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma from Nardostachys jatamansi DC / 医药导报

Objective To establish a method for quality evaluation of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma derived from Nardostachys jatamansi DC by determining the contents of nardosinone and establishing fingerprints. Methods HPLC fingerprint and content determination methods were established to evaluate ten batches of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma from Nardostachys jatamansi DC.For the determination of nardosinone, the samples were separated by Phenomenex-C18 ( 4. 6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water at the flow rate of 0. 8 mL · min-1 , the detection wavelength was set at 250 nm,and column temperature was 25℃.The gradient mobile phase system was used for the fingerprints. Results HPLC fingerprint of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma was established with good chromatography separation and repeatability, which could be used for quality control of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma. After similarity analysis, the results showed that there was no significantly difference between the HPLC fingerprints of samples from different origins,but the content of four major peaks were different.The amount of nardosinone from ten batches of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma was determined by HPLC-DAD, which showed that the contents of nardosinone from Nardostachys jatamansi DC were obviously different with each other. Conclusion The method is sensitive, repeatable and accurate. It can be used as a method of quality control for Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma.

Analysis of HPLC Fingerprints and Determination of Nardosinone of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma from Nardostachys jatamansi DC / 医药导报

Objective To establish a method for quality evaluation of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma derived from Nardostachys jatamansi DC by determining the contents of nardosinone and establishing fingerprints. Methods HPLC fingerprint and content determination methods were established to evaluate ten batches of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma from Nardostachys jatamansi DC.For the determination of nardosinone, the samples were separated by Phenomenex-C18 ( 4. 6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water at the flow rate of 0. 8 mL · min-1 , the detection wavelength was set at 250 nm,and column temperature was 25℃.The gradient mobile phase system was used for the fingerprints. Results HPLC fingerprint of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma was established with good chromatography separation and repeatability, which could be used for quality control of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma. After similarity analysis, the results showed that there was no significantly difference between the HPLC fingerprints of samples from different origins,but the content of four major peaks were different.The amount of nardosinone from ten batches of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma was determined by HPLC-DAD, which showed that the contents of nardosinone from Nardostachys jatamansi DC were obviously different with each other. Conclusion The method is sensitive, repeatable and accurate. It can be used as a method of quality control for Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma.