Association of Stressful Life Events With Oral Health Among Japanese Workers.

BACKGROUND: Psychological stress can cause various mental and physical health problems. The previous results on stress and oral health are inconsistent, possibly because of the narrow stress measurements. We aimed to examine the association between a broader range of stressful life events and oral health among workers. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed anonymous individual data from a national survey in Japan. Data on stressful life events, oral health problems which are one or more of tooth pain, gum swelling/bleeding, and difficulty chewing, and covariates were obtained using a self-reported questionnaire. Covariates used included gender, age group, and disease under treatment. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between stressful life events and oral health problems. We then estimated the causal treatment effects of stress using the augmented inverse-probability weighting (AIPW) method. RESULTS: Among the 274,881 subjects, 152,850 men (55.6%) and 122,031 women (44.4%) with a mean age of 47.0 (standard deviation, 14.4) years, 4.0% reported oral health problems, with a prevalence of 2.1% among those without any stress. The prevalence increased with stress score, reaching 15.4% for those with the maximum stress score. The adjusted odds ratio of this group compared to those without any stress was 9.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.2-10.3). The estimated prevalence of oral health problems by the AIPW analysis was 2.2% (95% CI, 2.1-2.3%) for those without any stress and 14.4% (95% CI, 12.1-16.7%) for those with the maximum stress scores. CONCLUSION: There was a clear dose-response association between stressful life events and oral health problems.

Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies among dental teams in Germany.

OBJECTIVES: During the corona pandemic, dental practices temporarily closed their doors to patients except for emergency treatments. Due to the daily occupational exposure, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission among dentists and their team is presumed to be higher than that in the general population. This study examined this issue among dental teams across Germany. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 2784 participants provided usable questionnaires and dry blood samples. Dry blood samples were used to detect IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The questionnaires were analyzed to investigate demographic data and working conditions during the pandemic. Multivariable logistic mixed-effects models were applied. RESULTS: We observed 146 participants with positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies (5.2%) and 30 subjects with a borderline finding (1.1%). Seventy-four out of the 146 participants with SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies did not report a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test (50.7%), while 27 participants without SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies reported a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test (1.1%). Combining the laboratory and self-reported information, the number of participants with a SARS-CoV-2 infection was 179 (6.5%). Though after adjustment for region, mixed-effects models indicated associations of use of rubber dams (OR 1.65; 95% CI: 1.01-2.72) and the number of protective measures (OR 1.16; 95% CI: 1.01-1.34) with increased risk for positive SARS-CoV-2 status, none of those variables was significantly associated with a SARS-CoV-2 status in fully adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission was not higher among the dental team compared to the general population. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Following hygienic regulations and infection control measures ensures the safety of the dental team and their patients.

Infection Risk of COVID-19 in Dentistry Remains Unknown: A Preliminary Systematic Review.

COVID-19 is a novel viral respiratory disease caused by a member of the coronavirus family, SARS-CoV-2, and has been declared as a pandemic on March 2020. Dental practitioners are routinely exposed to infectious bodily excretions, for example, saliva, blood, and respiratory excretions. Therefore, they are in the first line of SARS-CoV-2 infection-prone health care providers. The purposes of the current review are to trace documented cases of COVID-19 transmission inside dental settings worldwide and to explore the clinical management of these cases. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE and Google Scholar for all possible reported cases of COVID-19 transmission in dental practice as of December 1, 2019, until May 13, 2020. Multiple terms and combinations were used, including "coronavirus," "COVID-19," "SARS-CoV-2," "dental," "dentistry," "transmission," and "nosocomial." Articles that were not written in English were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 78 articles were found from December 29, 2019, until May 13, 2020. Of these, 31 articles discussed the risks related to dental practice and recommended infection management protocols for dental health care personnel. Of these articles, only 1 had reported data on transmission of COVID-19 in dental practice. Two possible transmissions of COVID-19 to dental personnel were reported in China before its recognition as an epidemic. CONCLUSIONS: Although it seems that there are almost no reported cases of infection by SARS-CoV-2 during dental treatments, occupational or nosocomial transmission could not be ruled out. Hence, further prospective assessment of COVID-19 transmission is urgently required, and careful and protective measurements are necessary to avoid infection during dental practice.

Perspectives on the teaching of Occupational Dentistry according to university curricula in Southeast Brazil.

Introduction: Occupational Dentistry is a specialty recently acknowledged by the Federal Council of Dentistry that seeks to prevent work-related oral health issues. It aims to improve workers' quality of life and promote a more efficient productive development. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate whether the subject of Occupational Dentistry was included in the curriculum of undergraduate Dentistry courses in Southeast Brazil. Methods: The curriculum of universities registered on the Brazilian Ministry of Health's website (e-MEC) were analyzed regarding type of university administration (private or public), inclusion of Occupational Dentistry in the curriculum of Dentistry courses, whether the subject was compulsory or not, and subject workload. Universities that did not make the course curriculum available on their website were excluded from the analysis. Results: Of 176 universities registered on e-MEC, 144 were included in the study. Most universities (86.9%) were private, whereas only 13.1% were public. Occupational Dentistry was available in 10 universities. The subject was compulsory in 4 and optional in another 4 universities, with a total mean workload of 37.5 hours. Two universities did not disclose this information. Conclusions: Our analysis allowed the investigation of the overall inclusion of Occupational Dentistry in the curriculum of Dentistry courses in Southeast Brazil. Only a small percentage of universities (6.9%), mostly private, included the subject in the course curriculum, usually on a compulsory basis.

Introdução: A Odontologia do Trabalho é uma especialidade recentemente reconhecida pelo Conselho Federal de Odontologia e ocupa-se em combater agravos à saúde bucal do trabalhador decorrentes de seu ambiente de trabalho. Ela busca melhorar a qualidade de vida do profissional e propiciar o desenvolvimento produtivo mais eficiente. Objetivos: Este trabalho se propõe a apresentar um panorama da disciplina de Odontologia do Trabalho nas instituições de ensino superior que possuem o curso de graduação em Odontologia na região Sudeste do Brasil. Métodos: Foi realizada uma análise das grades curriculares de todas as instituições cadastradas no portal eletrônico do Ministério da Educação (e-MEC), analisando quantas eram privadas e públicas, quais tinham a disciplina, se era obrigatória ou optativa e a carga horária. Foram excluídas da análise as instituições que não disponibilizaram a grade curricular em seus sítios eletrônicos. Resultados: Foram encontradas 176 instituições, sendo que, destas, 144 foram incluídas no estudo. Entre as incluídas, 86,9% foram particulares e 13,1% foram públicas. A disciplina foi encontrada em 10 instituições, sendo que é ofertada como obrigatória em quatro e como optativa em outras quatro, totalizando uma carga horária média de 37,5 horas, desconsiderando duas universidades que não forneceram essas informações adicionais. Conclusões: A partir desta análise, foi possível traçar um cenário da inserção da Odontologia do Trabalho, demonstrando que a oferta da disciplina se encontra bastante reduzida (6,9%), sendo mais prevalente em universidades privadas e de forma obrigatória.

Estimation of Factors Affecting Burnout in Greek Dentists before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This study is a comprehensive, cross-sectional survey in occupational burnout, career satisfaction, and quality of life conducted in March 2021 among dentists in the vast area of metropolitan Athens, Greece. Data were collected using a self-reported questionnaire based on the Copenhagen Questionnaire (CQ) for assessing work stress and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey (MBI-HSS) for evaluating occupational burnout. Using the independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multiple linear regression, 804 valid questionnaires were analyzed. During the pandemic, personal exhaustion was affected by gender (b = 1.862, p = 0.0001), age (b = -0.598, p = 0.0001), number of children (b = -0.886, p = 0.020) and higher degree (b = -0.450, p = 0.012). Exhaustion due to working with patients was affected by gender (b = 0.662 p = 0.0001), age (b = -0.513, p = 0.0001), number of children (b = -0.701, p = 0.0001), higher degree (b = -0.207, p = 0.028) and years in practice (b = 0.408 p = 0.0001). Males were more prone to unhappiness, dissatisfaction, and professional physical and emotional exhaustion, but personal resources through higher education, beliefs, values, and hobbies can offer a preventive shield to all dental professionals. Economic management issues can also enhance dentists' satisfaction and feeling of safety in a rapidly changing environment.

Factors associated with burnout syndrome in Colombian dental specialists.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the factors associated with burnout syndrome in dental specialists working in the city of Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which the validated version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) questionnaire was applied to 117 dental specialists. The variables analysed were the scores obtained in the three dimensions of the instrument - sociodemographic and job-related characteristics, professional environment, and habits. Spearman's correlation coefficient and the Mann Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis U test were used in the bivariate analysis, and a logistic regression was performed in the multivariate analysis. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Each participant accepted their inclusion in the study after the Informed Consent process was done. RESULTS: The average age was 44.0 ± 7.8 years, and 57.3% were women. It was observed that 3.4%, 4.3% and 4.3% of respondents scored highly in emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and lack of personal achievement, respectively. Cigarette smoking presented a direct association with the dimensions of depersonalisation (p = 0.031) and lack of personal achievement (p = 0.025). On the other hand, having completed the postgraduate degree 10 years or more ago showed a negative association in these two dimensions (p = 0.049 and p = 0.045, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that burnout syndrome is not a frequent problem in dental specialists who work in Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area. However, it is important to keep in mind that a relationship was observed between the syndrome and smoking, and the years after graduating in the specialty.

Importance of occupational dentistry for companies - a literature review.

Due attention has not been given yet to workers' health problems arising from oral diseases and to the impacts of not having an appropriate professional, i.e., dental surgeon, as part of the specialized service team of large companies, even acknowledging that the participation of these professionals is positive for improving workers' quality of life and the productive performance of the company. Based on these premises, and through a literature review conducted from a search on the electronic portal of Brazilian Dentistry Bibliography, SciELO, and MEDLINE databases, the present study aimed to demonstrate factors that justify the integration of dental surgeons in occupational health programs of companies. The following advantages were mentioned: reduction in absenteeism and in the number of work accidents, productivity growth, and improvement in company image and in employees' quality of life. In conclusion, the occupational health care model cannot be dissociated from oral health, considering the significant benefits both for employees and for companies themselves.

Ainda não foi dada a devida atenção aos problemas de saúde do trabalhador decorrentes das doenças bucais nem aos reflexos de quando o profissional adequado, o cirurgião-dentista, ainda não faz parte da equipe do serviço especializado das grandes empresas, mesmo se reconhecendo sua participação positiva para a melhoria da qualidade de vida do trabalhador e para o melhor desempenho produtivo da empresa. Com base nessas premissas e por meio de uma revisão de literatura realizada a partir da busca literária no portal eletrônico das bases de dados Bibliografia Brasileira de Odontologia, SciELO e MEDLINE, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo demonstrar fatores que justificassem a inserção do cirurgião-dentista no programa de saúde do trabalhador na empresa, citando como vantagens a diminuição do absenteísmo e do número de acidentes de trabalho, o aumento da produtividade e a melhoria da imagem da empresa e da qualidade de vida dos funcionários. Conclui-se que o modelo de atenção de saúde do trabalhador não pode estar dissociado da saúde bucal, tendo em vista o significativo número de benefícios tanto para o empregado como para a própria empresa.

Factors Associated With Burnout Syndrome in Colombian Dental Specialists. / Factores asociados con el agotamiento psicológico en odontólogos especialistas colombianos.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the factors associated with burnout syndrome in dental specialists working in the city of Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which the validated version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) questionnaire was applied to 117 dental specialists. The variables analysed were the scores obtained in the three dimensions of the instrument - sociodemographic and job-related characteristics, professional environment, and habits. Spearman's correlation coefficient and the Mann Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis U test were used in the bivariate analysis, and a logistic regression was performed in the multivariate analysis. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Each participant accepted their inclusion in the study after the Informed Consent process was done. RESULTS: The average age was 44.0±7.8 years, and 57.3% were women. It was observed that 3.4%, 4.3% and 4.3% of respondents scored highly in emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and lack of personal achievement, respectively. Cigarette smoking presented a direct association with the dimensions of depersonalisation (p=0.031) and lack of personal achievement (p=0.025). On the other hand, having completed the postgraduate degree 10 years or more ago showed a negative association in these two dimensions (p=0.049 and p=0.045, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that burnout syndrome is not a frequent problem in dental specialists who work in Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area. However, it is important to keep in mind that a relationship was observed between the syndrome and smoking, and the years after graduating in the specialty.

The Debate: What Are Aerosol-Generating Procedures in Dentistry? A Rapid Review.

INTRODUCTION: This article aims to review the current national and international dental guidance produced during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic to identify the level of consensus on aerosol-generating dental procedures (AGDPs). The outcomes intend to encourage increased collaboration with respect to dental guidelines in relation to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, as well as to improve decision making and safety for dental patients and staff. METHODS: This rapid review was conducted by 2 authors (MKV and KD), with the support of a third author (SD), to assess current guidelines related to dental AGDPs. This streamlined review approach allowed synthesis of data in an efficient manner in the rapidly evolving environment associated with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. RESULTS: The findings identified 1) a lack of consistency in reporting which procedures were deemed an AGDP; 2) that high-speed handpieces, air-water syringes, and mechanical scalers were consistently considered high-risk AGDPs; 3) a lack of consensus on the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission with the use of slow-speed handpieces; 4) a general agreement, when described, that rubber dam and high-volume evacuation can significantly reduce aerosol production; and 5) a lack of consistency in reporting whether procedures constitute a low, moderate, or high risk of COVID-19 transmission. The findings are discussed in relation to the guidance and future recommendations. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that future published guidance should indicate the risk stratification (low/moderate/high) of each procedure/exposure in a standardized international approach. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: The results of this rapid review can be used by clinicians to increase their awareness of international guidance on aerosol-generating procedures in dentistry. It will also encourage those publishing future guidance to provide an internationally standardized, risk-stratified approach to describing aerosol-generating procedures. Currently, it allows clinicians to consider aerosol-generating procedures as a risk spectrum.

Subjective Overload and Psychological Distress among Dentists during COVID-19.

Psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic is not solely limited to SARS-CoV-2 infection. It may also be related to social, cultural, and environmental factors, which may act as additional stressors. The aim of the current study was to explore the association between psychological distress and subjective overload among dentists in different countries, and whether it is associated with COVID-19-related factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1302 dentists from China, India, Israel, Italy, and the UK, who filled out demographics data, COVID-19-related factor questions, subjective overload, and psychological distress scales. Our findings showed that the positive association between subjective overload and psychological distress was different among countries, suggesting higher rate of intensity in Italy compared to China, India, and Israel (the UK was near significance with China and Israel). The interaction variable of the subjective overload × psychological distress was significantly associated with a particular country, with those individuals reporting fear of contracting COVID-19 from patients, fear of their families contracting COVID-19, and receiving enough professional knowledge regarding COVID-19. Given the above, dentists were found to have elevated levels of subjective overload and psychological distress, which differed among the countries, presumably due to certain background issues such as social, cultural, and environmental factors.

Oral health in the context of prevention of absenteeism and presenteeism in the workplace.

BACKGROUND: Oral health is an important factor of human morbidity worldwide. Yet is often neglected in occupational health despite its direct impact on the quality of life and health of workers. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the role of oral health in sickness absence and presenteeism, as well as in development and work efficiency improvement processes involving governments, companies and the workers themselves. METHODS: Review of full-text articles on oral health, occupational health, sickness absence and presenteeism published in English or Portuguese in the last 10 years and included in scientific databases. RESULTS: Oral problems accounted for 9 to 27% cases of sickness absence and 28 to 50% of presenteeism, with toothache and temporomandibular joint pain as the most frequent reasons. About 50% of workers prefer company-provided dental care, while 40% visit public and 10% other types of facilities. Despite high, the prevalence of oral diseases and orofacial pain was not associated with high rates of absenteeism, but mainly with presenteeism, this is to say, workers do not tend to miss work days, but their performance is reduced and become susceptible to more serious health problems in the future. CONCLUSION: Oral health is not dissociated from general and occupational health, and as such it must be enhanced and duly promoted in an integrated manner. Effective and comprehensive oral health promotion and prevention public policies and private sector actions in the workplace can enhance the quality of life of workers.

A saúde bucal é um importante fator de morbidade humana mundial, mas frequentemente negligenciada em saúde ocupacional, apesar do impacto direto na qualidade de vida e na saúde do trabalhador. O objetivo deste artigo foi discutir o papel da saúde bucal como fator de absenteísmo e presenteísmo e nos processos de desenvolvimento e eficiência laboral por parte de governos, empresas e pelos próprios trabalhadores. Realizou-se revisão da literatura com artigos na íntegra, em inglês ou português, dos últimos 10 anos, nas bases científicas relacionando-se os temas saúde bucal, saúde ocupacional, absenteísmo e presenteísmo. Doenças bucais variaram como causas de absenteísmo entre 9 e 27%, mas de 28 a 50% como de presenteísmo. Dores dentárias e de ATM são as causas mais comuns. Entre 9 e 56% dos trabalhadores buscaram tratamentos em rede pública, e de 40 a 45%, em rede privada. Nas empresas que oferecem atendimento odontológico, 49% dos funcionários optaram pelo ambulatório da empresa, contra 40% da rede pública e 11% de outros tipos. A elevada prevalência de doenças bucais e de dor orofacial não é causa de elevados índices de absenteísmo, mas principalmente de presenteísmo. O trabalhador não se afasta, trabalha de forma deficitária e com propensão a maiores adoecimentos futuros. A saúde bucal tem importância não dissociada da saúde geral e ocupacional e, como tal, precisa ser incentivada e acompanhada de forma integrada. Políticas públicas e ações do setor privado efetivas e abrangentes na promoção e prevenção em saúde bucal no ambiente laboral podem ofertar melhor qualidade de vida aos trabalhadores.

Odontologia do Trabalho: o estado da arte, indicando trilhas para a promoção da saúde em contextos contemporâneos de labor - revisão de escopo / Occupational Dentistry: the state of the art, indicating paths for health promotion in contemporary work contexts - scoping review

Resumo O campo da Odontologia do Trabalho tem considerado lastro teórico-científico. Esta revisão de escopo objetiva desvelar o estado da arte acerca do tema em sete bases de pesquisas indexadas, considerando quase 100 anos de publicações (1921-2020). Das 337 produções inicialmente identificadas, realizou-se recorte para os últimos seis anos (2015-2021/janeiro), aplicando-se metodologia proposta pela extensão do Prisma para revisões de escopo (Prisma-ScR). Contudo, plataformas de revisões rápidas usadas para tomada de decisões em formulações de políticas públicas ou em aperfeiçoamentos de sistemas de saúde responderam por apenas 20 publicações, enquanto a amostra de 34 produções revelou peculiaridades: pesquisas privilegiam regimes de trabalho; associam o campo de estudo e prática ao modelo stricto sensu da saúde ocupacional; desconsideram concepções amplas e humanizantes do campo da Saúde do Trabalhador; tendem a priorizar a própria saúde ocupacional odontológica e parecem reduzir o conceito do acidente de trabalho a doenças. Tais questões precisam ser superadas se a perspectiva for manter-se em vanguarda, promovendo saúd e e segurança em contextos contemporâneos de trabalho, pois, embora seja evidente a transversalidade desse campo de saberes e práticas, é necessário mais, é preciso ousar para retirá-la da invisibilidade, seja em organizações privadas ou públicas de trabalho.

Abstract The field of Occupational Dentistry has considered theoretical-scientific ballast. This scoping review aims to reveal the state of the art on the subject in seven indexed research bases, considering almost 100 years of publications (1921-2020). Of the 337 productions initially identified, a cut was made for the last six years (2015-2021/January), applying the methodology proposed by the PRISMA extension for scope reviews (PRISMA-ScR). However, rapid review platforms used for decision making in formulating public policies or in improving health systems accounted for only 20 publications, whereas the sample of 34 productions revealed peculiarities: research favors work regimes; associates the field of study and practice with the stricto sensu model of occupational health; disregards broad and humanizing concepts in the field of Worker's Health; tends to prioritize its own occupational dental health, and seems to reduce the concept of work accidents to illnesses. Such issues need to be overcome if the perspective is to remain at the forefront, promoting health and safety in contemporary work contexts, since, although the transversality of this field of knowledge and practices is evident, more is needed, daring to remove it from invisibility whether in private or public work organizations is necessary.

Lesiones en tejidos dentarios y trastornos de la salud bucal en el examen médico ocupacional de trabajadores del sector construcción de Lima, Perú / Lesions in dental tissues and oral health disorders in the occupational medical examination of workers in the construction sector in Lima, Peru / Lesões nos tecidos dentários e perturbações da saúde oral no exame médico ocupacional dos trabalhadores do sector da construção em Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir las lesiones en tejidos dentarios y trastornos de la salud bucal encontradas durante el examen médico ocupacional en trabajadores del sector construcción de Lima, Perú. Material y métodos: Estudio epidemiológico transversal realizado en 150 trabajadores del sector construcción, seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio simple. Se realizó una evaluación estomatológica mediante observación directa y se empleó un instrumento de evaluación odontológico-ocupacional con índices para caries dental, severidad de caries y traumatismos dentales e indicadores de consecuencias clínicas de caries no tratada (patología pulpar) y lesiones no cariosas. Resultados: La experiencia de caries de los operadores sin estudio superior (CPOD = 14,99) y con estudio superior (CPOD = 13,06) fue superior frente a los supervisores (CPOD = 8,23) y administrativos (CPOD = 5,08). Los trabajadores operadores sin estudio superior (SiC = 18,04) y con estudio superior (SiC = 17,17) presentaron peores indicadores de significancia de caries frente a los supervisores (SiC = 13,67) y administrativos (SiC = 8,25). Además, los operadores sin estudio superior presentaron mayor carga de consecuencias clínicas de caries no tratada (PUFA = 2,35; severidad = 9,2%) en comparación con los operativos con estudio superior (PUFA = 1,91; severidad = 8,4%), los supervisores (PUFA = 0,53; severidad = 2,1%) y los administrativos (PUFA = 0,46; severidad = 1,8%), así como mayor frecuencia de lesiones no cariosas (47,3 %) y traumatismos dentales (21,3 %). Conclusiones: La salud dental, sus consecuencias clínicas y la estructura de los tejidos dentarios de los trabajadores operativos de una empresa constructora se encuentran más afectadas en comparación con los otros grupos laborales de la misma empresa.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the lesions in dental tissues and oral health disorders found during the occupational medical examination of workers in the construction sector in Lima, Peru. Material and methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out on 150 workers in the construction sector, selected by simple random sampling. A stomatological evaluation was carried out by direct observation, and a dental-occupational evaluation instrument was used with indexes for dental caries, caries severity and dental trauma, and indicators of clinical consequences of untreated caries (pulp pathology) and non-carious lesions. Results: The caries experience of operators without higher education (CPOD = 14.99) and with higher education (CPOD = 13.06) was higher than that of supervisors (CPOD = 8.23) and administrative workers (CPOD = 5.08). The operators without higher education (SiC = 18.04) and with higher education (SiC = 17.17) presented worse caries significance indicators compared to supervisors (SiC = 13.67) and administrative workers (SiC = 8.25). In addition, operators without higher education had a higher burden of clinical consequences of untreated caries (PUFA = 2.35; severity = 9.2%) compared to operators with higher education (PUFA = 1.91; severity = 8.4%), supervisors (PUFA = 0.53; severity = 2.1%) and administrators (PUFA = 0.46; severity = 1.8%), as well as a higher frequency of non-carious lesions (47.3%) and dental trauma (21.3%). Conclusions: Dental health, its clinical consequences, and the structure of the dental tissues of the operative workers of a construction company are more affected compared to the other labor groups of the same company.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as lesões nos tecidos dentários e os distúrbios de saúde oral encontrados durante o exame médico ocupacional em trabalhadores do sector da construção em Lima, Peru. Material e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico transversal em 150 trabalhadores do sector da construção, selecionados por amostragem aleatória simples. Foi realizada uma avaliação de estomatologia por observação direta e foi utilizado um instrumento de avaliação dentária ocupacional com índices de cárie dentária, gravidade da cárie e traumatismo dentário e indicadores das consequências clínicas da cárie não tratada (patologia pulpar) e lesões não cariosas. Resultados: A experiência de cárie dos operadores sem ensino superior (CPOD = 14,99) e com ensino superior (CPOD = 13,06) foi maior em comparação com os supervisores (CPOD = 8,23) e trabalhadores administrativos (CPOD = 5,08). Os operadores sem ensino superior (SiC = 18,04) e com ensino superior (SiC = 17,17) apresentaram piores indicadores de significância da cárie quando comparados aos supervisores (SiC = 13,67) e aos funcionários administrativos (SiC = 8,25). Além disso, os operadores sem ensino superior apresentaram maior carga de consequências clínicas da cárie não tratada (PUFA = 2,35; severidade = 9,2%) em relação aos operadores com ensino superior (PUFA = 1,91; severidade = 8,4%), supervisores (PUFA = 0,53; severidade = 2,1%) e administradores (PUFA = 0,46; severidade = 1,8%), bem como maior frequência de lesões não cariosas (47,3%) e traumatismos dentários (21,3%). Conclusões: A saúde dentária, as suas consequências clínicas e a estrutura dos tecidos dentários dos operários de uma empresa de construção civil são mais afetadas em comparação com os outros grupos de trabalho da mesma empresa.

Evaluation of the Frequency of Occupational Hazards Among a Group of Iranian General Dentists and its Prevention Criteria

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the frequency of occupational hazards and the criteria for their prevention among Iranian dentists. Material and Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 187 general dentists in Kerman. The data collection tool was a questionnaire including personal information (gender, age, marital status, condition and place and years of employment, and the average of weekly working hours) and a valid and reliable questionnaire of occupational hazards, including 24 questions about occupational hazards (6 domain) and nine questions about criteria for the prevention of the risks of dentistry. The t-test, chi-square, and linear regression were used. Results 92 (49.2%) were men. The mean and standard deviation of the score of occupational hazards was 27.04±16.21 out of 96, and the criteria of prevention were 22.00±7.28 out of 36. Regression analysis showed significant correlations between single statuses, years of occupational and type of employment, weekly work hours and occupational hazards, participation in occupational injury identification courses, and hepatitis vaccination. In addition, there were significant correlations between gender, age, weekly work hours, and preventive measures. Moreover, 3.2% of dentists were in a high-risk group and 26.2% were weak in preventive measures. Conclusion A total of 32.6% of dentists are at moderate risk of occupational hazards, and 10.7% meet the prevention criteria properly. It is recommended to hold training classes to identify occupational hazards and the criteria for their prevention among dentists.

Factores asociados con el agotamiento psicológico en odontólogos especialistas colombianos / Factors Associated With Burnout Syndrome in Colombian Dental Specialists

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados con el agotamiento psicológico (AP) en odontólogos especialistas que laboraban en la ciudad de Bucaramanga y su área metropolitana. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal en el que se aplicó la versión validada del cuestionario Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) a 117 especialistas del área de odontología. Se analizaron los puntajes obtenidos en las 3 dimensiones del instrumento, las características sociodemográficas, los aspectos del entorno laboral y profesional y los hábitos. En el análisis bivariado, se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman, la prueba de la U de Mann Whitney o Kruskal-Wallis y en el ánalisis multivariado, se realizó una regresión logística. Un valor de p<0,05 se consideró estadísticamente significativo. Cada participante aceptó su inclusión en el estudio tras el proceso de consentimiento informado. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue 44,0 ± 7,8 años y el 57,3% eran mujeres. El 3,4, el 4,3 y el 4,3% de los participantes tenían altos grados de agotamiento emocional, despersonaliza ción y falta de realización personal respectivamente. El consumo de cigarrillo presentó una asociación directa con las dimensiones despersonalización (p = 0,031) y falta de realización personal (p = 0,025). De otra parte, tener 10 años o más de egresado del posgrado evidenció una asociación inversa en estas 2 dimensiones (p = 0,049 y p = 0,045 respectivamente). Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que el AP no es un problema frecuente en los odontó logos especialistas que laboran en Bucaramanga y su área metropolitana; sin embargo, es importante tener en cuenta que se observó relación del AP con el hábito de fumar y los años de egresado de la especialidad.

ABSTRACT Objective: To establish the factors associated with burnout syndrome in dental specialists working in the city of Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which the validated version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) questionnaire was applied to 117 dental specialists. The variables analysed were the scores obtained in the three dimensions of the instrument - sociodemographic and job-related characteristics, professional environment, and habits. Spearman's correlation coefficient and the Mann Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis U test were used in the bivariate analysis, and a logistic regression was perfor med in the multivariate analysis. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Each participant accepted their inclusion in the study after the Informed Consent process was done. Results: The average age was 44.0 ± 7.8 years, and 57.3% were women. It was observed that 3.4%, 4.3% and 4.3% of respondents scored highly in emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and lack of personal achievement, respectively. Cigarette smoking presented a direct association with the dimensions of depersonalisation (p = 0.031) and lack of personal achie vement (p = 0.025). On the other hand, having completed the postgraduate degree 10 years or more ago showed a negative association in these two dimensions (p = 0.049 and p = 0.045, respectively). Conclusions: The results suggest that burnout syndrome is not a frequent problem in dental specialists who work in Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area. However, it is important to keep in mind that a relationship was observed between the syndrome and smoking, and the years after graduating in the specialty.

Gestión de la atención de salud bucal en tiempos de la COVID-19 / Management of oral health care in the time of COVID-19

Tema a presentar: En tiempos de COVID-19, debido al riesgo de transmisión derivado de varios procederes estomatológicos, se requiere reforzar la protección de los pacientes y de los trabajadores. Por tanto, se hace necesario actualizar a la comunidad científica y a los decisores de políticas en salud pública sobre aspectos esenciales para el perfeccionamiento de la gestión de la atención de salud bucal durante la pandemia. Comentarios principales: Con un enfoque actualizado según las experiencias internacionales, se trató el tema de la evaluación del riesgo laboral en estomatología y la gestión de la atención estomatológica durante la presente pandemia de COVID-19. Consideraciones globales: La profesión estomatológica tiene ante sí la responsabilidad de evitar la transmisión nosocomial de infecciones en los centros laborales, en las áreas de desempeño y que el personal en ejercicio de las acciones de salud esté protegido y no se convierta en trasmisor que ponga en riesgo a sus compañeros de trabajo, a la población que atiende, a su familia y a la población en general. El desempeño de los especialistas debe responder en todo momento a la ética médica y velar por ofrecer alternativas a las necesidades de salud bucal de la población en todas las situaciones de la vida social. La efectividad del accionar dependerá del perfeccionamiento de la gestión de la atención de salud bucal en tiempos de la COVID-19(AU)

Topic to be presented: In the time of COVID-19, and due to the risk of transmission derived from various dental procedures, it is necessary to enhance the protection of patients and workers. The scientific community and public health policy makers should therefore be updated on essential contents related to the improved management of oral health care during the pandemic. Main remarks: The topic of occupational risk assessment and dental care management during the current COVID-19 pandemic was addressed with an updated approach in keeping with international experiences. General considerations: The dental care profession has the responsibility of preventing nosocomial transmission of infections at work places and performance areas, as well as ensuring the protection of those involved in health actions, so that they do not become infected and transmit the disease to their colleagues, their patients, their family and the population at large. Specialists should always comply with medical ethics and offer alternatives to the oral health care needs of the population in all social life situations. The effectiveness of such actions will depend on improving the management of oral health care in the time of COVID-19(AU)

Adaptación y validación en español del cuestionario MAPETO-br para evaluar la postura de trabajo en estudiantes de Odontología / Adaptation and validation in Spanish of the MAPETO-br questionnaire to evaluate work posture in dental students

Introducción: La odontología es una de las carreras de mayor exigencia en el eje músculo-esqueletal del cuello y tronco superior, por lo que las posturas inadecuadas aprendidas durante el periodo de pregrado pueden considerarse como factores de riesgo. Objetivo: Adaptar y validar el cuestionario MAPETO-br de Danielle Wajngarten para estudiantes de Odontología. Métodos: Se preparó en español una versión previa del cuestionario MAPETO-br a partir de dos traducciones independientes de la versión original en portugués. Con el documento se realizó un pretest a dos profesionales de la salud expertos en ergonomía. Luego se aplicó una prueba piloto a 112 estudiantes de cuarto y quinto año de Odontología. Se realizó la recolección de datos mediante fotografía de la postura de los alumnos durante la atención dental y a través de la encuesta. Se midió la consistencia interna y se efectuó el análisis factorial exploratorio a través de examen de componentes principales. Resultados: La versión final quedó compuesta por 12 de los 14 ítems del cuestionario MAPETO-br después de la validación de contenido y adaptación al medio cultural chileno. La consistencia interna para los 12 ítems tuvo un valor de alfa de Cronbach 0,796. Presenta, además, alta estabilidad en el tiempo. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran medidas válidas y confiables para el Cuestionario MAPETO-cl para evaluación de postura, siendo un método rápido durante la realización de trabajo clínico sentado, ayudando a la identificación de presencia o ausencia de factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de trastornos músculo-esqueléticos(AU)

Introduction: Dentistry is one of the professions that demands most from the musculoskeletal axis of the neck and upper trunk. Therefore, the inadequate postures learned during undergraduate training may be viewed as risk factors. Objective: Adapt and validate Danielle Wajngarten's MAPETO-br questionnaire for dental students. Methods: A previous version of the MAPETO-br questionnaire was prepared in Spanish based on two separate translations of the original Portuguese version. The document was used to apply a pretest to two health professionals expert in ergonomics. A pilot test was then given to 112 fourth- and fifth-year dental students. Data were collected photographing the students' posture during dental care and via the survey. Internal consistency was measured and exploratory factor analysis was performed by principal component examination. Results: The final version was composed of 12 of the 14 items in the MAPETO-br questionnaire after validation of the content and adaptation to the Chilean cultural environment. Internal consistency for the 12 items had a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.796. It also exhibits high stability in time. Conclusions: Results show valid and reliable measurements in the MAPETO-cl Questionnaire for posture assessment, making it a fast method to be applied during work in sitting position, and helping identify the presence or absence of risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders(AU)

Noise levels of dental equipment used in dental college of Damascus University.

BACKGROUND: In dental practical classes, the acoustic environment is characterized by high noise levels in relation to other teaching areas. The aims of this study were to measure noise levels produced during the different dental learning clinics, by equipments used in dental learning areas under different working conditions and by used and brand new handpieces under different working conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The noise levels were measured by using a noise level meter with a microphone, which was placed at a distance of 15 cm from a main noise source in pre-clinical and clinical areas. In laboratories, the microphone was placed at a distance of 15 cm and another reading was taken 2 m away. Noise levels of dental learning clinics were measured by placing noise level meter at clinic center. The data were collected, tabulated and statistically analyzed using t-tests. Significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: In dental clinics, the highest noise was produced by micro motor handpiece while cutting on acrylic (92.2 dB) and lowest noise (51.7 dB) was created by ultrasonic scaler without suction pump. The highest noise in laboratories was caused by sandblaster (96 dB at a distance of 15 cm) and lowest noise by stone trimmer when only turned on (61.8 dB at a distance of 2 m). There was significant differences in noise levels of the equipment's used in dental laboratories and dental learning clinics (P = 0.007). The highest noise level recorded in clinics was at pedodontic clinic (67.37 dB). CONCLUSIONS: Noise levels detected in this study were considered to be close to the limit of risk of hearing loss 85 dB.

A saúde bucal no contexto da prevenção de absenteísmo e presenteísmo no trabalho / Oral health in the context of prevention of absenteeism and presenteeism in the workplace

A saúde bucal é um importante fator de morbidade humana mundial, mas frequentemente negligenciada em saúde ocupacional, apesar do impacto direto na qualidade de vida e na saúde do trabalhador. O objetivo deste artigo foi discutir o papel da saúde bucal como fator de absenteísmo e presenteísmo e nos processos de desenvolvimento e eficiência laboral por parte de governos, empresas e pelos próprios trabalhadores. Realizou-se revisão da literatura com artigos na íntegra, em inglês ou português, dos últimos 10 anos, nas bases científicas relacionando-se os temas saúde bucal, saúde ocupacional, absenteísmo e presenteísmo. Doenças bucais variaram como causas de absenteísmo entre 9 e 27%, mas de 28 a 50% como de presenteísmo. Dores dentárias e de ATM são as causas mais comuns. Entre 9 e 56% dos trabalhadores buscaram tratamentos em rede pública, e de 40 a 45%, em rede privada. Nas empresas que oferecem atendimento odontológico, 49% dos funcionários optaram pelo ambulatório da empresa, contra 40% da rede pública e 11% de outros tipos. A elevada prevalência de doenças bucais e de dor orofacial não é causa de elevados índices de absenteísmo, mas principalmente de presenteísmo. O trabalhador não se afasta, trabalha de forma deficitária e com propensão a maiores adoecimentos futuros. A saúde bucal tem importância não dissociada da saúde geral e ocupacional e, como tal, precisa ser incentivada e acompanhada de forma integrada. Políticas públicas e ações do setor privado efetivas e abrangentes na promoção e prevenção em saúde bucal no ambiente laboral podem ofertar melhor qualidade de vida aos trabalhadores.

Background: Oral health is an important factor of human morbidity worldwide. Yet is often neglected in occupational health despite its direct impact on the quality of life and health of workers. Objective: To discuss the role of oral health in sickness absence and presenteeism, as well as in development and work efficiency improvement processes involving governments, companies and the workers themselves. Methods: Review of full-text articles on oral health, occupational health, sickness absence and presenteeism published in English or Portuguese in the last 10 years and included in scientific databases. Results: Oral problems accounted for 9 to 27% cases of sickness absence and 28 to 50% of presenteeism, with toothache and temporomandibular joint pain as the most frequent reasons. About 50% of workers prefer company-provided dental care, while 40% visit public and 10% other types of facilities. Despite high, the prevalence of oral diseases and orofacial pain was not associated with high rates of absenteeism, but mainly with presenteeism, this is to say, workers do not tend to miss work days, but their performance is reduced and become susceptible to more serious health problems in the future. Conclusion: Oral health is not dissociated from general and occupational health, and as such it must be enhanced and duly promoted in an integrated manner. Effective and comprehensive oral health promotion and prevention public policies and private sector actions in the workplace can enhance the quality of life of workers.

Planejamento e reestruturação de um serviço de saúde bucal do trabalhador ­ relato de experiência com ênfase na documentação odontológica / Planning and restructuring a workers' dental health service ­ experience report with emphasis in dental records

INTRODUÇÃO: A Odontologia do Trabalho busca seu espaço dentro das empresas públicas e privadas. Pensando em melhorar a condição de vida do empregado e manter a produtividade da empresa, a Odontologia integra a equipe de Saúde Ocupacional das empresas, realizando ações preventivas e de educação em saúde, além dos exames admissionais e periódicos. OBJETIVO: O presente trabalho objetiva relatar a experiência do planejamento e reestruturação de um serviço de saúde bucal do trabalhador em uma empresa do setor elétrico brasileiro, com ênfase na documentação odontológica. RELATO DE CASO: O serviço de saúde bucal foi planejado levando em conta as metas e objetivos da empresa, as condições epidemiológicas dos trabalhadores brasileiros, além das prioridades elencadas pelos empregados e pela equipe de saúde. Um novo prontuário foi desenvolvido e o rol de procedimentos realizados no serviço foi ampliado. CONCLUSÃO: Cabe ao cirurgião-dentista apresentar projeto de implementação ou de readequação do serviço, demonstrando a melhoria dos índices de saúde bucal e geral através da realização de ações odontológicas ocupacionais e preventivas. A presença do cirurgião-dentista do trabalho nas empresas é de grande valia, pois este profissional contribuirá com a redução do absenteísmo, a diminuição dos acidentes de trabalho relacionados a causas odontológicas e a promoção de saúde bucal para todos os trabalhadores

INTRODUCTION: The Occupational Dentistry seeks space within the public and private companies. Thinking about improving the employee's living conditions and maintain the productivity of the company, Dentistry integrates the Occupational Health team, performing preventive actions and health education, in addition to the admission and periodic exams. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to report the experience of planning and restructuring a Labor Dentistry service in a company in the Brazilian electrical sector, with emphasis on dental documentation. CASE REPORT: The oral health service was planned taking into account the goals and objectives of the company, the epidemiological conditions of Brazilian workers, and the priorities established by the employees and the health team. The new dental record was developed and the list of procedures was updated and expanded. CONCLUSION: The dentist must submit a project for the implementation or the readjustment of the service, demonstrating the improvement of oral and general health indexes through the performance of occupational and preventive dental actions. The presence of the occupational dentist in the companies is of great value, since this professional will contribute with the reduction of absenteeism, the reduction of the accidents of work related to dental causes and the promotion of oral health for all the workers.