The need for a socioecological harm reduction approach to reduce illegal wildlife trade.

The burgeoning illegal trade in succulents in southern Africa presents a critical conservation and social development challenge. Drawing parallels with the trajectory of the response to rhinoceros poaching, we considered the consequences of conservation law enforcement measures, particularly the militarization of antipoaching efforts. The response to rhinoceros poaching not only resulted in so-called green militarization, but also led to extrajudicial killings, human rights abuses, and the disproportionate targeting of low-level poachers. The nature of wildlife trade prohibition is complex and often contested, and many actors operating in illegal wildlife trades dispute the label of illegal for socioeconomic, cultural, historical, or political reasons. This contestation is crucial when considering Indigenous cultural and medicinal values of succulents, with Indigenous Peoples and local communities questioning the criminalization of traditional plant harvesting practices. As the illegal trade in succulents continues to grow, it is imperative for conservationists to consider a nuanced approach. We call for a socioecological harm reduction approach that emphasizes community engagement, sustainable use, and codesigned interventions. Such an approach could help balance the scales of ecological conservation and human dignity in the face of growing wildlife trade challenges.

La necesidad de una estrategia socioecológica de reducción de daño para disminuir el mercado ilegal de fauna Resumen El emergente mercado ilegal de suculentas en el sur de África representa un reto importante para la conservación y el desarrollo social. Partimos de las similitudes con la trayectoria de la respuesta a la caza furtiva de rinocerontes para considerar las consecuencias de la aplicación de las leyes de conservación, en particular la militarización de los esfuerzos contra la caza furtiva. La respuesta a la caza furtiva no sólo derivó en la llamada militarización verde, sino también llevó a ejecuciones extrajudiciales, abuso de los derechos humanos y a la selección desproporcionada de cazadores de bajo nivel. La naturaleza de la prohibición del mercado de fauna es compleja y con frecuencia se impugna, y muchos actores que operan en los mercados ilegales disputan la etiqueta ilegal por razones socioeconómicas, culturales, históricas o políticas. Esta impugnación es crucial cuando consideramos los valores culturales y medicinales que los indígenas dan a las suculentas, sobre todo cuando los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales cuestionan la criminalización de las prácticas tradicionales de recolección de plantas. Conforme el mercado ilegal de suculentas sigue creciendo, es imperativo que los conservacionistas consideren una estrategia con matices. Pedimos una estrategia socioecológica de reducción de daños que resalte la participación comunitaria, el uso sustentable y las intervenciones con co­diseño. Dicha estrategia podría ayudar a equlibrar la balanza de la conservación ecológica y la dignidad humana de cara al incremento de retos en el mercado de fauna.

[Evaluation of a community-based intervention to increase influenza vaccination coverage in pregnant women]. / Evaluación de una intervención comunitaria para incrementar la cobertura vacunal de la gripe en mujeres embarazadas.

OBJECTIVE: To know the impact of the educational intervention carried out on the professionals of a basic health area and their community participation group, which make up the intervention group (IG), and to analyze its repercussion on the vaccination coverage achieved for influenza in the risk group (pregnant and puerperal women) comparing it with its neighboring basic zone, which makes up the control group (CG), during the 2019/20 vaccination season. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental study of community intervention. SITE: Two basic health zones belonging to the Elche-Crevillente health department, Spain. PARTICIPANTS: Pregnant and postpartum women from 2 basic health areas and the community participation group. Health professionals directly related to the flu vaccination campaign. INTERVENTIONS: Training session for the IG prior to the 2019/20 flu campaign. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Attitudes towards influenza vaccination in health professionals through the validated CAPSVA questionnaire and the vaccination coverage of pregnant and postpartum women through the Nominal Vaccine Registry and their acceptance of the vaccine in the midwife's office. RESULTS: The influenza vaccination coverage data recorded in Nominal Vaccine Registry for pregnant and puerperal women was 26.4% (n=207) in the IG and 19.7% (n=144) in the CG (p=0.001), with an incidence ratio of 1.34, thus achieving 34% more vaccination in the IG. Acceptance for vaccination in the midwife's office was also high, with 96.5% immunization in IG vs. 89.0% in CG, with a RR=1.09 (95% CI 1.01-1.62). CONCLUSIONS: Joint training strategies for professionals and community assets improve the results of vaccination coverage.

Understanding complex drivers of wildlife crime to design effective conservation interventions.

In conservation understanding the drivers of behavior and developing robust interventions to promote behavioral change is challenging and requires a multifaceted approach. This is particularly true for efforts to address illegal wildlife use, where pervasive-and sometimes simplistic-narratives often obscure complex realities. We used an indirect questioning approach, the unmatched count technique, to investigate the drivers and prevalence of wildlife crime in communities surrounding 2 national parks in Uganda and combined scenario interviews and a choice experiment to predict the performance of potential interventions designed to tackle these crimes. Although poverty is often assumed to be a key driver of wildlife crime, we found that better-off households and those subject to human-wildlife conflict and those that do not receive any benefits from the parks' tourism revenue sharing were more likely to be involved in certain types of wildlife crime, especially illegal hunting. The interventions predicted to have the greatest impact on reducing local participation in wildlife crime were those that directly addressed the drivers including, mitigating damage caused by wildlife and generating financial benefits for park-adjacent households. Our triangulated approach provided insights into complex and hard-to-access behaviors and highlighted the importance of going beyond single-driver narratives.

Comprensión de los Conductores Complejos de los Delitos con Vida Silvestre para Diseñar Intervenciones Efectivas de Conservación Resumen En la conservación, la comprensión de los conductores del comportamiento y el desarrollo de intervenciones sólidas para promover cambios en el comportamiento es un reto que requiere de una estrategia multifacética. Esto es particularmente cierto para los esfuerzos que se realizan para tratar el uso ilegal de la fauna, en donde las narrativas generalizadas - y en algunas ocasiones simples - comúnmente ocultan las realidades complejas. Usamos una estrategia de cuestionamiento indirecto, la técnica de conteo sin par, para investigar los conductores y la prevalencia de los delitos con fauna en las comunidades que rodean a dos parques naciones en Uganda, así como entrevistas de escenario combinado y un experimento de elección para predecir el desempeño de las intervenciones potenciales diseñadas para acabar con estos delitos. Aunque frecuentemente se asume a la pobreza como un conductor importante de los delitos con fauna, encontramos que los hogares con mayor probabilidad de estar involucrados en ciertos tipos de delitos, especialmente la cacería ilegal, son los que se encuentran en mejores condiciones, están sujetos al conflicto humano-fauna y los que no reciben beneficio alguno de las ganancias del turismo en los parques. Las intervenciones que se pronosticó tendrían el mayor impacto en la reducción de la participación local dentro del delito con fauna fueron aquellas que trataron directamente con los conductores, incluyendo la mitigación del daño causado por la fauna y la generación de beneficios económicos para los hogares circundantes al parque. Nuestra estrategia triangulada proporcionó percepciones hacia los comportamientos complejos y de difícil acceso y resaltó la importancia de ir más allá de las narrativas unifactoriales.

Beehive fences as a multidimensional conflict-mitigation tool for farmers coexisting with elephants.

Increasing habitat fragmentation and human population growth in Africa has resulted in an escalation in human-elephant conflict between small-scale farmers and free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta Africana). In 2012 Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) implemented the national 10-year Conservation and Management Strategy for the Elephant in Kenya, which includes an action aimed at testing whether beehive fences can be used to mitigate human-elephant conflict. From 2012 to 2015, we field-tested the efficacy of beehive fences to protect 10 0.4-ha farms next to Tsavo East National Park from elephants. We hung a series of beehives every 10 m around the boundary of each farm plot. The hives were linked with strong wire. After an initial pilot test with 2 farms, the remaining 8 of 10 beehive fences also contained 2-dimensional dummy hives between real beehives to help reduce the cost of the fence. Each trial plot had a neighboring control plot of the same size within the same farm. Of the 131 beehives deployed 88% were occupied at least once during the 3.5-year trial. Two hundred and fifty-three elephants, predominantly 20-45 years old entered the community farming area, typically during the crop- ripening season. Eighty percent of the elephants that approached the trial farms were kept out of the areas protected by the beehive fences, and elephants that broke a fence were in smaller than average groups. Beehive fences not only kept large groups of elephants from invading the farmland plots but the farmers also benefited socially and financially from the sale of 228 kg of elephant-friendly honey. As news of the success of the trial spread, a further 12 farmers requested to join the project, bringing the number of beehive fence protected farms to 22 and beehives to 297. This demonstrates positive adoption of beehive fences as a community mitigation tool. Understanding the response of elephants to the beehive fences, the seasonality of crop raiding and fence breaking, and the willingness of the community to engage with the mitigation method will help contribute to future management strategies for this high human-elephant conflict hotspot and other similar areas in Kenya.

[Community diagnosis using qualitative techniques of expectations and experiences in a health area in need of social transformation]. / Diagnóstico comunitario mediante técnicas cualitativas de las expectativas y vivencias en salud de una zona necesitada de transformación social.

OBJECTIVE: To know the views, experiences and expectations of care provided by the Andalusian Public Health System (SSPA) of users of an urban area in need of social transformation (ZNTS). DESIGN: Qualitative methodology (exploratory study). LOCATION: Urban basic health zone (16,000 inhabitants, 40% ZNTS). PARTICIPANTS: Purposive sampling of users of SSPA and community leaders. Homogeneity criteria: age. Heterogeneity criteria: sex, frequency, active/pensioner, level cultural/economic. MAIN INTERVENTIONS: Conversational techniques recorded by videotape and moderated by a sociologist (user dicussion groups and in-depth interviews for community leaders). ANALYSIS: transcription of speeches, coding, categories triangulation and final outcome. RESULTS: Seven groups (43 participants, 58% ZNTS) and 6 leaders. They want continuity of care and choice of professionals, but not the medical change without information and attention's discontinuity primary care/hospital. There's bad physical accesibility by the urban environment in the ZNTS and is criticized admission services and paperwork; the programmed appointment and the electronic prescriptions are improvements but asking more hospital referrals and reviews. There's good appreciation of the professionals (primary care-closer, hospital-greater technical capacity). It needs to improve nursing education and speed of emergency assistance. There's a lack of leadership in the system organization, very fragmented. They know a range of services focusing on the demand for care; other health activities not spread to the users. CONCLUSION: The SSPA should incorporate the views and expectations of communities in social risk to a real improvement in the quality of care.

Determinación social de la obesidad, la diabetes y la hipertensión arterial desde las narrativas de mujeres de una comunidad indígena en el sur de Morelos, México.

OBJETIVO: comprender los procesos críticos (PC) de determinación social de la obesidad, la diabetes y la hipertensión (ODH) en una comunidad nahua de México. METODOLOGÍA: estudio cualitativo de registros de un taller de fotovoz, donde las participantes fotografiaron su entorno y analizaron las causas y posibles soluciones a la ODH. Para analizar los PC de la ODH utilizamos como método la investigación narrativa y, como referente teórico, la epidemiología crítica. RESULTADOS: la ODH se reproduce social e históricamente a través de PC destructivos vinculados con las relaciones de producción global y de género. Estas determinan modos de vida deteriorantes que limitan la atención a la salud, comprometen la salud mental, producen contaminación y diferenciación de uso de espacios, y reducen oportunidades para alimentarse nutritivamente y realizar actividad física. Todo ello se expresa como ODH y problemas de salud mental. Los PC protectores ante estas expresiones incluyen la atención estatal, las oportunidades de trabajo, y la promoción de dispositivos culturales y comunitarios. CONCLUSIONES: nuestros resultados aportan a la discusión global sobre cómo las condiciones históricas de vida son parte de la determinación social de la ODH. Comprender los PC y sus expresiones locales puede orientarnos hacia la descolonización de la forma de pensar y hacer promoción de la salud.

[Repercussions of COVID-19 in a participatory action-research process with adolescent Roma women]. / Repercusiones de la COVID-19 en un proceso de investigación-acción participativa con adolescentes gitanas.

The objective of this article is to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the implementation of the RoMoMatter project, using a community-based participatory action research methodology, in Córdoba (Spain). Five academic researchers and 30 community members participated. Individual interviews, focus groups and field notes were used as data collection techniques. The interviews were audio-recorded with the consent of the participants and transcribed verbatim. The information collected was coded using Atlas Ti software. The efforts of adaptation to the new pandemic scenario made by the participants and the technical and emotional support role played by the adaptation team are highlighted. It is concluded that the main impact of the pandemic was evidenced in the participatory process of all the people involved, and in the format and number of activities.

The urgency of strengthening health information to support public perception and involvement in the COVID-19 vaccine.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the driving and inhibiting factors and to find a prototype of community involvement in the COVID-19 vaccine. METHOD: Data sources from PubMed database, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and ProQuest. The data were obtained based on searches using the keyword COVID-19 (n=11,.599), focusing on community acceptance (n=813), community involvement (n=86), and types of articles (n=46). Articles that meet the inclusion criteria are seven, and the data were analyzed with ATLAS Ti.9 software. RESULTS: Engagement and driving factors have the highest correlation (0.38). The drivers, perceptions of vulnerability, and inhibiting factors determine community involvement. The perception of exposure can be a supporting or inhibiting factor influenced by information reinforcement. CONCLUSIONS: Strengthening positive information can alter the sense of community vulnerability, making it a driving force for participation in the COVID-19 vaccine campaign. This finding is an appropriate strategy to expand the reach and resolve public doubts about accepting the vaccine.

Supporting community participation in a pandemic.

The invariable governmental approach to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been to effect the White Knight stance of Don Quixote, defending the population from the "Virus Dragon" and dedicating its knight-errantry to the damsel Dulcinea. Though essential, new therapeutics, vaccines, physical distancing, rigorous hygiene standards and efficient health systems are not sufficient to counter the effects of the virus. Individual compliance to public health guidelines also matters, while remaining similarly insufficient to diminish the threat. Earthier, citizen-led, community participation strategies, however, lead to innovative, tailored solutions that better fulfil the needs of diverse neighbourhoods and assures greater virus resistance and increase in population health compared to a top-down, knightly approach or isolated individual efforts. The challenge of COVID-19 offers communities a moment to build more resilient, antifragile communities that not only survive the current crisis, but that thrive after it, and that are better equipped for the next challenge. This is not the time for the singular heroics of the White Knight, or the antics of Don Quixote, tilting at windmills. It is the time of Sancho Panza, which is to say of regular non-credentialed citizens, and their collective efforts, who up to now have largely been considered pawns in this contest. Asset-based community development (ABCD) rejects both the individual as an island and the institutional, knightly emphasis on assessing needs and deficits within communities. It favours identifying and mobilising available and latent assets within a community to forge closer connections among all people, the better to collectivise problem-solving efforts. Community-driven initiatives are assisted in this by localised not-for-profit agencies that practice subsidiarity.

Associations and community health workers: analysis and time trends over ten years of training-action.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the profile of the persons and associations that participated in the course, quantify peer education activities and analyse their evolution. METHOD: A quantitative study using an analysis of the course records from 2009 to 2018 was designed for this purpose inside mihsalud program designed to promote health amongst persons in vulnerable situations in the city of Valencia (Spain). It offers a yearly training-action course of community health workers (CHW) that is attended by persons who have been proposed by associations. The associations were defined according to their population (immigrant, local or intercultural) and the CHWs according to gender, country of birth, year of course, association and continuity after training. Means and confidence intervals were calculated at 95% and a bivariate analysis was conducted in order to compare the activities that took place in 2009 to 2013 with those of 2014 to 2018. The time trends were analysed by applying linear regression models that included the different years studied as the dependent variable. RESULTS: 201 CHW of 31 nationalities were trained, 81.6% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 75.5-86.7] were women. Eighty-two associations participated, 51.2% (95% CI: 39.9-62.4] worked with culturally diverse populations. Participation by associations (p=.017) and CHWs (p=.377) increased in a statistically significant manner over the years. After the course, 35.3% (95% CI: 28.7-42.4] of the CHWs continued to collaborate voluntarily in the associations. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the CHW training-action course improve over time given that a significant increase in participation by associations and women can be seen, along with a greater number of activities completed during the training. One effect of this is that CHWs are contracted or carry out voluntary activities in the associations.

[Being an active citizen and the elderly: Old concepts, new approaches. A systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis]. / Ciudadanía activa y personas mayores: viejos conceptos, nuevos abordajes. Una revisión sistemática y metasíntesis cualitativa.

The politics of active ageing present active citizenship of the elderly as a key challenge for the coming years. Active citizenship has been defined in different ways (as complimentary in most cases), outlining an eclecticism of participatory activities that includes political engagement in a participatory and deliberative manner, as well as community and voluntary action. This term is found in different contexts such as formal politics, work, civil society, and the home. This paper, based on a systematic review, identifies the context in which this concept emerges in relation to older people and people with dementia. It also analyses the different expressions of active citizenship used, and provides key elements to be taken into account in the formulation of policies in a context of accelerated demographic ageing and where dementia is a public health priority. The notion of active citizenship in old age is a step forward from active ageing to a broader concept that integrates the principle of equality between people irrespective of gender, age and the need for support.

[The City of Girls and Boys of Huesca (Spain), an opportunity for designing healthy environment and public policies]. / La Ciudad de las Niñas y los Niños de Huesca, una oportunidad en el diseño de entornos y políticas públicas saludables.

The City of Girls and Boys of Huesca (Spain) is an international project that seeks to foster children's autonomy and full participation in the construction of the city. Following its formal approval at the City Council of Huesca, the Girls and Boys Board and the City Laboratory were created, both of which include children from all the schools of Huesca. To highlightthe work on health, activities such as "Healthy School Paths", in which the asset mapping technique is used, were incorporated. Besides the interdisciplinary work among different areas of the city council, professionals from education (schools and university), health and social services, effects on the urban physical environment, with one street, park and square remodelled; and on the children's lifestyles, with more children walking to school alone, have been observed.

Enfoque Rápido en Contexto Comunitario (ERCC): evaluando las medidas preventivas para Hantavirus en la Comarca Andina Patagónica desde la perspectiva de la participación comunitaria / Rapid Approach in Community Context (ERCC): evaluating preventive measures for Hantavirus in the Andean Patagonian Region from the perspective of community participation

Introducción: la creciente preocupación por eventos epidémicos de origen zoonótico generó la necesidad de estrategias integrales que corrigiesen la baja adaptabilidad y tensiones que se generan al implementar acciones de orden jerárquico superior en el contexto comunitario. Con el objeto de explicar un Enfoque Rápido en Contexto Comunitario (ERCC), este trabajo se propone evaluar dentro del contexto de un programa de salud pública la participación comunitaria en la prevención del Hantavirus en la Comarca Andina del Paralelo 42. Metodología: El presente ERCC utilizó visitas y observaciones al sitio, entrevistas cara a cara y grupales, precedidas por una revisión documental de la literatura. La información se recopiló en un corto período de tiempo y el análisis se utilizó para desarrollar recomendaciones informadas para los tomadores de decisiones de salud pública. Resultados: Se observo que cada comunidad enfrenta desafíos más allá del hantavirus y es esencial que epidemiólogos, prestadores de servicios asistenciales y municipalidades trabajen más estrechamente con la población local para prevenir y manejar mejor cualquier brote de enfermedad. Se pudieron identificar 6 recomendaciones que le permitirían a las comunidades un mejor manejo de futuros brotes con un enfoque participativo. Conclusiones: El ERCC es una intervención rápida y discreta que puede ser llevada a cabo por un pequeño equipo con una interferencia mínima en la comunidad. El ERCC también podría ser adaptado por las autoridades de salud pública a muchos contextos diferentes, incluso con grupos vulnerables, para ayudar a que la promoción y la prevención sean más relevantes y efectivas a nivel local (AU)

Introduction: the growing concern for epidemic events of zoonotic origin generated the need for comprehensive strategies that correct the low adaptability and tensions generated when implementing actions of higher hierarchical order in the community context. In order to explain a Rapid Approach in Community Context (ERCC), this paper aims to evaluate within the context of a public health program community participation in the prevention of Hantavirus in the Andean Region of the 42nd Parallel. Methodology: The present ERCC used site visits and observations, face-to-face and group interviews, preceded by a documentary review of the literature. The information was collected over a short period of time and the analysis was used to develop informed recommendations for public health decision makers. Results: It was observed that each community faces challenges beyond hantavirus and it is essential that epidemiologists, care providers and municipalities work more closely with the local population to better prevent and manage any disease outbreak. We were able to identify 6 recommendations that would allow communities to better manage future outbreaks with a participatory approach. Conclusions: The ERCC is a rapid and discreet intervention that can be carried out by a small team with minimal interference in the community. The ERCC could also be adapted by public health authorities to many different contexts, including with vulnerable groups, to help make promotion and prevention more relevant and effective at the local level (AU)

[Effective implementation of the Quadruple Helix-Based Innovation Model for active ageing]. / Implantación efectiva de la Cuádruple Hélice basada en el Modelo de Innovación en envejecimiento activo.

This paper shows an experience of the practical implementation of the Quadruple Helix-Based Innovation Model of Reference Sites of the European Commission through the Design Thinking method. This method establishes that, in order to successfully achieve the design of a digital solution, five unavoidable phases must be covered: empathize, define, ideate, prototype and test. The process was approached using the research action design. Qualitative data collection and analysis techniques were applied in each phase: qualitative meta-synthesis, focus groups, biographical interviews, professional and community forums and techniques of prototyping and testing with users. The systematic application of this method has facilitated the consolidation of a cooperative work model in which the main key agents in active and healthy ageing interact. Thus, products and services have been developed to better meet the needs of the users, making them an active part of the creation process.

[Health councils as an instrument of community participation: a qualitative research in La Rioja (Spain)]. / Los consejos de salud como instrumento de participación comunitaria en La Rioja.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the functioning and regulations of health councils in La Rioja (Spain) as vehicles for citizen participation in health management. METHOD: A qualitative analysis was conducted triangulating the national and regional institutional framework reviews of health councils, the official minutes of 58 meetings, and 11 semi-structured interviews with related persons. RESULTS: The analysis revealed a predominantly biomedical-technological standpoint, a lack of training in community participation dynamics, and an absence of structure in council operations. The councils were also found to be over-powered by public healthcare administration and restricted to a role of simply transmitting information, thereby neglecting an opportunity for proactive community involvement. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of these shortcomings, community health councils can operate as efficient instruments in health management as long as the necessary political will and appropriate community awareness both exist.

[Keys to the success of community engagement: dialogues on engagement at local level. SESPAS Report 2018]. / Claves para el éxito de la participación comunitaria: diálogos sobre participación en el ámbito local. Informe SESPAS 2018.

In recent years, successful local health interventions have emerged in the field of community engagement in health. This paper presents a dialogue between different local actors about the key aspects which can enhance the success of these community experiences. The format chosen for our work is a semi-structured conversation where authors discuss different aspects related to the current context of community engagement in health, the identified barriers to participating, and the effective tools which might facilitate the development of successful experiences. Most of the community experiences, which are the basis of this analysis, are found in intersectoral workspaces; mainly in local committees and health councils, in which the authors of this paper are involved. Developing an inclusive model of community engagement is challenging, but we rely on different tools that allow us to promote the participation of citizens in the decisions taken concerning their health and that of their community. To facilitate the development of successful experiences, it is necessary to combine different normative, technical and methodological tools. Furthermore, we also need to guide our intervention to promote participation in all phases of the intervention cycle, including a health perspective in all the policies, and acting on determinants from an equity perspective.

Círculos de la palabra con líderes vecinales: sistematización de la experiencia

Se realizó una sistematización de la experiencia de: "círculos de la palabra" con líderes barriales del municipio de Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia entre 2016 y 2019, con base en los lineamientos de los autores: Jara, Ghiso y Verger. La experiencia permitió identificar tres hitos: "conocernos, el acompañamiento y los sueños", "sujetos de conocimiento" y "la experiencia construida socialmente". Los círculos de la palabra se configuraron para dar a los líderes de las comunidades un espacio donde tener voz y promover la reflexión movilizadora, construir tejidos y crear redes sociales de apoyo para conseguir un buen vivir.

A systematization of the experience titled: "word circles" with neighborhood leaders in Villamaría - Caldas (Colombia) between 2016 and 2019, was conduc ted based on Jara, Ghiso, and Verger guidelines. This experience allowed to iden tify three milestones: "getting to know each other, accompaniment and dreams," "subjects of knowledge," and "experience socially constructed". The word circles were created to provide to community leaders a place where they may have a voice and to foster mobilizing reflection, to build social fabric, and creating support networks to achieve a good life.

Repercusiones de la COVID-19 en un proceso de investigación-acción participativa con adolescentes gitanas / Repercussions of COVID-19 in a participatory action-research process with adolescent Roma women

El objetivo de este artículo es describir la repercusión que ha tenido la pandemia de COVID-19 en la implementación del proyecto RoMoMatter, con una metodología de investigación-acción participativa basada en la comunidad, en Córdoba. Participaron cinco investigadoras académicas y 30 de la comunidad. Se utilizaron como técnicas de recogida de datos la entrevista individual, los grupos focales y las notas de campo. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio con el consentimiento de las participantes y se transcribieron textualmente. La información recogida fue codificada mediante el software Atlas Ti. Se destacan los esfuerzos de adaptación al nuevo escenario de la pandemia realizados por las participantes y el papel de apoyo técnico y emocional que tuvo el equipo de adaptación. Se concluye que la principal repercusión de la pandemia se evidenció en el proceso participativo de todas las personas implicadas, y en el formato y el número de actividades.(AU)

The objective of this article is to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the implementation of the RoMoMatter project, using a community-based participatory action research methodology, in Córdoba (Spain). Five academic researchers and 30 community members participated. Individual interviews, focus groups and field notes were used as data collection techniques. The interviews were audio-recorded with the consent of the participants and transcribed verbatim. The information collected was coded using Atlas Ti software. The efforts of adaptation to the new pandemic scenario made by the participants and the technical and emotional support role played by the adaptation team are highlighted. It is concluded that the main impact of the pandemic was evidenced in the participatory process of all the people involved, and in the format and number of activities. (AU)

[The university as a community: health-promoting universities. SESPAS Report 2018]. / La universidad como comunidad: universidades promotoras de salud. Informe SESPAS 2018.

The connection of the University with the community to which it belongs is one of the basic principles on which the former is based. A community will be healthy as long as there are many connections between the individuals and sub-groups that form it. Working on health promotion, talking about participation and participatory models implies the assumption that people and communities have the right to self-manage. Implementing participation will involve opening up possibilities for co-management, autonomy, understanding of dynamic realities, the formalization of alliances, the transformation of contexts, and forms of relationship. It will involve understanding health as a right. Networking is fundamental in an interconnected and global world. Since its inception, the Project of Health Promoting Universities has been built with the participation of the university community towards improving the conditions for health, quality of life and well-being of all members of the community. Universities are ideal scenarios to implement strategies to improve the lifestyles of their members that also transcend to the university spaces and positively affect the lives of people on and off campus. The networks of Health Promoting Universities in Latin America were institutionalized in 2003, and took the form of the Ibero-American Network of Health Promoting Universities in 2007 within the framework of the third Conference on Health Promoting Universities held in the city of Juarez, Mexico. In 2008, the Spanish Network of Healthy Universities was created in Spain, in order to enhance the role of universities as environments that promote the health and well-being of their students, their staff and society, leading and supporting processes of social change.

Implementation of Participatory Research in Vulnerable Context: Methodological Strategies and Challenges / Implementação de Pesquisa Participativa em Contexto de Vulnerabilização: Estratégias e Desafios Metodológicos / Implementación de la Investigación Participativa en un Contexto de Vulnerabilidad: Estrategias y Desafíos Metodológicos

Abstract Participatory methods contribute to scientific rigor by highlighting the contextual needs, especially of underrepresented populations, making them protagonists in the process of social change. This article aims to present the application of a participatory research method, called Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR), in a context of social vulnerability in southern Brazil. It seeks to discuss the challenges and strengths of the method, which provides ecological validity for the development of public policies appropriate to the context, while empowering the participants. The research has been carried out since 2019 and, among the inherent challenges, has also faced the difficulties posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the application of this method in Brazil, the importance of involving participants throughout the research process has been identified, so that policies are developed to meet the needs of the community and are sustained by those most interested.

Resumo Métodos participativos contribuem para o rigor científico ao evidenciarem demandas do contexto, especialmente com populações sub-representadas, tornando-as protagonistas do processo de transformação social. Este estudo objetivou apresentar a aplicação de um método participativo de pesquisa, a Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR), em um contexto de vulnerabilização social no sul do Brasil. Busca-se discutir os desafios e as potencialidades do método, que oferece recursos de validade ecológica para o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas próprias ao contexto, ao mesmo tempo em que empodera seus participantes. A pesquisa vem sendo realizada desde o ano de 2019 e, dentre os desafios inerentes, também enfrentou as dificuldades impostas pela pandemia de Covid-19. A partir da aplicação deste método em contexto brasileiro, identificou-se a relevância de se envolver os participantes ao longo do processo de pesquisa, a fim de que as ações desenvolvidas sejam desenvolvidas em coerência com as demandas trazidas pela comunidade, e mantidas por aqueles que são seus maiores interessados.

Resumen Los métodos participativos contribuyen al rigor científico al destacar las necesidades del contexto, especialmente de las poblaciones subrepresentadas, haciéndolas protagonistas del proceso de cambio social. Este artículo pretende presentar la aplicación de un método de investigación participativa, denominado Investigación Participativa Basada en la Comunidad (IBCB), en un contexto de vulnerabilidad social en el sur de Brasil. Busca discutir los desafíos y fortalezas del método, con validez ecológica para el desarrollo de políticas públicas, al tiempo que empodera a los participantes. La investigación empezó en 2019 y, entre los desafíos, también se ha enfrentado a las dificultades planteadas por la pandemia de Covid-19. A partir de la aplicación de este método en el contexto brasileño, se ha identificado la importancia de involucrar a los participantes en el proceso de investigación, para que se desarrollen políticas que respondan a las necesidades de la comunidad y sean mantenidas por los más interesados.