Effects of Structurally Different Tertiary Amines on the Properties of Quaternized Anionic Exchange Membranes Potentially Applicable for Water Electrolysis.

In this work, two structurally different monoamines (trimethylamine [TMA] and N-methylpiperidine [N-MPip]) are used for the amination of a g-VBC-15 graft copolymer, obtained by the functionalization of a mechanically robust, commercially available styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SB) with vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) via solution free-radical polymerization. Results demonstrate that g-VBC-15-based membranes quaternized with TMA have superior electrochemical performance than N-MPip counterparts; while, the mechanical properties are good and only slightly inferior to those of N-MPip. Therefore, TMA is the selected monoamine to be alternatively mixed with two polyamines (tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine [TMPDA] and N,N,N',N'',N''-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine [PMDETA]) into different proportions, in order to modulate the average functionality of the amination mixture in terms of number of amine functional groups available for the quaternization reaction of the membranes. g-VBC-15-based membranes derived therefrom are extensively characterized to assess their thermal, mechanical, and ex situ electrochemical properties. Results indicate that membranes quaternized with a TMA/PMDETA mixture (90:10 in mole) display the highest conductivity among all the investigated membranes aminated with polyamine-based mixtures. Moreover, they have comparable mechanical and electrochemical properties to those quaternized with TMA, while exhibiting a reduced water uptake.

Construction of amine-rich coating utilizing amine curing reaction of triglycidyl isocyanate with triethylenetetramine on the surface of poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) microspheres for preparation of anion exchange stationary phase.

Epoxy resins, as important thermosetting polymers, exhibit excellent adhesion to various substrates. In view of this, reticulate coating of triglycidyl isocyanate with triethylenetetramine was introduced onto the surface of poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) utilizing amine curing reaction to obtain poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)@triglycidyl isocyanate-triethylenetetramine composite microspheres. The amino groups and epoxy groups of triglycidyl isocyanate-triethylenetetramine endowed poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) with good reactivity, which could be quaternized under mild conditions to obtain an anion exchange chromatographic stationary phase. The quaternized poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)@triglycidyl isocyanate-triethylenetetramine was characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption experiment, et al. The chromatographic performance of the customized column was evaluated by separating seven conventional anions, organic weak acids, and carbohydrates. Poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)@triglycidyl isocyanate-triethylenetetramine possesses the uniform size of poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) microspheres and good reactivity of triglycidyl isocyanate-triethylenetetramine, which offers a flexible strategy for the preparation of anion exchange stationary phase. The column exhibits excellent chemical and mechanical stability and chromatographic performance. Finally, the column was successfully applied for the determination of nitrite in pickles.

Antimicrobial Functionalization of Silicone-graft-poly(N-vinylimidazole) Catheters.

In this work, we present the modification of a medical-grade silicone catheter with the N-vinylimidazole monomer using the grafting-from method at room temperature and induced by gamma rays. The catheters were modified by varying the monomer concentration (20-100 vol%) and the irradiation dose (20-100 kGy). Unlike the pristine material, the grafted poly(N-vinylimidazole) chains provided the catheter with hydrophilicity and pH response. This change allowed for the functionalization of the catheters to endow it with antimicrobial features. Thus, the quaternization of amines with iodomethane and bromoethane was performed, as well as the immobilization of silver and ampicillin. The inhibitory capacity of these materials, functionalized with antimicrobial agents, was challenged against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains, showing variable results, where loaded ampicillin was amply better at eliminating bacteria.

Cost-Effective Carbon Quaternization with Redox-Active Esters and Olefins.

Quaternary carbons are embedded in various natural products, pharmaceuticals, and organic materials. However, constructing this valuable motif is far from trivial. Conventional approaches mainly rely on classical polar disconnections and encounter bottlenecks concerning harsh conditions, functional group tolerance, regioselectivity, and step economy. In this context, Kawamata, Baran, Shenvi, and co-workers recently demonstrated that two feedstock chemicals, alkyl carboxylic acids and olefins, could be utilized to construct tetrasubstituted carbons in the presence of an inexpensive iron porphyrin catalyst and a suitable reductant combination through quaternization of the radical intermediates. The method enables access to various sterically encumbered quaternary carbons under mild and robust conditions. Taking a complete detour from conventional approaches, the present heteroselective radical-radical coupling simplifies the synthesis of quaternary carbon-containing molecules through an innovative and distinctive disconnection approach.

A New Mild Method for Synthesis of Marine Alkaloid Fascaplysin and Its Therapeutically Promising Derivatives.

Fascaplysin is a marine alkaloid which is considered to be a lead drug candidate due to its diverse and potent biological activity. As an anticancer agent, fascaplysin holds a great potential due to the multiple targets affected by this alkaloid in cancer cells, including inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and induction of intrinsic apoptosis. At the same time, the studies on structural optimization are hampered by its rather high toxicity, mainly caused by DNA intercalation. In addition, the number of methods for the syntheses of its derivatives is limited. In the current study, we report a new two-step method of synthesis of fascaplysin derivatives based on low temperature UV quaternization for the synthesis of thermolabile 9-benzyloxyfascaplysin and 6-tert-butylfascaplysin. 9-Benzyloxyfascaplysin was used as the starting compound to obtain 9-hydroxyfascaplysin. However, the latter was found to be chemically highly unstable. 6-tert-Butylfascaplysin revealed a significant decrease in DNA intercalation when compared to fascaplysin, while cytotoxicity was only slightly reduced. Therefore, the impact of DNA intercalation for the cytotoxic effects of fascaplysin and its derivatives needs to be questioned.

Quaternized Polysaccharide-Based Cationic Micelles as a Macromolecular Approach to Eradicate Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections while Mitigating Antimicrobial Resistance.

Microbial infections and microbial resistance lead to a high demand for new antimicrobial agents. Quaternized polysaccharides are cationic antimicrobial candidates; however, the limitation of homogeneous synthesis solvents that affect the molecular structure and biological activities, as well as their drug resistance remains unclear. Therefore, the authors homogeneously synthesize a series of quaternized chitin (QC) and quaternized chitosan (QCS) derivatives via a green and effective KOH/urea system and investigate their structure-activity relationship and biological activity in vivo and in vitro. Their study reveals that a proper match of degree of quaternization (DQ) and degree of deacetylation (DD') of QC or QCS is key to balance antimicrobial property and cytotoxicity. They identify QCS-2 as the optimized antimicrobial agent with a DQ of 0.46 and DD' of 82%, which exhibits effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, good hemocompatibility, excellent cytocompatibility, and effective inhibition of bacterial biofilm formation and eradication of mature bacterial biofilms. Moreover, QCS-2 exhibits a low propensity for development of drug resistance and significant anti-infective effects on MRSA in vivo comparable to that of vancomycin, avoiding excessive inflammation and promoting the formation of new blood vessels, hair follicles, and collagen deposition to thus expedite wound healing.

Antibacterial Soy Protein Isolate Prepared by Quaternization.

Soy protein isolate (SPI) is green, high-yield natural plant protein, which is widely applied in industry (packing material and adhesives) and tissue engineering. It is meaningful to improve the antibacterial property of soy protein isolate to fabricate versatile safe products to meet people's requirements. In this study, quaternized soy protein isolate (QSPI) was synthesized by the reaction between 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (EPTMAC) and SPI. The positive charged (17.8 ± 0.23 mV) quaternary ammonium groups endow the QSPI with superior antibacterial properties against multiple bacteria in vitro and in vivo. Notably, QSPI maintains its good biocompatibility and promotes bacterial-infected wound healing in rat models. Furthermore, QSPI possesses superior water solubility in a broad pH range than raw SPI. Altogether, this soy protein isolate derivative with antibacterial property and superior water solubility may extend the application of SPI in industry and tissue engineering.

An Efficient Rechargeable Aluminium-Amine Battery Working Under Quaternization Chemistry.

Rechargeable aluminium (Al) batteries (RABs) have long-been pursued due to the high sustainability and three-electron-transfer properties of Al metal. However, limited redox chemistry is available for rechargeable Al batteries, which restricts the exploration of cathode materials. Herein, we demonstrate an efficient Al-amine battery based on a quaternization reaction, in which nitrogen (radical) cations (R3 N.+ or R4 N+ ) are formed to store the anionic Al complex. The reactive aromatic amine molecules further oligomerize during cycling, inhibiting amine dissolution into the electrolyte. Consequently, the constructed Al-amine battery exhibits a high reversible capacity of 135 mAh g-1 along with a superior cycling life (4000 cycles), fast charge capability and a high energy efficiency of 94.2 %. Moreover, the Al-amine battery shows excellent stability against self-discharge, far beyond conventional Al-graphite batteries. Our findings pave an avenue to advance the chemistry of RABs and thus battery performance.

Early Physical Organic Chemistry: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Menshutkin (1842-1907) and Reaction Velocities.

The name of Menshutkin is most frequently associated with his eponymous reaction (the quaternization of tertiary amines with alkyl halides). However, he made encyclopedic contributions to the field of reaction kinetics, where he carried out extensive studies of the effects of reactant structure on the rates of esterification of monohydric, dihydric and trihydric alcohols with monocarboxylic acids, and monobasic and dibasic carboxylic acids and anhydrides with monohydric alcohols. In these studies, he deduced an order of reactivity of alcohols in esterification on the basis of their reactions with acetic acid, and the effects of acid structure on the rates of esterification based on the reaction of the carboxylic acid with isobutyl alcohol. When his attention later turned to the substitution chemistry of amines, he defined the parameters that affected their reactions: anilines were less reactive than alkylamines, secondary more reactive than primary amines, and the reaction was accelerated by replacing benzene as a solvent with alcohols. The wide-ranging work of Menshutkin, the physical organic chemist, is discussed.

Synthesis and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Quaternized 10-Methoxycanthin-6-one Derivatives.

BACKGROUND: Based on our previous work, we found that 10-methoxycanthin-6-one displayed potential antibacterial activity and quaternization was an available method for increasing the antibacterial activity. Here, we explored the antibacterial activity of quaternized 10-methoxy canthin-6-one derivatives. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-two new 3-N-benzylated 10-methoxy canthin-6-ones were designed and synthesized through quaternization reaction. The in vitro antibacterial activity against three bacteria was evaluated by the double dilution method. Moreover, the structure-activity relationships (SARs) were carefully summarized in order to guide the development of antibacterial canthin-6-one agents. Two highly active compounds (6p and 6t) displayed 8-fold superiority (MIC = 3.91 µg/mL) against agricultural pathogenic bacteria R. solanacearum and P. syringae compared to agrochemical streptomycin sulfate, and showed potential activity against B. cereus. Moreover, these two compounds exhibited good "drug-like" properties, low cytotoxicity, and no inhibition on seed germination. CONCLUSIONS: This work provides two new effective quaternized canthin-6-one derivatives as candidate bactericide, promoting the development of natural-sourced bactericides and preservatives.

An Improved Method for the Quaternization of Nicotinamide and Antifungal Activities of Its Derivatives.

The quaternization reactions of nicotinamide, with different electrophiles: methyl iodide and substituted 2-bromoacetophenones (4-Cl, 4-Br, 4-H, 4-CH3, 4-F, 4-OCH3, 4-Ph, 2-OCH3, 4-NO2) are reported. The preparations were carried out by conventional synthesis and under microwave irradiation in absolute ethanol and acetone. The synthesis performed by microwave dielectric heating significantly improved yield, up to 8 times, and shortened down the reaction time from ca. one day in conventional, to 10⁻20 min. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, ¹H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The compounds have been screened for antifungal activities against Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium culmorum, Macrophomina phaseolina and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at concentrations of 10 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL. Six compounds showed the strong inhibition of mycelium growth at a concentration of 10 µg/mL. All tested compounds revealed the great inhibitory activities against S. sclerotiorum at a concentration of 100 µg/mL.

Synthesis and Characterization of Quaternized Poly(ß-amino ester) for Highly Efficient Delivery of Small Interfering RNA.

The development of non-viral vectors for gene delivery has gained attention over the past decades. Specifically, poly(ß-amino ester) (PBAE) has shown great potential for improving the delivery of gene therapeutics. It has been observed that low-molecular-weight PBAE displayed low transfection activities, while quaternization could enhance the transgene expression efficacy of PBAE. Herein, PBAE quaternary ammonium salt (PBAEQAS) was synthesized to increase the positive charge of the polymers, which resulted in an increase in siRNA binding efficiency based on self-assembly electrostatic interaction. Specifically, the nanoparticle surface was positively charged, which increased the uptake ability of siRNA. Compared with acrylate-PBAEQAS/siNC nanoparticles and amine-PBAEQAS/siNC nanoparticles, acrylate-PBAEQAS/siSurvivin nanoparticles and amine-PBAEQAS/siSurvivin nanoparticles induced more-efficient cell apoptosis and gene silencing. All these results suggest that PBAEQAS would be a promising gene delivery vector for cancer treatment.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Properties of Peptides Mimicking Copolymers of Maleic Anhydride and 4-Methyl-1-pentene.

Synthetic amphiphilic copolymers with strong antimicrobial properties mimicking natural antimicrobial peptides were obtained via synthesis of an alternating copolymer of maleic anhydride and 4-methyl-1-pentene. The obtained copolymer was modified by grafting with 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine (DMAPA) and imidized in a one-pot synthesis. The obtained copolymer was modified further to yield polycationic copolymers by means of quaternization with methyl iodide and dodecyl iodide, as well as by being sequentially quaternized with both of them. The antimicrobial properties of obtained copolymers were tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Both tested quaternized copolymers were more active against the Gram-negative E. coli than against the Gram-positive S. aureus. The copolymer modified with both iodides was best when tested against E. coli and, comparing all three copolymers, also exhibited the best effect against S. aureus. Moreover, it shows (limited) selectivity to differentiate between mammalian cells and bacterial cell walls. Comparing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Nisin against the Gram-positive bacteria on the molar basis instead on the weight basis, the difference between the effect of Nisin and the copolymer is significantly lower.

Homogeneous Synthesis of Cationic Chitosan via New Avenue.

Using a solvent formed of alkali and urea, chitosan was successfully dissolved in a new solvent via the freezing⁻thawing process. Subsequently, quaternized chitosan (QC) was synthesized using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPTAC) as the cationic reagent under different incubation times and temperatures in a homogeneous system. QCs cannot be synthesized at temperatures above 60 °C, as gel formation will occur. The structure and properties of the prepared QC were characterized and quaternary groups were comfirmed to be successfully incorporated onto chitosan backbones. The degree of substitution (DS) ranged from 16.5% to 46.8% and the yields ranged from 32.6% to 89.7%, which can be adjusted by changing the molar ratio of the chitosan unit to CHPTAC and the reaction time. QCs inhibits the growth of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris effectively. Thus, this work offers a simple and green method of functionalizing chitosan and producing quaternized chitosan with an antibacterial effect for potential applications in the food industry.

Preparation of quaternized cellulose/chitosan microspheres for selective enrichment of phosphopeptides.

As one of the most important posttranslational modifications, protein phosphorylation plays an important role in vital movement. However, an efficiency enrichment treatment prior to MS detection is still a crucial step to protein phosphorylation analysis. In this work, a novel hybrid microsphere for efficient phosphopeptide enrichment was prepared by reverse-phase suspension polymerization of cellulose derivative and chitosan. The microspheres bore different kinds of amine groups and the main enrichment mechanism was based on anion exchange. This approach exhibited high selectivity for phosphopeptides from ß-casein, α-casein, and non-fat milk. Three phosphopeptides could still be detected when the amount of ß-casein was as low as 10 fmol. This study demonstrated a new attractive solid-phase support for phosphopeptide enrichment to meet the increasing need of phosphoproteomics analysis.

Porous silica particles grafted with an amphiphilic side-chain polymer as a stationary phase in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

The amphiphilic polymer-grafted silica was newly prepared as a stationary phase in high-performance liquid chromatography. Poly(4-vinylpyridine) with a trimethoxysilyl group at one end was grafted onto porous silica particles and the pyridyl side chains were quaternized with 1-bromooctadecane. The obtained poly(octadecylpyridinium)-grafted silica was characterized by elemental analysis, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. The degree of quaternization of the pyridyl groups on the obtained stationary phase was estimated to be 70%. The selective retention behaviors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons including some positional isomers were investigated using poly(octadecylpyridinium)-grafted silica as an amphiphilic polymer stationary phase in high-performance liquid chromatography and results were compared with commercially available polymeric octadecylated silica and phenyl-bonded silica columns. The results indicate that the selectivity toward polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exhibited by the amphiphilic polymer stationary phase is higher than the corresponding selectivity exhibited by a conventional phenyl-bonded silica column. However, compared with the polymeric octadecylated silica phase, the new stationary phase presents similar retention behavior for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons but different retention behavior particularly for positional isomers of disubstituted benzenes as the aggregation structure of amphiphilic polymers on the surface of silica substrate has been altered during mobile phase variation.

Regulating the surface charge and reactivity of cellulose through quaternized modification to achieve salt-free reactive dyeing process.

Limited research exists on how the structure of quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) affects the electrostatic attraction and hydroxyl reactivity of cationic cotton, which strongly affects reactive dye adsorption, diffusion, and fixation. Thus, in our work, the effects of QAS structure on the electrostatic attraction, hydroxyl reactivity, and dyeing properties were investigated. The intensity at 402.5 eV (-N+(CH3)3) in the XPS rose from 34 % to 70 % as the QAS alkyl chain length increased from 4 to 18 carbon atoms, signifying an enhancement of the positive charge and electrostatic attraction between reactive dye and QAS modified cotton. However, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of the QAS-modified cotton with octadecyl chains revealed that the reactive dye demonstrated slower molecular mobility compared to the untreated cotton. This is not conducive to the diffusion and fixation of reactive dyes. The QAS-modified cotton with hexyl chains not only alters the activity of hydroxyl at the 6th but also generates additional hydroxyl at the ß-position that contributes to enhancing the improvement of fixation through Gaussian simulations. Therefore, cationic cotton treated with 60 g/L of (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-dimethyl-octadecylazanium chloride (CT-8) exhibits superior dye uptake levels (91.84 %), K/S values (13.10), and dye fixation percent (88.38 %).

Development of quaternized agar-based materials for the coronavirus inactivation.

The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed weaknesses in healthcare systems and underscored the need for advanced antimicrobial materials. This study investigates the quaternization of agar, a seaweed-derived polysaccharide, and the development of electrospun membranes for air filtration in facemasks and biomedical applications. Using the betacoronavirus MHV-3 as a model, quaternized agar and membranes achieved a 90-99.99 % reduction in viral load, without associated cytotoxicity. The quaternization process reduced the viscosity of the solution from 1.19 ± 0.005 to 0.64 ± 0.005 Pa.s and consequently the electrospun fiber diameter ranged from 360 to 185 nm. Membranes synthesized based on polyvinyl alcohol and thermally cross-linked with citric acid exhibited lower water permeability. Avoiding organic solvents in the electrospinning technique ensured eco-friendly production. This approach offers a promising way to develop biocompatible and functional materials for healthcare and environmental applications.

Discovery of quaternized pyridine-thiazole-ruthenium complexes as potent anti-Staphylococcus aureus agents.

Quaternization of ruthenium complexes may be a promising strategy for the development of new antibiotics. In response to the increasing bacterial resistance, we integrated the quaternary amine structure into the design of ruthenium complexes and evaluated their antibacterial activity. All the ruthenium complexes showed good antibacterial activity against the tested Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Ru-8 was the most effective antibacterial agent that displayed excellent antibacterial activity against S. aureus (MIC = 0.78-1.56 µg/mL). In vitro experiments showed that all nine ruthenium complexes had low hemolytic toxicity to rabbit erythrocytes. Notably, Ru-8 was found to disrupt bacterial cell membranes, alter their permeability, and induce ROS production in bacteria, all the above leading to the death of bacteria without inducing drug resistance. To further explore the antibacterial activity of Ru-8in vivo, we established a mouse skin wound infection model and a G. mellonella larvae infection model. Ru-8 exhibited significant antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus in vivo and low toxicity to mouse tissues. The Ru-8 showed low toxicity to Raw264.7 cells (mouse monocyte macrophage leukemia cells). This study indicates that the ruthenium complex ruthenium quaternary was a promising strategy for the development of new antibacterial agents.

Differentiated adsorption of acetaminophen and diclofenac via alkyl chain-modified quaternized SBA-15: Insights from molecular simulation.

The increasing presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in aquatic systems pose significant environmental concerns. This study addresses this issue by synthesizing quaternized mesoporous SBA-15 (QSBA) with varied alkyl chain lengths of C1QSBA, C8QSBA, and C18QSBA. QSBA utilizes dual mechanisms: hydrophobic interactions via the alkyl chain and electrostatic attraction/ion exchange via the ammonium group. Diclofenac (DCF) and acetaminophen (ACT) were selected as target PPCPs due to their contrasting dissociation properties and hydrophobicity, which are the main characteristics of PPCPs. The adsorption of DCF and ACT revealed that longer alkyl chains enhanced the adsorption capacity of ACT through hydrophobic interactions, whereas dissociated DCF (DCF-) adsorption was superior owing to its high hydrophobicity (log Kow = 4.5) and electrostatic attraction. pH levels between 6 and 8 resulted in a high affinity for DCF-. Notably, among the three alkyl chains, only C18QSBA exhibited the most effective adsorption for DCF-. These PPCPs adsorption trends were confirmed through molecular simulations of adsorption under conditions in which competing ions coexisted. The molecular simulations show that while DCF- has lower adsorption energy than Cl-, OH-, and H3O+ ions in QSBA, enhancing its adsorption under various pH conditions. Conversely, ACT exhibits a higher adsorption energy, which reduces its adsorption efficiency. This suggests the potential application of QSBA with long alkyl chains in the treatment of highly hydrophobic and negatively charged PPCPs. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the importance of simulating adsorption under competing ion conditions.