Scattered high-energy synchrotron radiation at the KARA visible-light diagnostic beamline.

To characterize an electron beam, visible synchrotron light is often used and dedicated beamlines at synchrotron sources are becoming a more common feature as instruments and methods for the diagnostics are, along with the accelerators, further developed. At KARA (Karlsruhe Research Accelerator), such a beamline exists and is based on a typical infrared/visible-light configuration. From experience at such beamlines no significant radiation was expected (dose rates larger than 0.5 µSv h-1). This was found not to be the case and a higher dose was measured which fortunately could be shielded to an acceptable level with 0.3 mm of aluminium foil or 2.0 mm of Pyrex glass. The presence of this radiation led to further investigation by both experiment and calculation. A custom setup using a silicon drift detector for energy-dispersive spectroscopy (Ketek GmbH) and attenuation experiments showed the radiation to be predominantly copper K-shell fluorescence and is confirmed by calculation. The measurement of secondary radiation from scattering of synchrotron and other radiation, and its calculation, is important for radiation protection, and, although a lot of experience exists and methods for radiation protection are well established, changes in machine, beamlines and experiments mean a constant appraisal is needed.

Stepwise Crystallization of Millimeter Scale Thorium Cluster Single Crystals as a Bifunctional Platform for X-ray Detection and Shielding.

Monitoring and shielding of X-ray radiation are of paramount importance across diverse fields. However, they are frequently realized in separate protocols and a single material integrating both functions remained elusive. Herein, a hexanuclear cluster [Th6 (µ3 -OH)4 (µ3 -O)4 (H2 O)6 ](pba)6 (HCOO)6 (Th-pba-0D) incorporating high-Z thorium cations and 3-(pyridin-4-yl)benzoate ligands that can function as a brand-new dual-module platform for visible detection and efficient shielding of ionizing radiation is demonstrated. Th-pba-0D exhibits rather unique reversible radiochromism upon alternating X-ray and UV irradiation. Moreover, the millimeter scale crystal size of Th-pba-0D renders the penetration depth of X-ray visible to naked eye and leads to the unearthing of its high X-ray attenuation efficiency. Indeed, the shielding efficacy of Th-pba-0D is comparable to that of lead glass containing 40% PbO, and a Th-pba-0D pellet with a thickness of merely 1.2 mm can shield 99.73% X-ray (16 keV). These studies portend the possible utilization of thorium-bearing materials as a bifunctional platform for radiation detection and shielding.

Structural Investigation and Optical Properties of Dysprosium (Dy3+) Ions Doped Oxyfluoro Antimony Borate Glasses for Photonics Applications.

Dysprosium oxide-doped glasses with a composition of 60B2O3-10Sb2O3-10Al2O3-10NaF-(10-x) LiF-xDy2O3 (x = 0.1,0.5, 1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 mol%) were prepared using a conventional melt-quenching technique. The glasses were characterized through various analytical investigations, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, refractive index, density, optical absorption, excitation, photoluminescence (PL) studies, decay measurements and radiation shielding parameters. The XRD and FT-IR confirms the glassy nature and functional groups present in the titled glass. The absorption spectra were used to determine the oscillator strength of the Dy3+ absorption transitions as well as the bond created with the O-2 ion in the titled glass network. The degree of the suitability of developed glasses for lasing applications was demonstrated by radiative parameters determined using Judd-Ofelt theory. In the prepared glass samples, the optical bandgap measurements indicate the presence of non-bridging oxygen (NBOs), localization of charges and donor centers in the titled glasses. Due to the de-excitation of 4F9/2 to the corresponding 6H15/2,6H13/2 and 6H11/2 states, the PL emission spectrum shows two main strong emissions at blue(480nm), yellow (575nm) and one less emission at red (663nm). The CIE coordinates determined using PL emission spectra reveal the coordinates that are falling within the white light region. Various shielding parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient, mean free path, effective atomic number were estimated to understand the radiative shielding nature of the titled glasses. Within the addition of Dy2O3, it was found that the shielding parameters values of the titled glass samples are increasing. The Mass Attenuation Coefficient, Half Value Layer and Mean Free Path of the as prepared glasses has been compared with different types of concretes to understand the shielding effectiveness of prepared glass.

Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-co-Hexafluoropropylene) Films Filled in Iron Nanoparticles for Infrared Shielding Applications.

In order to use the infrared (IR) radiation shielding materials, they should take a form of thin film coatings deposited on glass/polymer substrates or be used as fillers of glass/polymer. The first approach usually suffers from several technological problems. Therefore, the second strategy gains more and more attention. Taking into account this trend, this work presents the usage of iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) embedded into the poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) films as the shielding material in near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) region. The performed investigations show that the transmittance of copolymer films decreases with increasing content of the Fe NPs inside them. It is found that the average fade of IR transmittance for 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 50 mg of Fe NPs is about 13%, 24%, 31%, 77%, and 98%, respectively. Moreover, it is observed that the PVDF-HFP films filled in the Fe NPs almost does not reflect the NIR and MIR radiation. Hence, the IR shielding properties of the PVDF-HFP films can be effectively tuned by the addition of proper amount of the Fe NPs. This, in turn, shows that the PVDF-HFP films filled in the Fe NPs constitute a great option for IR antireflective and shielding applications.

Neutron shielding assessment of a16O hadron therapy room by means of Monte Carlo simulations with the PHITS code.

Hadron radiation therapy is of great interest worldwide. Heavy-ion beams provide ideal therapeutic conditions for deep-seated local tumours. At the Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT, Germany), protons and carbon ions are already integrated into the clinical routine, while16O ions are still used for research only. To ensure the protection of the technical staff and members of the public, it is required to estimate the neutron dose distribution for optimal working conditions and at different locations. The Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System (PHITS) is used in this work to evaluate the dose rate distribution of secondary neutrons in a treatment room at HIT where16O ions are used: an equivalent target in soft tissue is considered in the shielding assessment to simulate the interaction of the beam with patients. The angular dependence of neutron fluences and energy spectra around the considered phantom were calculated. Alongside the spatial distribution of the neutron and photon fluence, a map of the effective dose rate was estimated using the ICRP fluence-to-effective dose conversion coefficients, exploiting the PHITS code's built-in capabilities. The capability of the actual shielding design of the studied HIT treatment room was approved.

Shielding design aspects of SR in 3 GeV ILSF.

Iranian Light Source Facility (ILSF) is an under-construction synchrotron radiation accelerator consisting of a 150 MeV linac, a booster synchrotron operating from 150 MeV to 3 GeV, and a 3 GeV storage ring that stores a maximum of 400 mA current of electrons. As the stored beam circulates, a fraction of the beam is lost due to interactions with gas molecules, interactions among beam particles, and orbital bending, which produce radiation. The bulk shielding calculation for the ILSF and the input parameters used for this analysis are discussed in this paper. The potential of skyshine neutrons to cause radiation hazards is investigated as well. Moreover, the design and shielding simulation using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code is presented for the linac beam stop and primary and scattered gas bremsstrahlung for the first optics enclosure of the ILSF spectro microscopy beamline. Our designed radiation shielding system guarantees that the annual dose in all areas around the ILSF machine does not exceed the dose limit of 1 mSv.

Medical linac photon skyshine: Monte Carlo calculations and a methodology for estimates.

It has been shown that a widely quoted formula for estimating medical linac photon skyshine equivalent doses is erroneous. Monte Carlo calculations have been performed to develop an easy method for quickly and accurately estimating skyshine radiation levels and to gain improved physical insight into the skyshine phenomenon. Calculations of linac photon skyshine have been performed for 4, 6, 10, 15, and 18 MV beams for 10 × 10 cm2 and 40 × 40 cm2 fields and for a range of room dimensions and roof thicknesses. The effect of flattening filter free beams has been considered. Air kerma rates (AKRs) can be accurately fitted to a simple algebraic formula that is a function of the horizontal distance from the isocenter with a single energy dependent fitting parameter. The AKR, at a height of 1.3 m above level ground, reaches a local maximum at a distance dmax  = 1.5dw + 1.1h, where dw is the horizontal distance from the isocenter to the outside of the side wall, and h is the vertical distance from the isocenter to the top of the roof. For thin roofs, low energy beams lead to significantly more skyshine than high energy beams because low energy photons are more easily scattered through large angles. In the absence of a roof, the maximum skyshine dose rate is on the order of 8 × 10-7 times the dose rate at isocenter. The average energy of the skyshine photons is about 0.15 MeV, and it is remarkably independent of almost all parameters. A simple methodology is outlined for the evaluation of photon skyshine.

Optical and radiation shielding characteristics of tellurite glass doped with different rare-earth oxides.

Shielding glass materials doped with heavy metal oxides show an improvement in the effectiveness of the materials used in radiation shielding. In this work, the photon shielding parameters of six tellurite glass systems doped with several metal oxides namely, 70TeO2-10P2O5- 10ZnO- 5.0PbF2- 0.0024Er2O3- 5.0X (where X represents different doped metail oxides namely, Nb2O5, TiO2, WO3, PbO, Bi2O3, and CdO) in a broad energy spectrum, ranging from 0.015 MeV to 15 MeV, were evaluated. The shielding parameters were calculated using the online software Phy-X/PSD. The highest linear and mass attenuation coefficients recorded were obtaibed from the samples containing bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), and the lowest half-value layer and mean free path were recorded among the other samples. Furthermore, the shielding effectiveness of tellurite glass systems was compared with commercial shielding materials (RS-369, RS-253 G18, chromite, ferrite, magnetite, and barite). The optical parameters viz, dispersion energy, single-oscillator energy, molar refraction, electronic polarizability, non-linear refractive indices, n2, and third-order susceptibility were measured and reported at a different wavelength. Bi2O3 has a strong effect on enhancing the optical and shielding properties. The outcome of this study suggests the potential of using the proposed glass samples as radiation-shielding materials for a broad range of imaging and therapeutic applications.

A Brief Review on the High-Energy Electromagnetic Radiation-Shielding Materials Based on Polymer Nanocomposites.

This paper revises the use of polymer nanocomposites to attenuate high-energy electromagnetic radiation (HE-EMR), such as gamma radiation. As known, high-energy radiation produces drastic damage not only in facilities or electronic devices but also to life and the environment. Among the different approaches to attenuate the HE-EMR, we consider the use of compounds with a high atomic number (Z), such as lead, but as known, lead is toxic. Therefore, different works have considered low-toxicity post-transitional metal-based compounds, such as bismuth. Additionally, nanosized particles have shown higher performance to attenuate HE-EMR than those that are micro-sized. On the other hand, materials with π-conjugated systems can also play a role in spreading the energy of electrons ejected as a consequence of the interaction of HE-EMR with matter, preventing the ionization and bond scission of polymers. The different effects produced by the interactions of the matter with HE-EMR are revised. The increase of the shielding properties of lightweight, flexible, and versatile materials such as polymer-based materials can be a contribution for developing technologies to obtain more efficient materials for preventing the damage produced for the HE-EMR in different industries where it is found.

Ta2O5 Nanocrystals Strengthened Mechanical, Magnetic, and Radiation Shielding Properties of Heavy Metal Oxide Glass.

In this study, for the first time, diamagnetic 5d0 Ta5+ ions and Ta2O5 nanocrystals were utilized to enhance the structural, mechanical, magnetic, and radiation shielding of heavy metal oxide glasses. Transparent Ta2O5 nanocrystal-doped heavy metal oxide glasses were obtained, and the embedded Ta2O5 nanocrystals had sizes ranging from 20 to 30 nm. The structural analysis of the Ta2O5 nanocrystal displays the transformation from hexagonal to orthorhombic Ta2O5. Structures of doped glasses were studied through X-ray diffraction and infrared and Raman spectra, which reveal that Ta2O5 exists in highly doped glass as TaO6 octahedral units, acting as a network modifier. Ta5+ ions strengthened the network connectivity of 1-5% Ta2O5-doped glasses, but Ta5+ acted as a network modifier in a 10% doped sample and changed the frame coordination units of the glass. All Ta2O5-doped glasses exhibited improved Vicker's hardness, magnetization (9.53 × 10-6 emu/mol), and radiation shielding behaviors (RPE% = 96-98.8%, MAC = 32.012 cm2/g, MFP = 5.02 cm, HVL = 0.0035-3.322 cm, and Zeff = 30.5) due to the increase in density and polarizability of the Ta2O5 nanocrystals.

Polymeric composite materials for radiation shielding: a review.

The rising use of radioactive elements is increasing radioactive pollution and calling for advanced materials to protect individuals. For instance, polymers are promising due to their mechanical, electrical, thermal, and multifunctional properties. Moreover, composites made of polymers and high atomic number fillers should allow to obtain material with low-weight, good flexibility, and good processability. Here we review the synthesis of polymer materials for radiation protection, with focus on the role of the nanofillers. We discuss the effectivness of polymeric materials for the absorption of fast neutrons. We also present the recycling of polymers into composites.

Radioprotective strategies for interventional echocardiographers during structural heart interventions.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated radioprotective strategies for the interventional echocardiographer (IE) during structural heart interventions in comparison with the interventional cardiologist (IC). BACKGROUND: Structural heart interventions are expanding in complexity with increased reliance on IE. Recent reports have demonstrated concerning exposure and higher radiation to the IE. METHODS: We monitored 32 structural interventions - 19 transcatheter aortic valve replacements (TAVR), 6 transcatheter mitral valve repairs, 5 paravalvular leak closures, and 2 atrial septal defect closures. Seventeen utilized transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) while 15 used transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Members of the IC and IE teams wore multiple dosimeters on different sites of the body to measure radiation dose to the total body, lens of the eye, and hand. During each case, IE utilized dedicated radiation shielding. RESULTS: Mean doses were higher for the primary IC than the primary IE: IC#1-99, 222, 378; IE#1-48, 52, 416 (body, lens, and hand doses in µSv). IE radioprotective strategies were able to reduce body and lens doses compared to IC during both TTE and TEE-guided procedures. Hand equivalent dose remained higher for the IE driven by exposure during TEE-guided procedures (IC#1 294 vs. IE#1 676 µSv). In a subgroup using radioprotective drapes during TTE-guided TAVR, IC dose was reduced without effect on the IE. CONCLUSIONS: Radiation exposure during structural heart interventions is concerning. With dedicated shielding, IE received lower doses to the body and lens than IC. Further optimization of structural suite design and shielding is needed.

Characterization of a novel scale maille contralateral breast shield: SMART Armor.

During breast radiotherapy treatment, the contralateral breast receives radiation doses to the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused mainly from incident electron contamination and low energy photon scatter radiation. Measurements have shown that for a typical hybrid tangential treatment, these dose levels can be up to 17% of maximum applied prescription dose if no shielding is used during the treatment process. This work examined the use of different shielding metals, aluminum, copper, and lead to reduce peripheral radiation dose to evaluate the optimal metal to form the basis of a contralateral breast radiation shield. This work also shows a simple but novel method to substantially reduce this unwanted radiation dose with the use of a copper scale maille sheet which can be easily and accurately draped over a patient's contralateral breast during treatment. The copper scale maille is flexible and can thus conform around typical breast shapes. It can also form irregular shaped edges to match those outlined by typical tangential treatment fields. As the shield is made from copper, it is nontoxic and can potentially be used directly on patients for treatment. The designed copper scale maille has shown to reduce contralateral breast skin and subcutaneous dose by up to 80% for typical radiation fields used in breast radiotherapy.

Estimation of the shielding ability of a tungsten functional paper for diagnostic x-rays and gamma rays.

Tungsten functional paper (TFP) is a novel paper-based radiation-shielding material. We measured the shielding ability of TFP against x-rays and gamma rays. The TFP was supplied in 0.3-mm-thick sheets that contained 80% tungsten powder and 20% cellulose (C6 H10 O5 ) by mass. In dose measurements for x-rays (60, 80, 100, and 120 kVp), we measured doses after through 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 12 TFP sheets, as well as 0.3 and 0.5 mm of lead. In lead equivalence measurements, we measured doses after through 2 and 10 TFP sheets for x-rays (100 and 150 kVp), and 0, 7, 10, 20, and 30 TFP sheets for gamma rays from cesium-137 source (662 keV). And then, the lead equivalent thicknesses of TFP were determined by comparison with doses after through standard lead plates (purity >99.9%). Additionally, we evaluated uniformity of the transmitted dose by TFP with a computed radiography image plate for 50 kVp x-rays. A single TFP sheet was found to have a shielding ability of 65%, 53%, 48%, and 46% for x-rays (60, 80, 100, and 120 kVp), respectively. The lead equivalent thicknesses of two TFP sheets were 0.10 ± 0.02, 0.09 ± 0.02 mmPb, and of ten TFP sheets were 0.48 ± 0.02 and 0.51 ± 0.02 mmPb for 100 and 150 kVp x-rays, respectively. The lead equivalent thicknesses of 7, 10, 20, and 30 sheets of TFP for gamma rays from cesium-137 source were estimated as 0.28, 0.43, 0.91, and 1.50 mmPb with an error of ± 0.01 mm. One TFP sheet had nonuniformity, however, seven TFP sheets provided complete shielding for 50 kVp x-rays. TFP has adequate radiation shielding ability for x-rays and gamma rays within the energy range used in diagnostic imaging field.

Application of a γRS index-based method and techno-economic analysis for in situ treatment of 137Cs-contaminated soils by cement-barite based stabilisation/solidification.

This paper examines the application of cement (C)-barite (Ba) based-Stabilisation/Solidification (S/S) for the remediation of 137Cs-contaminated soils, investigating the influence of soil: grout and C: Ba ratios on the shielding performance of the S/S mix assessed as gamma radiation shielding (γRS) index variation. Results from experiments were used to perform a novel approach and an economic analysis in order to calculate the effective dose reduction achievable by S/S and to assess the optimum quantities and costs of selected mixes, respectively. Gamma ray spectrometer measurements indicate that γRS index increases with increasing barite percentage up to a maximum level of 50%; however a further increase results in a worsening of the shielding performances. A maximum γRS variation of 46.5% was recorded with grout percentage increasing from 16.6 to 50%. At the photon energy of 662 keV (137Cs), the maximum grout amount results in the possibility to shield up to 24.1% of γ-rays emitted. The effective dose reduction achievable by the investigated S/S allows a maximum 137Cs-soil contamination in the range 2.94-14.55 kBq kg-1 successfully treatable employing a soil: grout ratio of 1: 1 (C: Ba = 1:1). Technical data, jointly with economic analysis findings, make cement-barite based-S/S very competitive in cost-effectiveness and could provide a basis for decision-making of 137Cs-contaminated site remediation.

Radiation shielding analysis of a special linear accelerator for electron beam and X-ray.

The King AbdulAziz City for Science & Technology in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia plans to build a 10 MeV, 15 kW linear accelerator (LINAC) for electron beam and X-ray. The accelerator will be supplied by EB Tech, Republic of Korea, and the design and construction of the accelerator building will be conducted in the cooperation with EB Tech. This report presents the shielding analysis of the accelerator building using the Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP). In order to improve the accuracy in estimating deep radiation penetration and to reduce computation time, various variance reduction techniques, including the weight window (WW) method, the deterministic transport (DXTRAN) spheres were considered. Radiation levels were estimated at selected locations in the shielding facility running MCNP6 for particle histories up to 1.0×10+8. The final results indicated that the calculated doses at all selected detector locations met the dose requirement of 50 mSv/yr, which is the United State Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S. NRC) requirement.

[Radiation protection in interventional radiology]. / Strahlenschutz in der interventionellen Radiologie.

The application of ionizing radiation in medicine seems to be a safe procedure for patients as well as for occupational exposition to personnel. The developments in interventional radiology with fluoroscopy and dose-intensive interventions require intensified radiation protection. It is recommended that all available tools should be used for this purpose. Besides the options for instruments, x­ray protection at the intervention table must be intensively practiced with lead aprons and mounted lead glass. A special focus on eye protection to prevent cataracts is also recommended. The development of cataracts might no longer be deterministic, as confirmed by new data; therefore, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has lowered the threshold dose value for eyes from 150 mSv/year to 20 mSv/year. Measurements show that the new values can be achieved by applying all X­ray protection measures plus lead-containing eyeglasses.

Investigation of scatter radiation intensities in the cardiac catheter laboratory: novel versus traditional shielding solutions.

A manufacturer has released a novel shielding solution (NSS): Rampart M1128 and claimed that the personal protective equipment (PPE) can be removed. This study investigates the scatter intensities with the NSS or the traditional shielding solutions (TSS) including the ceiling-suspended screen and the tableside lead drape. Isodose maps were generated by two series of measurements with an anthropomorphic phantom using NSS and TSS. Three survey meters were positioned at different heights to measure the scatter intensities at the eye, chest, and pelvic levels. Additional measurements were made at the primary and secondary operators? locations to evaluate the scatter intensities with different clinical projections. For the main operator positions, the isodose maps showed that NSS could result in a scatter dose that reduced by 80% to 95% compared to the same positions with TSS at the eye and chest levels. The corresponding result at the pelvic level was a reduction of 50%. These reductions should be compared to the additional protection by PPE: up to 80% reduction from lead eyeglasses and up to 95% from protective garments. Considering both operators at clinically relevant LAO projections, NSS resulted in scatter dose that was 80% to 96%, 76% to 96% and 25% to 60% lower than those of the TSS at eye, chest and pelvis levels. The protection of NSS is comparable with that of TSS alongside PPE at the eye but not at the chest and the pelvic levels under the setup of coronary angiography.

Structural, radiation shielding, thermal and dynamic mechanical analysis for waste rubber/EPDM rubber composite loaded with Fe2O3 for green environment.

Increasing waste rubber recycling produces a specious range of products for many valuable applications. Waste Rubber/EPDM composite with different concentrations was prepared. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is used to identify the chemical composition. A water absorption test, Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) were performed. The (75/25) WR/EPDM rubber composite exhibited the best behavior with the highest mechanical performance. Fe2O3 was added to (75/25) WR/EPDM rubber composite. Water absorption, FTIR, TGA, and DMA were investigated. The composite performance was improved with increasing Fe2O3 content. The linear attenuation coefficients (µ) were also measured as a function of the concentrations of Fe2O3 for γ-ray energy 662 keV by using 137Cs point source; the radiation shielding can be denoted by numbers of parameters like mass attenuation coefficient (µm), half value layer (HVL), Tenth value layer TVL and radiation protection efficiency (RPE%), radiation protection efficiency increased as Fe2O3 increased.

An extensive assessment of the impacts of BaO on the mechanical and gamma-ray attenuation properties of lead borosilicate glass.

The current work deals with the synthesis of a new glass series with a chemical formula of 5Al2O3-25PbO-10SiO2-(60-x) B2O3-xBaO; x was represented as 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol%. The FT-IR spectroscopy was used to present the structural modification by rising the BaO concentration within the synthesized glasses. Furthermore, the impacts of BaO substitution for B2O3 on the fabricated borosilicate glasses were investigated using the Makishima-Mackenzie model. Besides, the role of BaO in enhancing the gamma-ray shielding properties of the fabricated boro-silicate glasses was examined utilizing the Monte Carlo simulation. The mechanical properties evaluation depicts a reduction in the mechanical moduli (Young, bulk, shear, and longitudinal) by the rising of the Ba/B ratio in the fabricated glasses. Simultaneously, the micro-hardness boro-silicate glasses was reduced from 4.49 to 4.12 GPa by increasing the Ba2+/B3+ ratio from 0.58 to 3.18, respectively. In contrast, the increase in the Ba/B ratio increases the linear attenuation coefficient, where it is enhanced between 0.409 and 0.448 cm-1 by rising the Ba2+/B3+ ratio from 0.58 to 3.18, respectively. The enhancement in linear attenuation coefficient decreases the half-value thickness from 1.69 to 1.55 cm and the equivalent thickness of lead is also reduced from 3.04 to 2.78 cm, at a gamma-ray energy of 0.662 MeV. The study shows that the increase in the Ba2+/B3+ ratio enhances the radiation shielding capacity of the fabricated glasses however, it slightly degrades the mechanical properties of the fabricated glasses. Therefore, glasses with high ratios of Ba2+/B3+ have high gamma-ray shielding ability to be used in hospitals as a shielding material.