Quantification of whole-organ individual and bilateral renal metabolic rate of oxygen.

PURPOSE: Renal metabolic rate of oxygen (rMRO2 ) is a potentially important biomarker of kidney function. The key parameters for rMRO2 quantification include blood flow rate (BFR) and venous oxygen saturation (SvO2 ) in a draining vessel. Previous approaches to quantify renal metabolism have focused on the single organ. Here, both kidneys are considered as one unit to quantify bilateral rMRO2 . A pulse sequence to facilitate bilateral rMRO2 quantification is introduced. METHODS: To quantify bilateral rMRO2 , measurements of BFR and SvO2 are made along the inferior vena cava (IVC) at suprarenal and infrarenal locations. From the continuity equation, these four parameters can be related to derive an expression for bilateral rMRO2 . The recently reported K-MOTIVE pulse sequence was implemented at four locations: left kidney, right kidney, suprarenal IVC, and infrarenal IVC. A dual-band variant of K-MOTIVE (db-K-MOTIVE) was developed by incorporating simultaneous-multi-slice imaging principles. The sequence simultaneously measures BFR and SvO2 at suprarenal and infrarenal locations in a single pass of 21 s, yielding bilateral rMRO2 . RESULTS: SvO2 and BFR are higher in suprarenal versus infrarenal IVC, and the renal veins are highly oxygenated (SvO2 >90%). Bilateral rMRO2 quantified in 10 healthy subjects (8 M, 30 ± 8 y) was found to be 291 ± 247 and 349 ± 300 (µmolO2 /min)/100 g, derived from K-MOTIVE and db-K-MOTIVE, respectively. In comparison, total rMRO2 from combining left and right was 329 ± 273 (µmolO2 /min)/100 g. CONCLUSION: The present work demonstrates that bilateral rMRO2 quantification is feasible with fair reproducibility and physiological plausibility. The indirect method is a promising approach to compute bilateral rMRO2 when individual rMRO2 quantification is difficult.

MRI-based quantification of whole-organ renal metabolic rate of oxygen.

During the early stages of diabetes, kidney oxygen utilization increases. The mismatch between oxygen demand and supply contributes to tissue hypoxia, a key driver of chronic kidney disease. Thus, whole-organ renal metabolic rate of oxygen (rMRO2 ) is a potentially valuable biomarker of kidney function. The key parameters required to determine rMRO2 include the renal blood flow rate (RBF) in the feeding artery and oxygen saturation in the draining renal vein (SvO2 ). However, there is currently no noninvasive method to quantify rMRO2 in absolute physiologic units. Here, a new MRI pulse sequence, Kidney Metabolism of Oxygen via T2 and Interleaved Velocity Encoding (K-MOTIVE), is described, along with evaluation of its performance in the human kidney in vivo. K-MOTIVE interleaves a phase-contrast module before a background-suppressed T2 -prepared balanced steady-state-free-precession (bSSFP) readout to measure RBF and SvO2 in a single breath-hold period of 22 s, yielding rMRO2 via Fick's principle. Variants of K-MOTIVE to evaluate alternative bSSFP readout strategies were studied. Kidney mass was manually determined from multislice gradient recalled echo images. Healthy subjects were recruited to quantify rMRO2 of the left kidney at 3-T field strength (N = 15). Assessments of repeat reproducibility and comparisons with individual measurements of RBF and SvO2 were performed, and the method's sensitivity was evaluated with a high-protein meal challenge (N = 8). K-MOTIVE yielded the following metabolic parameters: T2  = 157 ± 19 ms; SvO2  = 92% ± 6%; RBF = 400 ± 110 mL/min; and rMRO2  = 114 ± 117(µmol O2 /min)/100 g tissue. Reproducibility studies of T2 and RBF (parameters directly measured by K-MOTIVE) resulted in coefficients of variation less than 10% and intraclass correlation coefficients more than 0.75. The high-protein meal elicited an increase in rMRO2 , which was corroborated by serum biomarkers. The K-MOTIVE sequence measures SvO2 and RBF, the parameters necessary to quantify whole-organ rMRO2 , in a single breath-hold. The present work demonstrates that rMRO2 quantification is feasible with good reproducibility. rMRO2 is a potentially valuable physiological biomarker.

Metabolism of oxygen via T2 and interleaved velocity encoding: A rapid method to quantify whole-brain cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen.

PURPOSE: Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2 ) is an important biomarker of brain function. Key physiological parameters required to quantify CMRO2 include blood flow rate in the feeding arteries and venous oxygen saturation (SvO2 ) in the draining vein. Here, a pulse sequence, metabolism of oxygen via T2 and interleaved velocity encoding (MOTIVE), was developed to measure both parameters simultaneously and enable CMRO2 quantification in a single pass. METHODS: The MOTIVE sequence interleaves a phase-contrast module between a nonselective saturation and a background-suppressed T2 -prepared EPI readout (BGS-EPI) to measure T2 of blood water protons and cerebral blood flow in 20 s or less. The MOTIVE and standalone BGS-EPI sequences were compared against TRUST ("T2 relaxation under spin tagging") in the brain in healthy subjects (N = 24). Variants of MOTIVE to enhance resolution or shorten scan time were explored. Intrasession and intersession reproducibility studies were performed. RESULTS: MOTIVE experiments yielded an average SvO2 of 61 ± 6% in the superior sagittal sinus of the brain and an average cerebral blood flow of 56 ± 10 ml/min/100 g. The bias in SvO2 of MOTIVE and BGS-EPI to TRUST was +2 ± 4% and +1 ± 3%, respectively. The bias in cerebral blood flow of MOTIVE to Cartesian phase-contrast reference was +1 ± 6 ml/min/100 g. CONCLUSIONS: The MOTIVE sequence is an advance over existing T2 -based oximetric methods. It does not require a control image and simultaneously measures SvO2 and flow velocity. The measurements agree well with TRUST and reference phase-contrast sequences. This noninvasive technique enables CMRO2 quantification in under 20 s and is reproducible for in vivo applications.

T2 -prepared balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) for quantifying whole-blood oxygen saturation at 1.5T.

PURPOSE: To establish a calibration equation to convert human blood T2 to the full range of oxygen saturation levels (HbO2 ) and physiologic hematocrit (Hct) values using a T2 -prepared balanced steady-state free precession sequence (T2 -SSFP) at 1.5T. METHODS: Blood drawn from 10 healthy donors (29.1 ± 3.9 years old) was prepared into samples of varying HbO2 and Hct (n = 79), and imaged using T2 -SSFP sequence at 37°C and interrefocusing interval τ180 = 12 ms. The relationship between blood T2 , HbO2 , and Hct was established based on the model R2=R2,plasma+Hct (R2,RBC-R2,plasma)+k·Hct·(1-Hct)·(1-HbO2)2. Measured R2 and HbO2 levels were fit by the model yielding values of R2,plasma, R2,RBC, and k. T2 -SSFP and the established calibration equation were applied to extract HbO2 at the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) in vivo and were compared with susceptometry-based oximetry. RESULTS: Constants derived from the fit were: k = 74.2 [s-1 ], R2,plasma = 1.5 [s-1 ], R2,RBC = 11.6 [s-1 ], the R2 of the fit was 0.95. Average HbO2 at the SSS in seven healthy volunteers was 65% ± 7% and 66% ± 7% via T2 - and susceptometry-based oximetry, respectively. Bland-Altman analysis indicated agreement between the two oximetric methods with no significant bias. CONCLUSION: The calibration constants presented here should ensure improved accuracy for whole-blood oximetry based on T2 -SSFP at 1.5T. Magn Reson Med 79:1893-1900, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.