How Will Our Practice Change After the CLEAR Outcomes Trial?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Bempedoic acid is a novel therapeutic agent that is designed to reduce levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The purpose of this review is to provide the background for development of bempedoic acid, findings from clinical trials and to discuss clinical implications. RECENT FINDINGS: Bempedoic acid inhibits ATP citrate lyase within the liver and reduces cholesterol synthesis, with the potential to avoid muscle symptoms experienced by patients treated with statins. Early clinical studies demonstrated that administration of bempedoic acid resulted in lowering of LDL-C by 20-30% as monotherapy and by 40-50% when combined with ezetimibe, in addition to lowering of high sensitivity C-reactive protein by 20-30%. The CLEAR Outcomes trial of high cardiovascular risk patients, with elevated LDL-C levels and either unable or unwilling to take statins demonstrated that bempedoic acid reduced the rate of major adverse cardiovascular events. A greater incidence of elevation of hepatic transaminase and creatinine, gout, and cholelithiasis were consistently observed in bempedoic acid-treated patients. Bempedoic acid presents an additional therapeutic option to achieve more effective lowering of LDL-C levels and reduction in cardiovascular risk.

Bempedoic Acid: How Will It Shape the Future Lipid-Lowering Landscape? Mode of Action, Evidence, and Clinical Use.

BACKGROUND: Low-density lipoproteins are now proven to be causal for atherosclerosis. Pharmacological treatment focuses on an increase of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, particularly in the hepatocyte, which leads to uptake of LDL from blood, thereby reducing the burden to the arterial wall. This mechanism has first been proven by statins to be effective to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The concept of "the lower, the better" was shown by high-intensity statins and new compounds like ezetimibe, PCSK9 antibodies, inclisiran, and ultimately bempedoic acid. SUMMARY: Although first considered only a relatively weak LDL-C lowering drug, bempedoic acid proved to be very effective, for example, in statin-intolerant patients to reduce cardiovascular events in the CLEAR-Outcomes study. In the era of personalized medicine, it should not be forgotten that the individual response to a LDL-C lowering drug can vary considerably. Bempedoic acid has a favorable safety profile, particularly it does not induce muscle problems because its precursor is not metabolized to the active drug in the muscle, and it does not induce hyperglycemia. Bempedoic acid probably is best used in combination with ezetimibe, which leads to LDL-C reductions in the range of moderately intensive statins; in an oral triple combination with a high-intensity statin, LDL-C reductions in the range of two-thirds can be achieved. KEY MESSAGES: Bempedoic acid is a further weapon against the atherogenic effect of LDL cholesterol - in both primary and secondary prevention.

Lipid-lowering approaches to manage statin-intolerant patients.

Statins have improved the potential to prevent cardiovascular disease events and to prolong the lives of patients. Statins, among the most widely used drugs worldwide, reduce the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by an average of 30-50%. However, non-adherence to statin therapy, due to statin intolerance, might be as high as 60% after 24 months of treatment and is associated with a 70% increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease events. Statin intolerance can be classified as a complete inability to tolerate any dose of a statin or a partial intolerance with the inability to tolerate the dose necessary to achieve the patient-specific therapeutic objective. Reasons for discontinuation are many, with statin-associated muscle symptoms being cited as the most frequent reason for stopping therapy and the incidence of muscle symptoms increasing with treatment intensity. Considering the causal effect of LDL-C in the atherosclerotic process, clinicians should consider that regardless of the lipid-lowering drugs patients are willing to take, any reduction in LDL-C they achieve will afford them some benefit in reducing cardiovascular risk. Besides statins, the current therapeutic armamentarium offers different strategies to reach LDL-C targets in statin-intolerant patients (i.e. a fixed combination between a lower dose of statin plus ezetimibe, bempedoic acid, or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibition).

Analytical method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of Bempedoic acid and Ezetimibe in pure and its pharmaceutical dosage form by RP-HPLC.

A simple, accurate and precise method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of the bempedoic acid and ezetimibe in pure and tablet dosage form. The developed method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The chromatographic separation was achieved isocratically on a Waters- C18, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm column. Mobile phase containing K2HPO4-methanol in the ratio 60:40 in buffer at pH 4.3 was pumped through column at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The temperature was maintained at 25°C. The optimized wavelength selected was 242 nm. The separation of bempedoic acid and ezetimibe showed retention times of 3.090 and 4.268 min respectively. The RSD values of the bempedoic acid and ezetimibe were 0.34 and 0.08 respectively. The accuracy of method was determined at three levels (50,100 and 150%). The percentage recovery was obtained as 100.0 and 100.0% for bempedoic acid and ezetimibe, respectively. The limits of determination and quantitation obtained from regression equations of bempedoic acid and ezetimibe were 1.065, 3.550 and 0.203, 0.677, respectively. The regression equation of bempedoic acid is y = 20,795x + 24,168, and it is y = 6,885.7x + 11,000 for ezetimibe. The retention times were decreased and the run time was decreased, so that the method developed is simple and economical that can be adopted for regular quality control tests in industry.

Updates on Non-Statin LDL-Lowering Therapy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There is ample evidence of the benefits and safety of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-lowering therapies in the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. While statins remain the first-line agent for LDL reduction, several new therapies are now available. This narrative review provides an overview of currently available non-statin LDL-lowering agents, specifically mechanisms of action and data on efficacy and safety. It also discusses recommendations on their use in clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS: Ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, and bempedoic acid have proven safe and efficacious in reducing cardiovascular events in large randomized controlled trials. Inclisiran is a promising agent that suppresses PCSK9 mRNA translation and is currently under investigation in a large clinical outcomes randomized controlled trial assessing its effect on clinical outcomes. Expert consensus advocates for lower LDL targets in higher risk patients and escalation to or a combination of non-statin therapies as needed to achieve these goals.

Exploring the Role of Bempedoic Acid in Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Actual Evidence and Future Perspectives.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) involves excessive lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, impacting global healthcare due to its high prevalence and risk of progression to severe liver conditions. Its pathogenesis involves genetic, metabolic, and inflammatory factors, with cardiovascular events as the leading cause of mortality. This review examines the role of lipid-lowering therapies in MASLD, with a particular focus on bempedoic acid, a recently approved cholesterol-lowering agent for hypercholesterolemia and high cardiovascular-risk patients. It explores its potential in liver disease by modulating lipid metabolism and inflammatory pathways based on the most recent studies available. Bempedoic acid inhibits ATP-citrate lyase, reducing cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis while activating AMP-activated protein kinase to suppress gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. Animal studies indicate its efficacy in reducing hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Bempedoic acid holds promise as a therapeutic for MASLD, offering dual benefits in lipid metabolism and inflammation. Further clinical trials are required to confirm its efficacy and safety in MASLD patients, potentially addressing the multifaceted nature of this disease.

Advancing Research on Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibitors: A Scientometric Analysis.

Atherosclerosis is characterised by the accumulation of fatty deposits and plaque as a result of a continuously high level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the blood. The primary objective of this research is to assess the current status of knowledge, research endeavours and developmental trajectories about proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors in correlation with atherosclerosis treatment. Additionally, this study aims to compile bibliometric and scientometric investigations within this domain through rigorous scientometric analysis. Analysing the bibliometric landscape and global research trends associated with PCSK9 inhibitors can contribute valuable insights into comprehending atherosclerosis. This is exemplified by examining publications within the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database from 2008 to 2022. Citespace was used for frequency, co-occurrence, co-citation, grouping and burst analysis, and Microsoft Excel was used to manage descriptive datasets. Eight hundred eighty-five publications available from WOSCC database between the years 2008 and 2022 were extracted and examined. Over the period, 3,138 collaborating institutions from 87 countries, a staggering 7,750 writers involved and 325 distinct journals published about PCSK9 inhibitors studies. Among authors, Sabatine et al. and the journal The New England Journal of Medicine has had the most significant impact. Lipid-lowering therapy and bempedoic acid are the most prominent topical clusters associated with PCSK9 inhibitors, and the most often used keywords are efficacy, safety and PCSK9 inhibitors. We believe this is the first comprehensive analysis of PCSK9 inhibitors research and publications conducted using Scientometric. These results demonstrate the nascence of PCSK9 inhibitors research. They may encourage a wide range of stakeholders, particularly early career researchers from various disciplines, to work together in the future.

New Approaches for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease: Focus on Lipoproteins and Inflammation.

Although numerous trials have convincingly shown benefits of statin therapy in both primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), most showed relative risk reductions of 25-40%, and thus many individuals continue to have ASCVD events despite statin therapy. Substantial progress has been made in developing therapies that address the residual risk for ASCVD despite statin therapy. In this review, we summarize progress of currently available therapies along with therapies under development that further reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, reduce lipoprotein(a), reduce ASCVD events in patients with high triglycerides, and directly target inflammation to reduce ASCVD risk.

Safety and efficacy of bempedoic acid: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Bempedoic Acid (BA) is a novel Lipid-Lowering Therapy (LLT). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of BA in patients with hypercholesterolemia. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane library databases were searched for randomised controlled trials evaluating the efficacy and/or safety of BA compared with placebo. Trials investigating dosages other than 180 mg/die were excluded. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were the primary efficacy endpoint. LDL-cholesterol reduction was the primary laboratory endpoint. Pre-specified safety endpoints included muscle-related adverse events, new-onset diabetes, and gout. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (temporary ID:399,867). RESULTS: Study search identified 275 deduplicated results. 11 studies, encompassing 18,315 patients (9854 on BA vs 8461 on placebo/no treatment) were included. BA was associated with a reduced risk of MACE (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79-0.95), myocardial infarction (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.64-0.88) and unstable angina (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.54-0.88) compared to control, over a median follow up of 87 (15-162) weeks. BA was associated with a reduction of LDL-Cholesterol (mean difference [MD]-22.42,95% CI - 24.02% to - 20.82%), total cholesterol (- 16.50%,95% - 19.21% to - 13.79%), Apo-B lipoprotein (- 19.55%, - 22.68% to - 16.42%) and high-sensitivity CRP (- 27.83%, - 31.71% to - 23.96%) at 12 weeks. BA was associated with a higher risk of gout (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.27-1.90) as compared with placebo. Efficacy on laboratory endpoints was confirmed, with a variable extent, across patients on statin or ezetimibe background therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The improved cholesterol control achieved with BA translates into a reduced risk of MACE, including myocardial infarction and coronary revascularisation. The drug has a satisfactory safety profile except for an increased risk of gout.

Novel Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Reduction Therapies for the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease.

Background: To date, optimal agents for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease are still being explored. Thus, we evaluated the efficiency of novel LDL-C-lowering therapies in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Methods: We included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that explored the effects of different LDL-C lowering agents including alirocumab, evolocumab, and bempedoic acid in adult patients with cardiovascular disease. Several databases were searched from inception through 2022. The safety endpoint includes new-onset diabetes, serious adverse events, and neurocognitive disorders with at least 1 year of follow-up. The efficacy outcomes included composite adverse cardiovascular outcomes, all-cause death, and cardiovascular death. Results: Seven RCTs comprising 53,106 patients were included in this research. Bempedoic acid ranked first in reducing the risk of new-onset diabetes (risk ratio [RR] 0.72, 95% credible interval [CrI] 0.52-0.99) and risk of the composite cardiovascular outcome (RR 0.75, 95% CrI 0.57-0.99). Meta-regression analysis demonstrated that elevated risk of new-onset diabetes was positively correlated with a significant reduction in LDL-C levels (p = 0.03). All treatment agents were associated with a decreased risk of a composite adverse cardiovascular outcome. Conclusions: The present analysis showed that bempedoic acid ranked first in reducing the risk of a composite cardiovascular outcome. In addition, it ranked first in reducing the risk of new-onset diabetes compared with placebo and evolocumab. Our analysis also suggests that the increased risk of new-onset diabetes might be associated with a reduction in LDL-C levels. Besides, the present analysis found that alirocumab ranked first in decreasing all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality.

Fixed Combination for the Treatment of Dyslipidaemia.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: It is clear from epidemiological studies that patients at high and very-high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) risk do not reach lipid guideline-recommended targets. Thus, fixed-dose combinations of statins/ezetimibe, bempedoic acid/ezetimibe and statins/fibrates may represent a further armamentarium in the field of lipid-lowering approaches in these individuals. RECENT FINDINGS: The combination therapy of moderate-intensity statin with ezetimibe is not inferior to high-intensity statin monotherapy in reducing cardiovascular outcomes. Drug discontinuation or dose reduction is inferior with fixed-dose combination. The fixed-dose combination of bempedoic acid with ezetimibe is superior to bempedoic acid in monotherapy in lowering LDL-C and in reducing high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations. The combination fenofibrate with atorvastatin is superior to monotherapies in lowering triglycerides. Lipid-lowering fixed-dose combinations may guarantee a higher therapy adherence, representing a better approach to control plasma lipids and thus ameliorate ASCVD burden. Additional studies will define the advantages on cardiovascular outcomes in high and very high-risk patients.

Highlights of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Studies Presented at the 2023 American College of Cardiology Conference.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize selected late-breaking science on cardiovascular (CV) disease prevention presented at the 2023 American College of Cardiology (ACC) conference. RECENT FINDINGS: The CLEAR outcomes randomized control trial (RCT) compared bempedoic acid to placebo in patients at high-risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or prevalent CVD and statin intolerance for CV outcomes. The YELLOW III was a single-arm study that evaluated the effect of Evolocumab on coronary plaque characteristics in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). A cohort evaluated the association between a self-reported low-carbohydrate high-fat (ketogenic) diet and serum lipid levels as compared to a standard diet. The LOADSTAR trial compared CV outcomes with targeted low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) approach vs. high-intensity statin in patients with CAD. The PCDS statin cluster randomized trial compared the effectiveness of an electronic reminder to the clinician on a high-intensity statin use among patients with a history of ASCVD as compared to no reminder. A prospective cohort study compared the extent of coronary atherosclerosis among lifelong endurance athletes and healthy non-athletes. A causal artificial intelligence study combined polygenic risk scores with data from large CV prevention RCTs to guide systolic blood pressure and LDL-C reduction targets to reach average CV risk. The ACCESS trial evaluated the impact of eliminating copayment for low-income older adults in Canada with chronic CV diseases on composite CV outcomes. A pooled analysis of 3 large RCTs evaluated the association between residual inflammatory risk and CV outcomes, as compared to residual elevated cholesterol risk in patients receiving statin therapy. A Phase 2B RCT compared the efficacy of an oral PCSK9i, MK-0616, in reducing LDL-C as compared to a placebo. The late-breaking clinical science presented at the 2023 conference of the ACC paves the way for an evidence-based alternative to statin therapy and provides data on several common clinical scenarios encountered in daily practice.

Lipid lowering combination therapy: From prevention to atherosclerosis plaque treatment.

Statins have contributed to the prevention of numerous atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) events and cardiovascular deaths in the past three decades. The benefit of statins is mainly mediated by the lowering of LDLc. According to scientific evidence, the current international guidelines recommend very low LDLc goals in patients at high/very high cardiovascular risk because they are associated with fewer CV events and improvements in atherosclerotic plaques. However, these goals often cannot be obtained with statins alone. Recent RCTs have demonstrated that these CV benefits can also be obtained with nonstatin LDLc-lowering drugs such as PCSK9 inhibitors (alirocumab and evolocumab), ezetimibe and bempedoic acid, while evidence with inclisiran is upcoming. Icosapent ethyl, a lipid metabolism modifier, has also shown an effect on event reduction. Physicians should take advantage of the currently available lipid-lowering therapies, choosing the drug or combination of drugs that is most appropriate for each patient according to his or her CV risk and baseline LDLc concentration. Strategies implementing combination therapies from early stages or even from the outset may increase the number of patients attaining LDLc goals, thereby preventing new CV episodes and improving existing atherosclerotic lesions.

Efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid lipid-lowering therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

AIM: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize the efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid in patients requiring lipid-lowering therapy. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched for randomized controlled trials from inception till June 2023. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality, serum lipid profile, and adverse events between bempedoic acid and comparators. ROB2 was used for risk of bias assessment. We pooled mean differences or relative risks (RR) along with 95% confidence intervals (random-effects model). RESULTS: Five-hundred and thirty-one studies were screened and 17 (n = 21,131) were included for review. There was a significant reduction in the risk of MACE [RR, 0.88 (95% CI: 0.77 to 0.99), p = 0.03)] and all-cause mortality [RR, 0.90 (95% CI: 0.82 to 0.98), p = 0.02] following bempedoic acid treatment. Treatment with bempedoic acid led to a significant reduction in the mean serum total cholesterol [- 34.41 mg/dl (95% CI: - 42.43 to - 26.39), p < 0.001], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) [- 33.91 mg/dl (95% CI: - 39.66 to - 28.17), p < 0.001], as well as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) [- 2.40 mg/dl (95% CI: - 3.09 to - 1.71), p < 0.001] levels. However, there was a significant increase in the risk of hyperuricemia [RR, 2.05 (95% CI: 1.81 to 2.33), p < 0.001] following bempedoic acid treatment. The number needed to harm was large for all safety outcomes. The GRADE of evidence was moderate for all outcomes. CONCLUSION: Bempedoic acid reduces the risk of MACE and all-cause mortality, lowers serum total cholesterol and LDL-C levels, and has a favorable safety profile. Trial registration ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier: CRD42023412837.

Bempedoic acid: what prospective uses?

There is still the need to lower LDL-c, although the use of statins, ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. Patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and/or familial hypercholesterolaemia are treated with statins at maximum tolerated dose, with or without further lipid-lowering drugs, but very often, we can't reach the goal, so bempedoic acid treatment lead to a significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, in different groups of patients, with a favourable safety profile.

Hypocholesterolaemic treatment in coronary unit: from statins to anti PCSK9 therapies and bempedoic acid.

The knowledge that roughly 20% of survivors from an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) event experience a subsequent ischaemic cardiovascular event within 24 months with a 5-year mortality range between 19 and 22% highlights the importance of the lipid-lowering strategies in the secondary prevention after ACS. In this framework, statin treatment significantly improves clinical outcome after ACS. Within this remit, in the present review we critically discuss the use of statin and non-statin lipid-lowering approaches (ezetimibe, evolocumab, alirocumab, inclisiran, and bempedoic acid) in the early management of ACS patients. Relative to this latter aspect, the knowledge that circulating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) levels are raised during ACS could be a generating hypothesis justifying the use of PCSK9 inhibitors in ACS. Thus, in a field fraught of uncertainty, the main barrier to the widespread prescription of non-statin agents (e.g. PCSK9 inhibitors) relates to their costs when compared with other lipid-lowering agents (e.g. statins and ezetimibe).

ANMCO position paper on the management of hypercholesterolaemia in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Patients suffering from acute coronary syndrome (ACS) present a high risk of recurrence and new adverse cardiovascular events after hospital discharge. Elevated plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels have been shown to be a causal factor for the development of coronary heart disease, and robust clinical evidence has documented that LDL-C levels decrease linearly correlates with a reduction in cardiovascular events. Recent studies have also demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an early and significant reduction in LDL-C levels in patients with ACS. In this position paper, Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists proposes a decision algorithm on early adoption of lipid-lowering strategies at hospital discharge and short-term follow-up of patients with ACS, in the light of the multiple evidence generated in recent years on the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia and the available therapeutic options, considering current reimbursement criteria.

Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of bempedoic acid and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in healthy subjects and patients with dyslipidemia.

Population pharmacokinetics (popPK) of bempedoic acid and the popPK/pharmacodynamic (popPK/PD) relationship between bempedoic acid concentrations and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) from baseline were characterized. A two-compartment disposition model with a transit absorption compartment and linear elimination best described bempedoic acid oral pharmacokinetics (PK). Multiple covariates, including renal function, sex, and weight, had statistically significant effects on the predicted steady-state area under the curve. Mild (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 60 to < 90 mL/min vs. ≥ 90 mL/min) and moderate (eGFR 30 to < 60 mL/min vs. ≥ 90 mL/min) renal impairment, female sex, low (< 70 kg vs. 70-100 kg) and high (> 100 kg vs. 70-100 kg) body weight were predicted to have a 1.36-fold (90% confidence interval (CI) 1.32, 1.41), 1.85-fold (90% CI 1.74, 2.00), 1.39-fold (90% CI 1.34, 1.47), 1.35-fold (90% CI 1.30, 1.41), and 0.75-fold (90% CI 0.72, 0.79) exposure difference relative to their reference populations, respectively. An indirect response model described changes in serum LDL-C with a model-predicted 35% maximal reduction and bempedoic acid IC50 of 3.17 µg/mL. A 28% reduction from LDL-C baseline was predicted for a steady-state average concentration of 12.5 µg/mL after bempedoic acid (180 mg/day) dosing, accounting for approximately 80% of the predicted maximal LDL-C reduction. Concurrent statin therapy, regardless of intensity, reduced the maximal effect of bempedoic acid but resulted in similar steady-state LDL-C levels. While multiple covariates had statistically significant effects on PK and LDL-C lowering, none were predicted to warrant bempedoic acid dose adjustment.

Bempedoic Acid: A Contemporary Review of Its Pharmacology, Efficacy, and Safety Profile, Including Recent Data from the CLEAR Outcomes Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide an updated review of bempedoic acid's clinical application in lowering LDL-C in the setting of statin intolerance and the recent findings in the CLEAR Outcomes trial as well as summarize and synthesize the current state of knowledge regarding bempedoic acid while providing an in-depth analysis of the drug's pharmacological properties, mechanism of action, clinical trials, safety, and efficacy. RECENT FINDINGS: The CLEAR Outcomes trial has provided evidence to support bempedoic acid as a viable alternative to statins for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Bempedoic acid is a promising treatment option for patients with hypercholesterolemia who are unable to tolerate statin therapy or require additional LDL-C reduction in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, with the newest lipid-lowering cardiovascular outcomes trials expanding on their generalizability particularly in the inclusion of women.

Emerging Therapies for the Treatment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: From Bench to Bedside.

Primarily a consequence of sedentary lifestyle, atherosclerosis has already reached pandemic proportions, and with every year the burden of it is only increasing. As low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) represents a crucial factor in atherosclerosis formation and progression, stringent lipid-lowering therapy could conceivably be the key to preventing the unfavorable outcomes that arise as a consequence of atherosclerosis. The use of statins in lipid-lowering is often burdened by adverse events or is insufficient to prevent cardiovascular events as a monotherapy. Therefore, in the present review, the authors aimed to discuss the underlying mechanisms of dyslipidemia and associated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and preclinical and clinical trials of novel therapeutic approaches to its treatment, some of which are still in the early stages of development. Apart from novel therapies, a novel change in perspective is needed. Specifically, the critical objective in the future management of ASCVD is to embrace emerging evidence in the field of atherosclerosis, because clinicians are often burden by common practice and personal experience, both of which have so far been shown to be futile in the setting of atherosclerosis.