RESUMEN
This study investigated whether children with HLA-DQ-conferred risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D) have an altered immune response to the widely-used enterovirus vaccine, namely poliovirus vaccine, and whether initiation of autoimmunity to pancreatic islets modulates this response. Neutralizing antibodies induced by the inactivated poliovirus vaccine against poliovirus type 1 (Salk) were analysed as a marker of protective immunity at the age of 18 months in a prospective birth cohort. No differences were observed in antibody titers between children with and without genetic risk for T1D (odds ratio [OR] = 0.90 [0.83, 1.06], p = 0.30). In the presence of the genetic risk, no difference was observed between children with and without islet autoimmunity (OR = 1.00 [0.78, 1.28], p = 1.00). This did not change when only children with the autoimmunity before 18 months of age were included in the analyses (OR = 1.00 [0.85, 1.18], p = 1.00). No effect was observed when groups were stratified based on autoantigen specificity of the first-appearing autoantibody (IAA or GADA). The children in each comparison group were matched for sex, calendar year and month of birth, and municipality. Accordingly, we found no indication that children who are at risk to develop islet autoimmunity would have a compromised humoral immune response which could have increased their susceptibility for enterovirus infections. In addition, the proper immune response supports the idea of testing novel enterovirus vaccines for the prevention of T1D among these individuals.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Infecciones por Enterovirus , Enterovirus , Islotes Pancreáticos , Niño , Humanos , Lactante , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Estudios Prospectivos , Infecciones por Enterovirus/prevención & control , Autoanticuerpos , Vacuna Antipolio de Virus Inactivados , Antígenos HLA-DQ/genéticaRESUMEN
Whether inflation of CD8+ memory T (mT) cells, which is often derived from repeated prime-boost vaccinations or chronic viral infections in the elderly, would affect late CD8+ T-cell immunity is a long-standing paradox. We have previously established an animal model with mT-cell inflation by transferring ConA-stimulated monoclonal CD8+ T cells derived from Ova-specific T-cell-receptor transgenic OTI mice into irradiation-induced lymphopenic B6 mice. In this study, we also established another two animal models with mT-cell inflation by transferring, 1) ConA-stimulated monoclonal CD8+ T cells derived from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein-specific T-cell-receptor transgenic P14 mice, and 2) ConA-stimulated polyclonal CD8+ T cells derived from B6.1 mice into B6 mice with irradiation-induced lymphopenia. We vaccinated these mice with recombinant Ova-expressing Listeria monocytogenes and Ova-pulsed dendritic cells, which stimulated CD4+ T cell-independent and CD4+ T-cell-dependent CD8+ T-cell responses, respectively, and assessed Ova-specific CD8+ T-cell responses by flow cytometry. We found that Ova-specific CD8+ T-cell responses derived from the latter but not the former vaccination were significantly reduced in mice with CD8+ mT-cell inflation compared to wild-type B6 mice. We determined that naïve CD8+ T cells purified from splenocytes of mice with mT-cell inflation had defects in cell proliferation upon stimulation in vitro and in vivo and upregulated T-cell anergy-associated Itch and GRAIL molecules. Taken together, our data reveal that CD8+ mT-cell inflation renders compromised CD4+ T-cell-dependent CD8+ T-cell immunity via naïve T-cell anergy, and thus show promise for the design of efficient vaccines for elderly patients with CD8+ mT-cell inflation.