Unpacking the linkages between single parent households and early adolescent adjustment.

Living with an unmarried mother is consistently associated with adjustment issues in adolescence, but these associations can vary by both time and place. Following life course theory, this study applied inverse probability of treatment weighting techniques to data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) Children and Young Adults study (n = 5,597) to estimate various treatment effects of family structures through childhood and early adolescence on internalizing and externalizing dimensions of adjustment at age 14. Young people who lived with an unmarried (single or cohabiting) mother during early childhood and adolescence were more likely to drink and reported more depressive symptoms by age 14 than those with a married mother, with particularly strong associations between living with an unmarried mother during early adolescence and drinking. These associations, however, varied according to sociodemographic selection into family structures. They were strongest for youth who more closely resembled the average adolescent living with a married mother.

Systemic low-grade inflammation and depressive symptomology at chronic phase of ischemic stroke: The chain mediating role of fibrinogen and neutrophil counts.

BACKGROUND: Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most common psychological consequence of stroke. Increased inflammatory markers resulting from ischemic stroke may played an important role in the pathogenesis of depressive symptomology. The present study was conducted to further elucidate the relationship between stroke severity, systemic low-grade inflammation and chronic phase post-stroke depressive symptomology (CP-PSDS). METHODS: A total of 897 stroke patients were consecutively recruited in this multicenter prospective cohort study and followed up for 1 year. The analytical sample consisted of 436 patients with ischemic stroke (23.4% female, median age = 57 years) from this cohort. Serum concentrations of inflammatory markers were measured in all 436 patients with ischemic stroke, from fasting morning venous blood samples on admission. Stroke severity was evaluated using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on admission and post-stroke depressive symptomology (PSDS) was evaluated by 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). RESULTS: In the fully adjusted models, we observed that 1) NIHSS (Model 2: ß = 0.200, 95%CI, 0.057 ∼ 0.332), fibrinogen (Model 2: ß = 0.828, 95%CI, 0.269 ∼ 1.435), white blood cell counts (WBC, model 2: ß = 0.354, 95%CI, 0.122 ∼ 0.577) and neutrophil counts (Model 2: ß = 0.401, 95%CI, 0.126 ∼ 0.655) can independently predict the CP-PSDS after ischemic stroke onset; 2) fibrinogen (Indirect effect = 0.027, 95%CI, 0.007 ∼ 0.063, 13.4% mediated), WBC (Indirect effect = 0.024, 95%CI, 0.005 ∼ 0.058, 11.8% mediated) and neutrophil counts (Indirect effect = 0.030, 95%CI, 0.006 ∼ 0.069, 14.8% mediated) could partially mediate the association between stroke severity and CP-PSDS, and 3) stroke severity might cause CP-PSDS partly through the chain-mediating role of both fibrinogen and neutrophil counts (chain mediated effect = 0.003, 95%CI, 0.000 ∼ 0.011, p = 0.025, 1.6% mediated). CONCLUSIONS: Findings revealed that fibrinogen, WBC and neutrophil counts may be independent predictors of CP-PSDS and partial mediators of the relationship between stroke severity and CP-PSDS among patients with ischemic stroke. In addition, the chain mediating effect of fibrinogen and neutrophil counts might play an important role in the occurrence of CP-PSDS. However, no inflammatory markers were associated with CP-PSDS in females.

Depressive symptoms among people living with HIV in permanent supportive housing: Findings from a community-based participatory study in Vancouver, Canada.

Permanent supportive housing (PSH) is an intervention addressing housing needs among marginally housed individuals. Little is known about whether and how PSH influences depressive symptoms among people living with HIV (PLHIV). This article shares results from a community-based study that, in 2016-2017, interviewed 24 residents of a PSH facility designated for PLHIV in Vancouver, Canada. The themes of taking control; social connectedness; conviviality; and relationships and supports described how the PSH environment affected depressive symptoms among the residents.

Neighborhood Context and Preterm Delivery among African American Women: the Mediating Role of Psychosocial Factors.

Preterm delivery (PTD), or birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation, is a serious public health issue, and racial disparities persist. In a recently published study, perceptions of the residential environment (or neighborhood context) were associated with PTD rates among urban African American women with low educational attainment (≤12 years); however, the mechanisms of these associations are unknown. Given this gap in the literature, we used data from the Life Influences on Fetal Environments Study of postpartum African American women from Metropolitan Detroit, Michigan (2009-2011; n = 399), to examine whether psychosocial factors (depressive symptomology, psychological distress, and perceived stress) mediate associations between perceptions of the neighborhood context and PTD. Validated scales were used to measure women's perceptions of their neighborhood safety, walkability, healthy food availability (higher=better), and social disorder (higher=more disorder). The psychosocial indicators were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, Kessler's Psychological Distress Scale (K6), and Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale. Statistical mediation was assessed using an unadjusted logistic regression-based path analysis for estimating direct and indirect effects. The associations between perceived walkability, food availability, and social disorder were not mediated by psychosocial factors. However, perceptions of neighborhood safety were inversely associated with depressive symptoms which were positively associated with PTD rates. Also, higher perceived neighborhood social disorder was associated with higher PTD rates, net of the indirect paths through psychosocial factors. Future research should identify other mechanisms of the perceived neighborhood context-PTD associations, which would inform PTD prevention efforts among high-risk groups.

Peripheral inflammation and trajectories of depressive symptomology after ischemic stroke: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the association of peripheral inflammation and post-stroke depressive symptomology (PSDS) might provide further insights into the complex etiological mechanism of organic depression. However, studies focusing on the longitudinal patterns of PSDS were limited and it remained unclear whether peripheral inflammation influences the occurrence and development of PSDS. METHODS: A total of 427 prospectively enrolled and followed ischemic stroke patients were included in the analytical sample. Depressive symptomology was assessed on four occasions during 1 year after ischemic stroke. Peripheral inflammatory proteins on admission and repeated measures of peripheral immune markers in three stages were collected. Latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was employed to delineate group-based trajectories of peripheral immune markers and PSDS. Multinomial regression was performed to investigate the association of peripheral inflammation with PSDS trajectories. RESULTS: Four distinct trajectories of PSDS were identified: stable-low (n = 237, 55.5 %), high-remitting (n = 120, 28.1 %), late-onset (n = 44, 10.3 %), and high-persistent (n = 26, 6.1 %) PSDS trajectories. The elevation of peripheral fibrinogen on admission increased the risk of high-persistent PSDS in patients with early high PSDS. Additionally, chronic elevation of innate immune levels might not only increase the risk of high-persistent PSDS in patients with early high PSDS but also increase the risk of late-onset PSDS in patients without early high PSDS. The elevation of adaptive immune levels in the convalescence of ischemic stroke may contribute to the remission of early high PSDS. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral immunity could influence the development of PSDS, and this influence might have temporal heterogeneity. These results might provide vital clues for the inflammation hypothesis of PSD.

Are you more impulsive with age? Examining age, marital status, and gender on cognitive ageing.

Understanding non-pathological cognitive aging processes remains a public health goal and research priority. Age-associated cognitive aging is a normal human process, however, individual differences may aid in the mitigation of cognitive aging. Assessing the role of certain protective factors (i.e., age, marital status, and gender) that influence age-related cognitive aging is imperative to slow down the progression of unwarranted cognitive aging. Participants aged over 18 (N = 123; 97 females and 26 males) recruited from Sydney, New South Wales, and Gold Coast, Queensland, completed an online neuropsychological test battery with computer-administered tasks, assessing impulsivity and working memory, which were entered as dependent variables. A 3(Age Group: 18-27 years; 28-61 years; 62+ years) x2(Marital Status: married; single) x2(Gender: male; female) Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) design was used to examine the relationship between age, marital status, and gender (entered as independent variables) on cognitive aging. Participants' total scores from psychometrically sound measures assessing depressive symptomology, personal wellbeing, resilience, and social network engagement, were entered as covariates. No significant effects were found from the independent variables included in the MANCOVA. A significant covariate effect for resilience and depressive symptomology on impulsivity was found. A multiple regression analysis was performed on the significant covariates, and revealed increased resilience and depressive symptomology to significantly predict greater impulsivity.

Depressive symptoms among children attending community based support in South Africa - pathways for disrupting risk factors.

Children in Southern Africa are exposed to high rates of structural and family adversities. This study tests whether services from Community Based Organisations (CBOs) in South Africa can promote children's resilience against depression exposed to such adversities. Two linked longitudinal studies were conducted, comprising n = 1848 children aged 9 to 13 years. One group received CBO services, whilst the other (quasi-control) did not. Analyses used interaction terms in regression models to test for potential moderation effects of CBO attendance, and marginal effects models to interpret significant interactions. Two interaction effects were shown, demonstrating moderation effects of CBO attendance on common structural disadvantages. First, children exposed to community violence showed increased depression (contrast = 0.62 [95%CI 0.43, 0.82], p < .001), but this association was removed by CBO access (contrast = 0.07 [95%CI -0.28, 0.43], p = .682). Second, children living in informal housing showed increased depression (contrast = 0.63 [95%CI 0.42, 0.85], p < .001), however, this association was removed by CBO access (contrast = 0.01 [95%CI -0.55, 0.56], p = .977). CBO attendance is associated with fewer depressive symptoms, and can buffer against important structural adversities of poor housing and violence that are common in high HIV-prevalence areas. However, CBO attendance was not able to remove the increased psychosocial distress associated with some family-level vulnerabilities such as orphanhood and abuse. These findings highlight the centrality of CBO-provided psychosocial support for children in Southern Africa, and suggest areas for bolstering provision.

Neighborhood Disadvantage Is Associated with Depressive Symptoms but Not Depression Diagnosis in Older Adults.

Disadvantaged neighborhood environments may have low access to healthcare, perpetuating health disparities. Previous research has reported on associations between neighborhood disadvantage (ND) and depressive symptomology but not depression diagnoses, which may indicate access to healthcare. This study tested how ND relates to depressive symptomology and diagnosis to assess for neighborhood disparities in mental health care cross-sectionally. Data from 998 community-dwelling, Black and White individuals aged 65+ included in the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging were analyzed. We obtained participants' depressive symptomology from the Geriatric Depression Scale (n = 100) and a verified depression diagnosis from self-report and review of medication, physician-report, and/or hospital discharge summaries (n = 84). We assessed ND from US Census data, divided the sample into tertiles of ND and fit models with Generalized Estimating Equations covarying for various other variables (e.g., sex, race, physical performance, socioeconomic status, etc.). We found living in the high and mid-ND tertiles to be associated with depressive symptomology, yet ND had no significant relation to depression diagnosis. Therefore, older adults living in high and mid-disadvantaged neighborhoods may be more likely to experience depressive symptomology but not receive a diagnosis, indicating a possible disparity in mental health care.

Prevalence and Correlates of Depressive Symptomology among Young Adults Who Use Prescription Opioids Non-medically.

Non-medical prescription opioid (NMPO) use and depression frequently co-occur and are mutually reinforcing in adults, yet NMPO use and depression in younger populations has been under-studied. We examined the prevalence and correlates of depressive symptomology among NMPO-using young adults. The Rhode Island Young Adult Prescription Drug Study (RAPiDS) recruited young adults in Rhode Island who reported past 30-day NMPO use. We administered the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CES-D 10), and used modified Poisson regression to identify the independent correlates of depressive symptomology (CES-D 10 score ≥10). Over half (59.8%, n = 119) screened positive for depressive symptomology. In modified Poisson regression analysis, diagnostic history of depressive disorder and childhood verbal abuse were associated with depressive symptomology. Participants with depressive symptomology were more likely to report using prescription opioids non-medically to feel less depressed or anxious, to avoid withdrawal symptoms, and as a substitute when other drugs are not available. Among young adult NMPO users, depressive symptomology is prevalent and associated with distinct motivations for engaging in NMPO use and represents a potential subgroup for intervention. Improving guidelines with tools such as screening for depressive symptomology among young adult NMPO users may help prevent NMPO-related harms.

The association between type of confidant and depressive symptomology in a sample of Mexican youth / Jóvenes mexicanos y depresión: el rol de confidentes

Background The current lifetime prevalence of depression among females in Mexico is 9.1% and 2.9% among males. The overall lifetime prevalence of depression is 6.2% among the general population of Mexico. Individuals that experience depressive symptomology at a young age are more likely to experience a depressive episode later in life. The risk of recurrence 24 months after the first episode of depression is 37.3%. There is scarce information about the prevalence of depression among adolescents in Mexico. However, a study of adults in Mexico City by Benjet et al. found that 2.8% of females and 1.1% of males experienced a depressive episode during adolescence. Research indicates that adolescents are especially vulnerable to mental and physical health problems. During the developmental transition, females are more vulnerable to these problems than males, including depression. The ways in which adolescents adapt and become adults can either protect or put them at risk for depressive symptomology and subsequent mental and physical disorders. The act of disclosure (talking to a confidant), which involves the sharing of personal thoughts and ideas with others, is an important mechanism through which adults and children form intimate relationships and develop good mental health. Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the association between type of confidant and depressive symptomology, and to identify some potential risk and protective factors of depression, including differences by gender, among a sample of Mexican youth. We hypothesized that not having a confidant would be associated with greater levels of depressive symptomology, and that this would differ by gender. Methods We used cross-sectional data obtained from 1,079 youths and adolescents aged 11 to 20 who were recruited to participate in the Health Worker Cohort Study (HWCS) between the years of 2004 and 2006. The HWCS included children and relatives of workers from the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) in Morelos and from Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, both located in Cuernavaca. Participants were also selected from a similar sample of workers from the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM) in Toluca, capital of the State of Mexico. The participants from all three study sites are being followed in an ongoing cohort study of lifestyle and health. A self-reported questionnaire was administered to obtain information on lifestyle factors, socio-demographic data, health status, and quality of life. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the association between confidant type and levels of depressive symptomology while controlling for demographic factors. Stratified analyses were also carried out, as it was hypothesized that the effect of disclosure to a confidant would vary by gender. Results In our study population, males had significantly lower levels of depressive symptomology than females; the mean BDI score for males was 5.6 and for females it was 8.7. Among both males and females, having only peer confidants is associated with higher levels of depressive symptomology, and having family confidants is associated with lower levels of depression. Males with peer confidants have the highest levels of depressive symptomology followed by those with no confidants, and those with family and peer confidants, as compared to males who reported having only a family confidant. Females with no confidant or with only peer confidants have higher levels of depressive symptomology than females with only family confidants. Among females, depressive symptomology increases with age, with females aged 17-20 having the highest levels of depressive symptomology. Financial symptomology predicts depressive symptomology among both males and females. Conclusions Our study shows that having a family member to talk to may be a protective factor against depressive symptomology among this sample of Mexican youth. Adolescents with a family confidant were found to have significantly lower levels of depressive symptomology than those who have only peer or no confidants. In the transition to adulthood, the presence of a family confidant positively influences the emotional well-being of boys and girls. Interventions that address the different disclosure needs of male and female adolescents may help reduce or prevent depressive symptomology among this population.

Antecedentes La prevalencia actual de depresión en México es de 9.1% en las mujeres y de 2.9% entre los hombres. En conjunto, la prevalencia de depresión entre la población general de México es de 6.2% durante el transcurso de la vida. Diversos estudios señalan que los individuos que presentan a edades tempranas un trastorno depresivo es más probable que más tarde en su vida sufran un episodio depresivo. El riesgo de presentar una recurrencia de depresión 24 meses después del primer episodio es de 37.3%. En México hay escasa información sobre la prevalencia de depresión entre los adolescentes. Las investigaciones señalan que los adolescentes son vulnerables a padecer problemas de salud tanto físicos como mentales. Durante la transición del desarrollo de la adolescencia, las mujeres son más vulnerables que los hombres a padecer este tipo de problemas, entre los que se encuentra la depresión. Las formas en que los adolescentes se adaptan y se convierten en adultos pueden protegerlos o ponerlos en riesgo de presentar trastornos depresivos y subsecuentes trastornos físicos y mentales. El acto de divulgar (platicar con un confidente) implica compartir pensamientos e ideas personales con otros y es un importante mecanismo por medio del cual los adultos y los niños forman relaciones cercanas y desarrollan una buena salud mental. Objetivos El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la asociación entre el tipo de confidente y el trastorno depresivo e identificar algunos riesgos potenciales y factores protectores de depresión en una muestra de jóvenes mexicanos. Planteamos la hipótesis de que no contar con un confidente podría estar asociado con niveles más altos de sintomatología depresiva, asociación que podría ser distinta de acuerdo con el sexo. Métodos Se utilizaron los datos transversales recabados en 1079 jóvenes y adolescentes de 11 a 20 años, quienes fueron reclutados para participar en el Estudio Cohorte de Trabajadores (ECT) entre los años de 2004 a 2006. El ECT incluye niños y familiares de trabajadores del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) en Morelos y del Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, ambos localizados en la ciudad de Cuernavaca. También se seleccionó una muestra similar de participantes de los trabajadores de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM) en Toluca, capital del Estado de México. Los participantes de las tres sedes están en seguimiento en el estudio de cohorte prospectivo sobre salud y estilos de vida. Se administró un cuestionario autoaplicado para obtener información sobre datos sociodemográficos, estilos de vida, estado de salud y calidad de vida. Se realizaron análisis bivariados y multivariados para determinar la asociación entre el tipo de confidente y niveles de sintomatología depresiva controlando por factores sociodemográficos. Adicionalmente, se realizaron análisis estratificados bajo la hipótesis de que el efecto de divulgación a un confidente (platicar con un confidente) podría variar por sexo. Resultados En nuestra población de estudio, los hombres reportaron niveles significativamente más bajos de trastorno depresivo que las mujeres; la media de la puntuación del Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI) fue de 5.6 para hombres y de 8.7 para las mujeres. Entre ambos, tanto hombres como mujeres, contar sólo con amigos como confidentes se asocia con altos niveles de trastorno depresivo y contar con familiares como confidentes se asocia con menores niveles de depresión. Los hombres que cuentan con amigos como sus confidentes tienen los niveles más altos de sintomatología depresiva, seguidos por aquellos que cuentan con confidentes y de quienes cuentan como confidentes a amigos y familiares. Las mujeres que no tienen confidentes o que sólo cuentan con amigos como confidentes tienen niveles más altos de sintomatología depresiva que las que sólo cuentan con familiares como confidentes. Entre las mujeres, la sintomatología depresiva se incrementa con la edad; como lo señalan nuestros resultados las mujeres de 17 a 20 años presentaron los niveles más altos de sintomatología depresiva. En relación con otros factores asociados, encontramos que, tanto en hombres como en mujeres, el estrés financiero es un predictor de sintomatología depresiva. Conclusiones Nuestro estudio señala que contar con un miembro de la familia con quien platicar es un factor protector contra el trastorno depresivo en esta muestra de jóvenes mexicanos. Los adolescentes que cuentan con un familiar como confidente presentan niveles de sintomatología depresiva significativamente menores que aquellos que sólo cuentan con amigos o quienes no tienen confidentes. En la transición hacia la adultez, la presencia de un familiar como confidente influye positivamente en el bienestar emocional de niñas y niños. Las intervenciones que toman en cuenta las diferentes necesidades de divulgación de los adolescentes (de contar con un confidente) podrían ayudar a reducir o prevenir la sintomatología depresiva en esta población.