Factors associated with dermatoporosis in a sample of geriatric patients in Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: Dermatoporosis is a chronic cutaneous fragility syndrome, characterized by skin atrophy, purpura and pseudo-cicatrices. OBJECTIVE: To determine factors associated with dermatoporosis in a sample of subjects aged ≥ 60 years. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical study of subjects aged ≥ 60 years who underwent history taking, physical examination and application of a self-administered dermatoporosis diagnostic questionnaire. To determine the associated factors, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was used. RESULTS: In 315 evaluated subjects, the prevalence of dermatoporosis was 29%; 70% were females. Associated risk factors were age > 75 years (p = 0.001), prolonged sun exposure (p = 0.002), use of anticoagulants/antiplatelet medications (p = 0.004), oral steroids (p = 0.03) and chronic kidney disease (p = 0.03), as well as maternal age > 40 years at last pregnancy (p = 0.02), breastfeeding for > 7 months per pregnancy and > 18 cumulative months (p = 0.01). Age < 20 years at first pregnancy and menopause after 45 years were related to dermatoporosis absence. The correlation between self-assessment and clinical diagnosis was considerably high (0.95, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors associated with dermatoporosis were similar to those previously reported.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La dermatoporosis es un síndrome crónico de fragilidad cutánea, caracterizado por atrofia, púrpura y pseudocicatrices en piel. OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores asociados a dermatoporosis en una muestra de sujetos ≥ 60 años. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo y analítico de sujetos ≥ 60 años a quienes se realizó historia clínica, exploración física y aplicación de un autocuestionario diagnóstico de dermatoporosis. Para determinar los factores asociados se realizó análisis de regresión logística multivariado. RESULTADOS: En 315 sujetos, la prevalencia de dermatoporosis fue de 29 %; 70 % fue del sexo femenino. Los factores asociados fueron edad > 75 años (p = 0.001), exposición solar prolongada (p = 0.002), ingesta de anticoagulantes/antiplaquetarios (p = 0.004), esteroides orales (p = 0.03) y enfermedad renal crónica (p = 0.03); así como, edad materna > 40 años en el último parto (p = 0.02), lactancia > 7 meses por embarazo y lactancia acumulada > 18 meses (p = 0.01). Se relacionaron con su ausencia, edad < 20 años en el primer embarazo y menopausia después de los 45 años. La correlación entre la autovaloración y el diagnóstico clínico fue muy alta (0.95, p < 0.001). ­. CONCLUSIONES: Los factores de riesgo asociados a dermatoporosis fueron similares a los previamente reportados.

Oral Supplementation and Systemic Drugs for Skin Aging: A Narrative Review. / Tratamiento mediante suplementación oral o fármacos sistémicos del envejecimiento cutáneo. Revisión narrativa de la literatura.

Skin aging is influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors and involves multiple pathogenic mechanisms. The most widely used treatments are topical products and minimally invasive procedures. Evidence on the benefits of systemic therapy is limited for several reasons: Reliance on mostly small and predominantly female samples, short study durations, methodologic heterogeneity, and a lack of consensus on which outcome measures are clinically relevant. Furthermore, systemic drugs and oral supplements are not without adverse effects. Oral hydrolyzed collagen and oral hyaluronic acid are well tolerated, and numerous clinical trials show they can mitigate some signs of skin aging. Low-dose oral isotretinoin is another option, but it has a higher risk of adverse effects. Evidence is lacking on the effects of the many dietary supplements on offer, such as vitamins, flavonoids, plant extracts, and trace elements. The future of skin aging management would appear to lie in the use of senolytic and senomorphic agents targeting senescent cells in the skin.

Intervention effects on self-control decrease speed of biological aging mediated by changes in substance use: A longitudinal study of African American youth.

Biological aging is a common root for multiple diseases causing morbidity and mortality, and trajectories of aging may start early in life. This study was designed to examine whether a universal family-based substance use preventive intervention to enhance self-control and reduce substance use would also result in reductions in biological aging among Black youth from the rural South. The Adults in the Making (AIM) program is a randomized controlled trial with six 2-h sessions for Black youth. The 216 youths agreeing to provide blood at age 22 included 114 who had received the AIM intervention and 102 who assigned to the control group. We examined accelerated DNA methylation (DNAm)-based aging using a recently developed measure, "GrimAge," that has been shown to predict the risk of early mortality and that is known to be more strongly affected by substance use than other DNAm-based aging indices. Relative to those randomly assigned to the control group, those receiving the intervention demonstrated significantly enhanced self-control, slower increases in substance use, and reduced Grim aging at age 22. Using a bootstrapping method with 1000 replications, we found a significant indirect effect of AIM on reduced Grim aging through its effect on self-control and substance use. Sensitivity analyses examined effects using other indices of DNAm-based aging. These findings suggest that a family-based program designed to enhance rural Black youth's self-control can have beneficial effects on self-control, enhancing young adult health and health behavior, and ultimately decreased mortality risk.

El envejecimiento biológico es una causa común de varias enfermedades que causan morbilidad y mortalidad, y las trayectorias del envejecimiento pueden comenzar en las primeras etapas de la vida. Este estudio se diseñó para analizar si una intervención preventiva familiar y universal en el abuso de sustancias orientada a mejorar el autocontrol y a reducir el consumo de sustancias también tendría como resultado disminuciones del envejecimiento biológico entre jóvenes negros del sur rural. El programa Adults in the Making (AIM) es un ensayo controlado aleatorizado con seis sesiones de dos horas para jóvenes negros. Entre los 216 jóvenes que aceptaron dar sangre a los 22 años se encontraban 114 que habían recibido la intervención del AIM y 102 asignados al grupo de referencia. Analizamos el envejecimiento basado en la metilación acelerada del ADN (ADNm) usando un método de medición desarrollado recientemente que se llama "GrimAge", el cual, según se ha demostrado, predice el riesgo de mortalidad temprana y está más marcadamente afectado por el consumo de sustancias que otros índices de envejecimiento basados en el ADNm. En relación con las personas asignadas aleatoriamente al grupo de referencia, las que recibieron la intervención demostraron un autocontrol considerablemente mayor, aumentos más lentos de consumo de sustancias y un menor envejecimiento Grim a los 22 años. Utilizando un método de muestreo con reemplazamiento con 1000 reproducciones, hallamos un efecto indirecto significativo del AIM en un menor envejecimiento Grim mediante su efecto en el autocontrol y el consumo de sustancias. Los análisis de sensibilidad examinaron los efectos utilizando otros índices de envejecimiento basados en el ADNm. Estos resultados indican que un programa familiar diseñado para aumentar el autocontrol de los jóvenes negros de zonas rurales puede tener efectos beneficiosos en el autocontrol, mejorar la salud de los adultos jóvenes y su conducta con respecto a la salud y, finalmente, disminuir el riesgo de mortalidad.

[Deprescription in old people: It's time to take action]. / Deprescripción en personas mayores: es el momento de pasar a la acción.

The use of drugs has undeniable benefits to the elderly, but it is not exempt from undesirable effects. Deprescription is the process of systematic medication review with the target of achieving the best risk-benefit ratio based on the best available evidence. This process is especially important for polymedicated elderly patients as well as those overtreated, frail, terminally ill and at the end of life. The deprescription must be done in stages, establishing a close follow-up in case problems appear after withdrawal. In the decision-making process, it is very important to consider the patient and caregivers opinion, assessing the objectives of the treatment according to the clinical, functional and social situation of the patient. There are multiple tools to make it easier for clinicians to select which drugs to deprescribe (Beers criteria, STOPP-START…). The most susceptible to intervention pharmacological groups are: antihypertensives, antidiabetics, statins, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, anticholinergics, anticholinesterase agents, and neuroleptics.

Psychosocial factors in adherence to pharmacological treatment and diabetes mellitus control in patients over 65.

AIM: To explore the influence of anxiety/depression symptoms and social risk in patients older than 65 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) both in non-adherence to pharmacological treatment (Non-AdhT) and in poor control of T2DM. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Adults over 65 years of age with T2DM treated at the Madrid Primary Care Service. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Data collection: Electronic Health Record database. VARIABLES: Poor control of T2DM (HBA1c) and Non-AdhT (Morisky-Green test); main clinical variables: symptoms of depression/anxiety and social risk. Global multivariate logistic regression models and disaggregated by sex were used to Non-AdhT and poor T2DM control. RESULTS: Data were obtained on 884 subjects. Non-AdhT prevalence: 4.4%; prevalence of poor T2DM control: 37.2%. Multivariate logistic regression models for No-AdhT in men showed a higher risk if they had symptoms of anxiety/depression (OR: 3.88; 95%CI: 1.15-13.07); and in women, if they had social risk (OR: 5.61; 95%CI: 1.86-16.94). Multivariate logistic regression models for poor control of T2DM in men revealed a higher risk if they did not have AdhT (OR: 3.53; 95%CI: 1.04-12.02). CONCLUSIONS: In people over 65 years with T2DM, although Non-AdhT is low, the prevalence of poor T2DM control is high. Symptoms of depression or anxiety are a risk factor to Non-AdhT in men, while social risk has the same effect in women. Non-AdhT in men increases the risk of poor T2DM control. From a gender perspective, it is important to detect social and mental health problems in older adults with diabetes and to reinforce strategies to improve their adherence to drug treatment in these patients.

[Prevalence and associated factors of frailty in adults over 70 years in the community]. / Prevalencia y factores asociados de fragilidad en adultos mayores de 70 años en la comunidad.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and analyze the factors associated with frailty syndrome, in adults ≥70 years old, belonging to a health center in Asturias. DESIGN: Observational cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Adults ≥70 years of age. SITE: Health Centre of Llano (Asturias). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Frailty was defined by the presence of ≥3 criteria of Fried's frailty phenotype. Secondary variables: sociodemographic characteristics, health status, functional status, cognitive-affective status and social risk. A bivariate analysis and logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: Four hundred eight participants were included, with a mean age of 79.8 (SD 6.6), 59.1% female. The prevalence of frailty was 27.7% and 44.9% for pre-frailty. The sociodemographic profile is that of a woman (77%), of high age (>84 years) (50.4%), without studies (65.5%), widow (48.7%) with low economic status (47.8%) and at social risk (OR: 3.3; 95% CI: 2.5-4). Factors that were statistically associated with frailty syndrome were: high comorbidity (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.5-5), polypharmacy (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-3), perception of quality of life with health (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.93-0.97), impaired ambulation (OR: 17.9; 95% CI: 7.1-45.3), support for walking (OR: 10.5; 95% CI: 4.7-23.4), high risk of falls (OR: 6.4; 95% CI: 3.8-10.8), ABVD (OR: 4; 95% CI: 2.4-6.6), AIVD (OR: 9.7; 95% CI: 4.7-20), disability (OR: 37.7; 95% CI: 52.2-274.5), cognitive impairment (OR: 4.1; 95% CI: 1.8-9.3) and depression (OR: 4.8; 95% CI: 2.7-8.7). CONCLUSIONS: Frailty is a multifactorial syndrome, with a high prevalence in those over 70 years of age, in which, in addition to Fried's criteria of frailty, aspects of health, functional, cognitive-affective and social status must be analyzed.

Normative scores for the Timed Up & Go in a Spanish sample of community-dweller adults with preserved functionality.

Our aim was to calculate the 'Timed Up & Go' (TUG) normative scores in a Spanish sample composed of functional older adults. The TUG test provides a measure of global ambulation skills and its total score has been successfully related with functionality and other important health variables in older adults. Reliable norms are needed for adults 50 years and older that allow the early identification and intervention in motor disturbances. The study was carried out with adults from Galicia and Valencia living in the community. A total of 314 Spanish community-living participants, aged from 50 to 90 years and functionality preserved were assessed through the implementation of a cross-sectional design. Health, comorbidity, physical activity, cognitive status, functionality measures and TUG test scores were obtained. TUG scores were successfully predicted by age and gender, and significantly correlated with cognitive status and comorbidity. TUG norms were calculated by age-group for women and men. TUG normative scores were below 13s and slightly lower in men. Normative scores for women and men were lower than those proposed in studies carried-out in our context. Our norms showed risk reference scores close to those obtained by meta-analytical procedures.

[Long-term effect analysis of a cognitive stimulation program in mild cognitive impairment elderly in Primary Care: A randomized controlled trial]. / Análisis del efecto a largo plazo de un programa de estimulación cognitiva en mayores con deterioro cognitivo leve en Atención Primaria: ensayo controlado aleatorizado.

OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence about the efficacy of a community health intervention through a cognitive stimulation program at long term in older people with mild cognitive impairment. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial (CONSORT group norms). LOCATION: San José Norte-Centro Primary Care Center and La Caridad Foundation (Zaragoza, Spain). PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-nine people over 65 years old with a 24-27 MEC score that completed 48 months follow up. They were randomized between the intervention group (15) and the control group (14). INTERVENTIONS: The intervention was applied in 10 sessions of 45min for 10 weeks using the red notebook tool for mental activation that works memory, orientation, language, praxis, gnosis, calculation, perception, logical reasoning, attention and executive functions. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The main outcome variables were MEC-35, Set-test, Barthel index, Lawton-Brody scale, Goldberg anxiety scale and Yesavage geriatric depression scale short form. RESULTS: Increases of the main result variable over the baseline level of MEC-35 were analyzed. On average, the intervention group obtained higher scores than control: 3.14 points post intervention, 3.76 points after 6 months and 2.26 points more than control group after 12 months. All the differences were statistically significant. After 48 months the intervention group obtained 2 points more than control group. The intervention did not improve verbal fluency, activity daily living and mood. CONCLUSIONS: Our cognitive stimulation program seems to improve cognitive performance, measured with the variable MEC-35 at post intervention, 6, 12 and 48 months. There is no evidence of improvement in verbal fluency, activity daily livings and mood. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT03831061.

[Analysis of the effect of a program of cognitive stimulation in elderly people with normal aging in primary care: Randomized clinical trial]. / Análisis del efecto de un programa de estimulación cognitiva en personas con envejecimiento normal en Atención Primaria: ensayo clínico aleatorizado.

OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence of the effectiveness of a community health intervention, that includes a cognitive stimulation program, to prevent the deterioration of cognitive abilities in our population of elderly people with normal cognition that are living in the community. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial (CONSORT group norms) LOCATION: San José Norte-Centro Health Center and La Caridad Foundation (Zaragoza, Spain). PARTICIPANTS: 201 people aged 65 or older, with a MEC score of at least 28 points, which were randomized between the Intervention group (101) and the Control group (100). INTERVENTION: The intervention was applied in 10 sessions of 45minutes, one per week. It used materials designed by one of the authors, which addressed the following areas: memory, orientation, language, praxis, gnosis, calculation, perception, logical reasoning, attention-concentration and programming. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The main outcome variables were MEC, Set-Test, Barthel and Lawton-Brody. RESULTS: Increases of the main result variables over their baseline level were analized. For MEC variable, the Intervention group obtained, on average, 1.58 points more than the Control group in the evaluation performed immediately after the intervention. After 6months, the improvement was 1.51 points and after a year, it was of 2.04 points. All these differences were statistically significant. For Set-Test, Barthel and Lawton-Brody variables, no statistically significant differences were observed between Intervention group and Control group. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive stimulation with our program is effective to maintain or improve cognitive performance, measured with the variable MEC, our population of elderly people with normal cognition that are living in the community. There is no evidence that this improvement is transferred to the activities of daily life measured with Barthel and Lawton-Brody variables.

[Necesidad de políticas de salud pública en población adulta mayor: indicadores de envejecimiento en un Instituto de Seguridad Social en México].

INTRODUCTION: An integral diagnosis of population contemplates within its components the population demographic analysis that is indispensable in the formulation of public policies. Population policy has a clearly transversal nature, since all actions in the economic, social, political, cultural, geographical, and obviously, demographic fields, have direct or indirect repercussions on it. OBJECTIVES: To determine the population dynamics and the global growth of the older adult population (OAP) of 60 years and more. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional, retrospective study. The information was obtained from the statistical yearbooks of the institute of security and social services of state workers, Mexico (1999-2015). Several demographic ageing indicators were analyzed. RESULTS: There was a constant increase in percentage points in the proportion of OAP, index of ageing, demographic dependency ratio of old age, global index of dependence, index of dependence of old people, and index of the active population structure (6, 19.2, 15.5, 8.5, 8.2 and 31.2%, respectively). The indicator global index of dependence and masculinity showed a decrease (0.6 and 3.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide evidence that suggests modifying and generating public policies according to OAP.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Un diagnóstico integral de población contempla dentro de sus componentes el análisis demográfico poblacional, que es indispensable en la formulación de las políticas públicas. La política de población tiene una naturaleza claramente transversal, pues todas las acciones en los ámbitos económico, social, político, cultural, geográfico, y obviamente, el demográfico, repercuten de una manera directa o indirecta en ella. OBJETIVOS: Determinar la dinámica poblacional y el crecimiento global de la población adulta mayor (PAM) de 60 años y más. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, retrospectivo. La información se obtuvo de los anuarios estadísticos institucionales del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, México (de 1999-2015). Se analizaron varios indicadores demográficos de envejecimientoDE). RESULTADOS: Se observó un incremento constante en puntos porcentuales en la proporción de PAM, el índice de envejecimiento, la razón de dependencia demográfica de la vejez, índice global de dependencia, índice dependencia de viejos e índice de estructura de la población activa (6, 19.2, 15.5, 8.5, 8.2 y 31.2%, respectivamente). El indicador global de ancianidad y el índice de masculinidad mostraron una disminución (0.6 y 3.1%, respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES: Nuestros datos aportan evidencia que sugiere modificar y generar políticas públicas acordes a la PAM.

Physical function, grip strength and frailty in people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To present the current knowledge on physical function, grip strength and frailty in HIV-infected patients living in sub-Saharan Africa, where the phenomenon is largely underestimated. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted on MEDLINE, Scopus and African Index Medicus. We reviewed articles on sub-Saharan African people living with HIV (PLHIV) >18 years old, published until November 2016. RESULTS: Of 537 articles, 12 were conducted in six African countries and included in this review. Five articles reported information on functional limitation and one on disability. Two of these five articles reported functional limitation (low gait speed) in PLHIV. Disability was observed in 27% and 3% of PLHIV living in rural and urban places, respectively. Two of three studies reporting grip strength reported lower grip strength (nearly 4 kg) in PLHIV in comparison with uninfected patients. One study reported that PLHIV were more likely to be frail than HIV-uninfected individuals (19.4% vs. 13.3%), whereas another reported no statistical difference. CONCLUSION: Decline in physical function, grip strength and frailty are now part of the burden of PLHIV living in SSA countries, but current data are insufficient to characterise the real public health dimension of these impairments. Further studies are needed to depict this major public health challenge. As this is likely to contribute to a significant burden on the African healthcare systems and human resources in the near future, a holistic care approach should be developed to inform guidelines.

Pain and alcohol consumption among older adults: findings from the World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health, Wave 1.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate cross-sectional associations between self-reported recent pain and alcohol use/abstinence, and previous-day pain and previous-week alcohol consumption in adults aged 50 + in six low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: The WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 1 (2007-2010) in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa is the data source. Prevalence of alcohol use/abstinence is reported by previous-day and previous-month pain. Multinomial logistic regressions (crude and adjusted for sex and country) tested associations between recent pain and alcohol use in the pooled multicountry sample. RESULTS: Across the six SAGE countries, about one-third of respondents reported alcohol use, being highest in Russia (74%) and lowest in India (16%). Holding the effects of sex and country constant, compared with abstainers, people with previous-day pain were more likely to be previous-day or other users. With regard to the quantity and frequency of alcohol use, people with previous-day pain were more likely to be non-heavy drinkers. CONCLUSION: Overall, we found that, in this population of older adults in six LMICs, recent pain was associated with moderate use of alcohol, although there were differences between countries. The findings provide a platform for country-specific research to better understand bi-directional associations between pain and alcohol in older adults.

[Neurosurgery in the elderly patient: Geriatric neurosurgery]. / Neurocirugía en el paciente mayor: neurocirugía geriátrica.

OBJECTIVE: Between 2000 and 2050, the proportion of the world's population over 60 years will double, and the number of people aged 80 and older will quadruple. Health professional training does not include instructions about specific care for older people. The World Health Organization maintains that all health providers should be trained on ageing issues. Thus, it is proposed to analyse the effect of ageing on Neurosurgery in our country. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective historical cohort study was performed on individuals age 70 years or older admitted to the Neurosurgery or the Intensive Care Unit of our hospital, with neurosurgical disease, between two periods: 1999-2000 and 2010-2011. An analysis was made on variables such as: age, pathology, length of stay, comorbidity, performance status, re-admissions and mortality. RESULTS: Similar numbers of patients were admitted during the two periods: 409 and 413. However, there was an increase of 77.5% in patients older than 70 years: 80 versus 142. Statistically significant differences were observed in the Charlson Comorbidity Index, the admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, length of stay, and re-admissions. Comorbidity and admission GCS score were particularly worse in the second period. Nevertheless, the mean length of stay was lower in that period, but showing more hospital re-admissions. After multivariate analysis, it was observed that re-admissions were associated with comorbidity, but not with early hospital discharge. No differences were found in performance status or mortality. CONCLUSIONS: A very considerable increase in percentage of patients older than 70 years old was found. There were no differences in performance status or mortality, which was probably due to the multidisciplinary management of these patients. The results of this study support the development of an interdisciplinary work group dedicated to Geriatric Neurosurgery.

Psychometric properties of a new short version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for the assessment of anxiety in the elderly.

INTRODUCTION: Anxiety has negative effects on the cognitive performance and psychosocial adjustment of elderly people. Given the high prevalence of anxiety symptoms in patients suffering from cognitive impairment, it has been suggested that these symptoms may be an early marker of dementia. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is one of the most widely-used scales for evaluating anxiety in elderly people. However, inasmuch as the STAI may be difficult to apply to older people, having a short form of it would be desirable. METHODS: The participants comprised 489 community-dwelling individuals aged 68 years and over. All of them were volunteers in a longitudinal study for early detection of Alzheimer' Disease (Proyecto Vallecas). The full sample was divided in two homogeneous subgroups: Group A, used to reduce the number of items and response options, and Group B, the group used to determine the psychometric properties of the new short form (STAIr). RESULTS: A dichotomous Rasch model was used to obtain the STAIr. No statistically significant differences for STAIr scores were found with respect to sociodemographic variables. Psychometric properties and normative data were obtained for the new short version. CONCLUSIONS: The STAIr is composed of 13 items and data fits the model well. Since it is short and easy to apply to elderly people, STAIr will be very useful in clinical and research settings.

[Risk of depression in 75 years or older persons, comprehensive geriatric assessment and associated factors in primary care: cross sectional study]. / Riesgo de depresión en personas de 75 años o más, valoración geriátrica integral y factores de vulnerabilidad asociados en Atención Primaria.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of the risk of depression, major defining characteristics and factors associated with. DESIGN: Sub-study of comprehensive geriatric assessment cross-study. SETTING: Primary health center. PARTICIPANTS: For an estimated 14% prevalence we need a sample of 288 people. From 3854, 290 people ≥75 years were selected. Excluding terminals, chemotherapy, recent surgery, temporary residence, mental retardation, serious psychiatric illness, or under home care. OUTCOME: risk of depression (≥2 points on the Goldberg depression subscale. DEPENDENT VARIABLES: Sociodemographic and five study areas of the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment: medical -comorbidity, polypharmacy, falls and hospital admissions-, functional -Up&Go Test, Lawton-Brody and Barthel Index-, nutritional -Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA)-, mental-affective -Pfeiffer Questionnaire and Goldberg scale-, and social. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS: We obtained 290 interviews, with 102 (35.1%) male and mean age of 79.4 years (SD:3.2). The prevalence of the risk of depression was 37.2%, 26.5% in men and 43.1% in women (p=0.005). Association of risk of depression is observed with arterial hypertension (OR:3.87 95% CI:1.61-9.34), cancer (OR:4.12 95%, CI:1.58-10.76), lack of leisure activity (OR:2.75 95%, CI:1.33-5.67), increase of anxiety scale (OR:1.87 95%, CI:1.57-2.22) and decrease in MNA (OR:0.78 95%, CI:0.68-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of risk of depression is higher than expected, although overestimated until being confirmed with a diagnostic test. We appreciate new associations of comorbidity variables with risk of depression and corroborate other known. The studied factors that were associated with the risk of depression should be included in future studies of geriatric depression.

Ten Mistakes To Avoid When Injecting Botulinum Toxin.

Injection of botulinum toxin is currently the most common cosmetic procedure in the United States, and in recent years it has become-together with dermal fillers-the mainstay of therapy for the prevention and treatment of facial aging. However, in some cases the treatment may lead to a somewhat unnatural appearance, usually caused by loss of facial expression or other telltale signs. In the present article, we review the 10 mistakes that should be avoided when injecting botulinum toxin. We also reflect on how treatment with botulinum toxin influences us through our facial expressions, both in terms of how we feel and what others perceive.

[Challenges of lopinavir/ritonavir in the chronicity of human immunodeficiency virus infection]. / Desafíos de lopinavir/ritonavir en la cronicidad de la infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana.

Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased patient survival, which is currently similar to that of the general population in western countries. However, ART is unable to completely restore normal health, given the persistence of chronic immune activation. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a chronic disease and 50% of patients will soon be older than 50 years. Currently, there is a debate on the possibility of accelerated aging in the HIV-infected population. An overlap has been observed between chronic inflammation, age-related comorbidities, lifestyle, and the long-term toxicity of ART. ART-related toxicity can encourage the development of comorbidities, especially cardiovascular and renal complications, while toxicity-especially that of thymidine analogs-can also contribute to inflammation and aging. Evidence is available on simplification strategies with boosted protease inhibitor monotherapy aiming to avoid or reduce potential or demonstrated toxicity. Currently, studies are underway of dual therapy strategies with lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) with distinct antiretroviral agents. The studies with the largest samples are those with raltegravir and lamivudine. The GARDEL trial has demonstrated that dual therapy with LPV/r plus a generic drug such as lamivudine is non-inferior to triple therapy in treatment- naïve patients. All of the above indicates the response to the challenge posed to LPV/r by the chronic phase of the disease and by the need to reduce costs.

[Does Alzheimer's disease exist in all primates? Alzheimer pathology in non-human primates and its pathophysiological implications (II)]. / ¿Existe la enfermedad de Alzheimer en todos los primates? Patología Alzheimer en primates no humanos y sus implicaciones fisiopatológicas (II).

INTRODUCTION: In the ageing process there are some species of non-human primates which can show some of the defining characteristics of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) of man, both in neuropathological changes and cognitive-behavioural symptoms. The study of these species is of prime importance to understand AD and develop therapies to combat this neurodegenerative disease. DEVELOPMENT: In this second part of the study, these AD features are discussed in the most important non-experimental AD models (Mouse Lemur -Microcebus murinus, Caribbean vervet -Chlorocebus aethiops, and the Rhesus and stump-tailed macaque -Macaca mulatta and M. arctoides) and experimental models (lesional, neurotoxic, pharmacological, immunological, etc.) non-human primates. In all these models cerebral amyloid neuropathology can occur in senility, although with different levels of incidence (100% in vervets;<30% in macaques). The differences between normal and pathological (Alzheimer's) senility in these species are difficult to establish due to the lack of cognitive-behavioural studies in the many groups analysed, as well as the controversy in the results of these studies when they were carried out. However, in some macaques, a correlation between a high degree of functional brain impairment and a large number of neuropathological changes ("possible AD") has been found. CONCLUSIONS: In some non-human primates, such as the macaque, the existence of a possible continuum between "normal" ageing process, "normal" ageing with no deep neuropathological and cognitive-behavioural changes, and "pathological ageing" (or "Alzheimer type ageing"), may be considered. In other cases, such as the Caribbean vervet, neuropathological changes are constant and quite marked, but its impact on cognition and behaviour does not seem to be very important. This does assume the possible existence in the human senile physiological regression of a stable phase without dementia even if neuropathological changes appeared.

[Dietary diversity, anthropometric status and biochemical profile of centenarians of the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica, and their offspring]. / Diversidad dietética, estado antropométrico y perfil bioquímico de centenarios de la Península de Nicoya, Costa Rica, y su descendencia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Social relationships, physical activity and diet have been proposed as responsible for longevity; however, many of these conditions have changed in modern societies. The objective of this study was to identify if the anthropometric status, biochemical profile and diet of Nicoyan centenarians is different from that of their decency and if the quality and diversity of the diet of these Costa Ricans differs from that of adults from urban areas of the same country. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anthropometric, biochemical and dietary assessments were carried out on 120 adults residing in the Nicoya Peninsula, including centenarians, their children and grandchildren. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: There is a significantly lower percentage of excess weight, central adiposity and blood lipids in Nicoyan centenarians compared to their children and grandchildren. The consumption of «Dairy¼ and «Other fruits¼ is higher in centenarians than in their descendants. Centenarians showed a higher dietary diversity index (DDI) compared to other age categories, and they also showed a higher DDI and a significantly more diverse diet than the urban population of Costa Rica. CONCLUSION: Nicoyan centenarians presented a better lipid and glycemic profile than their offspring, they have lower weight and a better quality and diversity of diet than their relatives and than adults from the urban area of Costa Rica.

Neuronorma Colombia: contributions and methodological characteristics.

INTRODUCTION: Availability of adequate normative data is essential when performing neuropsychological evaluation; good methodological quality of the studies that propose these data ensures that their conclusions are reliable and valid. We present the methodological characteristics of the Neuronorma Colombia Project in order to analyse its contributions and limitations. METHOD: We present the characteristics of the normative sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria, statistical analysis, the procedure for obtaining normative data, and the instruments used. RESULTS: We present graphical profiles of patient performance, based on the Neuronorma Work Unit, to illustrate the interpretation of the results obtained when evaluating patients with the Neuronorma Colombia Battery. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our study presents several methodological advantages, such as its multicentre, co-normalised design and the availability of the Neuronorma Work Unit, which allows the creation of graphical profiles of patient performance, a fundamental tool for diagnosis and research. We present the findings of subsequent research based on the proposed normative data, which demonstrate the value of the battery. The contribution of this study is discussed in the context of its immediate background.