Enhancing the Performance of 2D Tin-Based Pure Red Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes through the Synergistic Effect of Natural Antioxidants and Cyclic Molecular Additives.

Tin (Sn)-based perovskites are being investigated in many optoelectronic applications given their similar valence electron configuration to that of lead-based perovskites and the potential environmental hazards of lead-based perovskites. However, the formation of high-quality Sn-based perovskite films faces several challenges, mainly due to the easy oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+ and the fast crystallization rate. Here, to develop an environmentally friendly process for Sn-based perovskite fabrication, a series of natural antioxidants are studied as additives and ascorbic acid (VitC) is found to have a superior ability to inhibit the oxidation problem. A common cyclic molecule, 18-Crown-6, is further added as a second additive, which synergizes with VitC to significantly reduce the nonradiative recombination pathways in the PEA2SnI4 film. This synergistic effect greatly improves the performance of 2D red Sn-based PeLED, with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 1.87% (≈9 times that of the pristine device), a purer color, and better bias stability. This work demonstrates the potential of the dual-additive approach in enhancing the performance of 2D Sn-based PeLEDs, while the use of these environmentally friendly additives contributes to their future sustainability.

Carotenoid characterization, fatty acid profiles, and antioxidant activities of haloarchaeal extracts.

Microorganisms that can survive in saline environments, known as halotolerant or halophilic organisms, have a wide range of current and potential uses in biotechnology. In this study, it was aimed to determine the carotenoids of halophilic archaea strains isolated from the brine samples taken from different points of Salt Lake (Turkey) and determine the antioxidant activities of their carotenoids. To identify the halophilic archaea strains, they were cultivated in MAM JCM 168 medium and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility, fatty acid, two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, biochemical and phylogenetic assays. The findings show that five different halophilic archaea strains have been identified as Halorubrum lipolyticum, Halorubrum sodomense, Haloarcula salaria, Halorubrum chaoviator, and Haloarcula japonica with 98% and above similarity ratio. The main fatty acids of all haloarchaeal strains were octadecanoic acid (C18:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0). The major carotenoid of the species was determined as all-trans bacterioruberin, and different carotenoid types such as lycopene, ß-carotene, and 2-isopentenyl-3,4-dehydrorodopin were found as well as bacterioruberin isomers. The antioxidant activities of carotenoids extracted from the species were analyzed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method and the extracts showed antioxidant activity statistically significantly higher than ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene as reference products (p < 0.05).

Graphislactone A, a Fungal Antioxidant Metabolite, Reduces Lipogenesis and Protects against Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Mice.

Graphislactone A (GPA), a secondary metabolite derived from a mycobiont found in the lichens of the genus Graphis, exhibits antioxidant properties. However, the potential biological functions and therapeutic applications of GPA at the cellular and animal levels have not yet been investigated. In the present study, we explored the therapeutic potential of GPA in mitigating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its underlying mechanisms through a series of experiments using various cell lines and animal models. GPA demonstrated antioxidant capacity on a par with that of vitamin C in cultured hepatocytes and reduced the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide in primary macrophages. However, in animal studies using an NAFLD mouse model, GPA had a milder impact on liver inflammation while markedly attenuating hepatic steatosis. This effect was confirmed in an animal model of early fatty liver disease without inflammation. Mechanistically, GPA inhibited lipogenesis rather than fat oxidation in cultured hepatocytes. Similarly, RNA sequencing data revealed intriguing associations between GPA and the adipogenic pathways during adipocyte differentiation. GPA effectively reduced lipid accumulation and suppressed lipogenic gene expression in AML12 hepatocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In summary, our study demonstrates the potential application of GPA to protect against hepatic steatosis in vivo and suggests a novel role for GPA as an underlying mechanism in lipogenesis, paving the way for future exploration of its therapeutic potential.

Effect of the Addition of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) on the Protein Profile, Antiradical Activity, and Microbiological Status of Raw-Ripening Pork Sausage.

The study evaluated the effect of adding dandelion extract on the characteristics of raw-ripening pork sausages while reducing the nitrite addition from 150 to 80 mg/kg. The sausages were made primarily from pork ham (80%) and pork jowl (20%). The process involved curing, preparing the meat stuffing, forming the links, and then subjecting the sausages to a 21-day ripening period. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, water activity, and oxidation-reduction potential were compared at the beginning of production and after the ripening process. The study also examined the impact of ripening on protein metabolism in pork sausages and compared the protein profiles of different sausage variants. The obtained research results indicate that dandelion-leaf extract (Taraxacum officinale) were rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, and their derivatives (LC-QTOF-MS method). Antiradical activity test against the ABTS+* and DPPH radical, and the TBARS index, demonstrated that addition of dandelion (0.5-1%) significantly improved the oxidative stability of raw-ripening sausages with nitrite content reduction to 80 mg/kg. A microbiological evaluation of the sausages was also carried out to assess the correctness of the ripening process. The total number of viable bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and coliforms were evaluated and subsequently identified by mass spectrometry.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidants from Perilla frutescens Leaves Based on Tailor-Made Deep Eutectic Solvents: Optimization and Antioxidant Activity.

The development of natural antioxidants to replace synthetic compounds is attractive. Perilla frutescens leaves were proven to be rich in antioxidants. The extraction of antioxidants from Perilla leaves via ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) based on choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was studied. Firstly, several DESs were prepared, and their extraction effects were compared. Secondly, the extraction process was optimized by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). Finally, the optimization results were verified and compared with the results of traditional solvent-based UAE. The effects of solvents on the surface cell morphology of Perilla frutescens leaves were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Choline chloride-acetic acid-based DES (ChCl-AcA) extract showed a relatively high ferric-reducing antioxidant activity (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhyldrazyl radical scavenging rate (DPPH). Under the optimal operating conditions (temperature 41 °C, liquid-solid ratio 33:1, ultrasonic time 30 min, water content 25%, ultrasonic power 219 W), the experimental results are as follows: DPPH64.40% and FRAP0.40 mM Fe(II)SE/g DW. The experimental and predicted results were highly consistent with a low error (<3.38%). The values of the DPPH and FRAP were significantly higher than that for the water, ethanol, and butanol-based UAE. SEM analysis confirmed that ChCl-AcA enhanced the destruction of the cell wall, so that more antioxidants were released. This study provides an eco-friendly technology for the efficient extraction of antioxidants from Perilla frutescens leaves. The cytotoxicity and biodegradability of the extract will be further verified in a future work.

Effect of dietary n-3 fatty acid and rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) supplementation on semen quality, sperm fatty acids and reproductive performance of aged male broiler breeders.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of dietary fish oil (FO) and rooibos supplementation on semen quality, fatty acids composition and reproductive performance of aged male broiler breeders. Seventy-two 47-week-old Ross broiler breeder roosters were randomly assigned to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangements to include two FO concentrations (0% and 2%) and 3 rooibos concentrations (0%, 1.5% and 3%) for 13 weeks consecutive. The different diets affected semen parameters significantly (p < 0.05), except for the semen concentration and abnormality of the sperm. The sperm of the FO and 3% rooibos-treated group showed better motility and viability when compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). The susceptibility of semen to lipid peroxidation was increased in roosters fed the rooibos-free diets (p < 0.05), but it was reduced (p < 0.05) when the diet was supplemented with 1.5% and 3% rooibos. In addition, at 64 weeks, the highest concentration of testosterone was observed in the roosters fed a diet that included 2% FO and 3% rooibos (p < 0.05); however, the difference in testosterone levels between Week 52 and Week 64 was not significant (p > 0.05). The fertility rate of collected eggs from the FO and 3% rooibos group was higher (p < 0.05) than that of the other groups at the end of the experiment. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of FO along with rooibos improved seminal quality and reproduction performance in aged roosters.

Antioxidant action of yerba mate on carcass and meat characteristics and fatty acid profile in meat and fat of lambs finished in tropical pastures.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the supplementation with natural antioxidants from Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) on the performance, carcass and meat characteristics, and fatty acid profile in meat and fat of Texel × Ile de France lambs kept in Brachiaria-grass pasture. Twenty lambs with a mean age of 90 days and 26.3 kg of BW were distributed in a completely randomized design in two treatments with 10 replicates/treatment: Control-protein-energy supplement based on corn and soybean meal (150 g/kg DM of crude protein) without the addition of natural antioxidant yerba mate and Yerba Mate - energy protein supplement with the addition of yerba mate (110 g/kg DM). There was no treatment effect on animal performance and carcass characteristics. The subcutaneous fat thickness was significantly higher for lambs treated without yerba mate. There was no effect of nutritional treatments on the oxidative markers of lamb meat. The muscle of the animals treated with yerba mate showed a higher concentration of unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids elaidic, linolenic, thymnodonic, docosadienoic, and ceorvonic. The fat of the animals treated with yerba mate showed a higher concentration of palmitoleic acid, linoelaidic acid, heneicosanoic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid. The concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly higher in meat and fat of lambs treated with yerba mate. Including yerba mate in the diet of lambs kept on Brachiaria pastures improves the lipid profile of polyunsaturated fatty acids in meat and fat, without altering the performance of the animals.

Effects of mango peel ethanolic extract as antioxidant in quail diets on performance, carcass traits, and meat lipid stability.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of mango peel ethanolic extract (MPEE) as antioxidant in quail diets containing two lipid sources, on performance, carcass characteristics, and lipid stability of in natura and frozen meat. A total of 432 meat quails were used, males and females, from 7 to 42 days of age, distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 3 levels of MPEE (0, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) and 2 lipid sources (soybean and sunflower oil), totaling 6 treatments with 6 replications of 12 birds. In order to evaluate the meat lipid stability, carcass samples were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, with 2 levels of MPEE (0 and 1000 mg/kg), 2 lipid sources (soybean and sunflower oil), 2 types of packaging (conventional and vacuum), and 3 storage times (0, 60, and 120 days), totaling 16 treatments with 6 replications. There was no effect of interaction (P > 0.05) between the factors on the performance variables and carcass characteristics. Oil types and MPEE levels did not influence (P > 0.05) performance. For carcass characteristics, it was found to be increased (P < 0.05) in breast meat yield due to the inclusion of MPEE. For the meat lipid stability, there was only an effect of interaction (P < 0.05) between type of packaging and storage time. The inclusion of 1000 mg/kg of MPEE provided greater meat lipid stability, enabling the use of common packaging for the storage of quail meat for up to 120 days.

Effects of supplemental dried wild leek (Allium scorodoprasum L. subsp. rotundum) leaves on laying performance, egg quality characteristics, and oxidative stability in laying hens.

This study aimed to examine the effect of dietary supplementation of dried wild leek (Allium scorodoprasum L. subsp. rotundum) leaves on laying performance, egg traits, antioxidant status, and oxidative stability in laying hens. For this purpose, a total of 96 Lohmann White laying hens aged 22 weeks allocated into four treatment groups each containing 24 hens. Hens were fed a diet supplemented with 0 (control), 1 (WL1), 2 (WL2), and 3 (WL3) g/kg dried wild leek (DWL) leaves. During the 10-week trial, egg weight was increased and feed efficiency was improved with 2 and 3 g/kg DWL leaves. No significant differences were observed among groups for egg production, feed intake, internal and external egg quality characteristics, and egg yolk cholesterol concentration. Levels of malondialdehyde and total antioxidant-oxidant status of egg yolk were not affected from DWL supplementation. However, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity was increased and oxidative stress index was decreased in egg yolk. Superoxide dismutase enzyme activity was increased in the group of WL3, and total antioxidant status levels were increased in the groups of WL2 and WL3 in serum. DWL supplementation reduced serum cholesterol concentration significantly. No marked changes were observed in other blood parameters. In conclusion, DWL is considered to be high antioxidant supplement due to having high antioxidant capacity and important bioactive compounds. Dietary supplementation of DWL leaves at 3 g/kg could be a viable and beneficial feed additive to improve egg weight and feed efficiency, increase DPPH radical scavenging activity in egg yolk and antioxidant status of hen. Therefore, the usage of DWL leaves in the laying hen diets will be beneficial for egg producers and poultry nutritionists to produce functional eggs having low cholesterol and high antioxidants.

Formulation and Testing of Antioxidant and Protective Effect of Hyalurosomes Loading Extract Rich in Rosmarinic Acid Biotechnologically Produced from Lavandula angustifolia Miller.

Culture of plant cells or tissues is a scalable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly approach to obtain extracts and secondary metabolites of uniform quality that can be continuously supplied in controlled conditions, independent of geographical and seasonal variations, environmental factors, and negative biological influences. In addition, tissues and cells can be extracted/obtained from the by-products of other industrial cultivations such as that of Lavandula angustifolia Miller (L. angustifolia), which is largely cultivated for the collection of flowers. Given that, an extract rich in rosmarinic acid was biotechnologically produced starting from cell suspension of L. angustifolia, which was then loaded in hyalurosomes, special phospholipid vesicles enriched with sodium hyaluronate, which in turn are capable of both immobilizing and stabilizing the system. These vesicles have demonstrated to be good candidates for skin delivery as their high viscosity favors their residence at the application site, thus promoting their interaction with the skin components. The main physico-chemical and technological characteristics of vesicles (i.e., mean diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency of extract in vesicles) were measured along with their biological properties in vitro: biocompatibility against fibroblasts and ability to protect the cells from oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. Overall, preliminary results disclosed the promising properties of obtained formulations to be used for the treatment of skin diseases associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.

Changes in Physicochemical, Free Radical Activity, Total Phenolic and Sensory Properties of Orange (Citrus sinensis L.) Juice Fortified with Different Oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) Extracts.

In Iran and other parts of Western Asia, the oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) fruit is processed in the dried powdery form, and in recent times, increasingly applied/sprinkled in fruit juices such as those made from oranges (Citrus sinensis L.). To our best knowledge, the effectiveness of oleaster fruit extract in fortifying the orange juice has not yet been reported and the knowledge of this will greatly benefit the consumers, particularly those around the Western Asia region. This current work, therefore, investigated the changes in physicochemical, free radical activity, total phenolic compounds, and sensory properties of orange juice fortified with different oleaster fruit extracts. The orange juice mix formulation comprised different concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%) of oleaster (alcoholic, aqueous, and hydro-alcoholic) extracts. The control comprised orange concentrate (4% w/v), sugar (8.5% w/v), and citric acid (0.1% w/v) brought to the desirable volume with water. As the free radical activity depicted the antioxidant properties, the physicochemical aspects of this work involved the determinations of Brix, density, ash, pH, total acidity, sucrose, and total sugar, whereas the sensory aspects involved the determinations of color and taste. Whilst the aqueous oleaster 20 and 25% extracts produced notable physicochemical differences in the orange juice mix, both free radical activity, and phenolic compounds significantly increased (p < 0.05) after 30 days despite resembling (p > 0.05) those of control at day 1. More so, the increases in aqueous, alcoholic, and hydro-alcoholic oleaster extracts would decrease (p < 0.05) the sensory color and taste of the orange juice mix in this study.

Phenylethyl Isothiocyanate: A Bioactive Agent for Gastrointestinal Health.

The incidence of gastrointestinal pathologies (cancer in particular) has increased progressively, with considerable morbidity and mortality, and a high economic impact on the healthcare system. The dietary intake of natural phytochemicals with certain bioactive properties has shown therapeutic and preventive effects on these pathologies. This includes the cruciferous vegetable derivative phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a bioactive compound present in some vegetables, such as watercress. Notably, PEITC has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, and anticarcinogenic properties. This review summarized the current knowledge on the role of PEITC as a potential natural nutraceutical or an adjuvant against oxidative/inflammatory-related disorders in the gastrointestinal tract. We also discussed the safe and recommended dose of PEITC. In addition, we established a framework to guide the research and development of sustainable methodologies for obtaining and stabilizing this natural molecule for industrial use. With PEITC, there is great potential to develop a viable strategy for preventing cancer and other associated diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. However, this topic still needs more scientific studies to help develop new PEITC products for the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, or food industries.

Rapid determination of L-ascorbic acid content in vitamin C serums by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop and validate a rapid, simple, accurate and precise analytical method for the quantification of L-AA in vitamin C serums. Moreover, the developed method was further applied to determine L-AA in eight different brands of vitamin C serums. A complementary study was also carried out to evaluate the stability of L-AA in the vitamin C serum samples after 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of storage at ambient temperature (15-35°C). METHODS: Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was applied. RESULTS: Quantitative analyses were performed with a total chromatographic run time of 1.5 min by matrix-matched calibration, and the analytical curve was linear over the range of 1-1700 µg L-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.3 and 1.0 µg L-1 , respectively. Intra- and inter-assay precisions, expressed in terms of relative standard deviation, ranged from 0.3% and 2.2%, respectively, and recoveries in concentration levels of 1 and 5 µg L-1 were 103.9% and 101.2%, respectively. The proposed analytical method was successfully applied to determine the L-AA content in eight commercial vitamin C serum samples. The stability of the target analyte in samples stored at ambient temperature (15-35°C) was evaluated throughout 60 days with a 15-day interval between analyses. At 0 days, L-AA content in samples ranged from 1.05 to 169.91 mg L-1 , which decreases over time. CONCLUSION: The proposed method could be powerful in routine analyses to ensure the quantification of L-AA in vitamin C serums since it proved to be a simple, reliable, fast, precise, accurate and sensitive analytical method.

OBJECTIF: Cette étude visait à développer et valider une méthode analytique rapide, simple, exacte et précise pour la quantification de l'acide L-ascorbique dans les sérums à la vitamine C. De plus, la méthode développée a été appliquée pour déterminer l'acide L-ascorbique dans huit différentes marques de sérums à la vitamine C. Une étude complémentaire a également été réalisée pour évaluer la stabilité de l'acide L-ascorbique dans les échantillons de sérum à la vitamine C après 15, 30, 45 et 60 jours de conservation à température ambiante (15 à 35 °C). MÉTHODES: La chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance avec spectrométrie de masse en tandem a été employée. RÉSULTATS: Des analyses quantitatives ont été réalisées avec une durée totale d'exécution chromatographique de 1,5 minute par calibration matricielle appariée, et la courbe analytique était linéaire sur la plage de 1 à 1700 µg L-1 avec un coefficient de corrélation de 0,9998. La limite de détection (LD) et la limite de quantification (LQ) ont été déterminées à 0,3 et 1,0 µg L−1 , respectivement. Les précisions intra- et inter-essais, exprimées en termes d'écart-type relatif, étaient de 0,3 % et 2,2 %, respectivement, et les récupérations aux niveaux de concentration de 1 et 5 µg L-1 étaient de 103,9 % et 101,2 %, respectivement. La méthode analytique proposée a été employée avec succès pour déterminer la teneur en acide L-ascorbique de huit échantillons de sérum à la vitamine C commerciaux. La stabilité de l'analyte cible dans les échantillons conservés à température ambiante (15 à 35 °C) a été évaluée sur 60 jours avec un intervalle de 15 jours entre les analyses. À 0 jour, la teneur en acide L-ascorbique dans les échantillons était comprise entre 1,05 et 169,91 µg L-1 , ce qui diminue au fil du temps. CONCLUSION: La méthode proposée pourrait être puissante dans les analyses de routine pour assurer la quantification de l'acide L-ascorbique dans les sérums à la vitamine C puisqu'elle s'est avérée être une méthode analytique simple, fiable, rapide, précise, exacte et sensible.

Curcumin protects rats against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity by amelioration of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis.

CONTEXT: Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic which is commonly used against Gram-negative bacterial infection; however, serious complications including nephrotoxicity could limit its clinical use. OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the protective effects of curcumin (CUR) on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis through its antioxidative property in GM-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 3) were divided into six groups to receive normal saline (control), GM (100 mg/kg/day), co-treatment with GM and CUR (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg/day) and CUR (200 mg/kg/day) alone for 15 days by gavage feeding. Then, the renal function, kidney injury as well as oxidative stress, antioxidative markers and ER stress-mediated apoptosis were evaluated. RESULTS: Pre-treatment of CUR rescued the nephrotoxicity in GM-treated rats. Several nephrotoxicity hallmarks were reversed in the CUR-pre-treatment group. At the dose of 200 mg/kg/day, it could significantly lower serum creatinine (from 0.95 to 0.50 mg/dL), blood urea nitrogen (from 35.00 to 23.50 mg/dL) and augmented creatinine clearance (from 0.83 to 1.71 mL/min). The normalized expression of oxidative stress marker, malondialdehyde was decreased (from 13.00 to 5.98) in line with the increase of antioxidant molecules including superoxide dismutase (from 5.59 to 14.24) and glutathione (from 5.22 to 12.53). Furthermore, the renal ER stress and apoptotic protein biomarkers were lowered in CUR treatment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our findings pave the way for the application of CUR as a supplement in the prevention of nephrotoxicity and other kidney diseases in the future.

Protective role of vitamin D against oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. There is much evidence showing that a high level of mitochondrial overproduction of reactive oxygen species in the diabetic retina contributes in modifying cellular signalling and leads to retinal cell damage and finally to the development of DR pathogenesis. In the last few decades, it has been reported that vitamin D is involved in DR pathogenesis. Vitamin D, traditionally known as an essential nutrient crucial in bone metabolism, has also been proven to be a very effective antioxidant. It has been demonstrated that it modulates the production of advanced glycosylated end products, as well as several pathways including protein kinase C, the polyol pathway leading to the reduction of free radical formation. It prevents the translocation of nuclear factor kappa B, preventing the inflammatory response, acting as an immunomodulator, and modulates autophagy and apoptosis. In this review, we explore the molecular mechanisms by which vitamin D protects the eye from oxidative stress, in order to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation may be useful to mitigate the deleterious effects of free radicals in DR.

Microorganisms: A Potential Source of Bioactive Molecules for Antioxidant Applications.

Oxidative stress originates from an elevated intracellular level of free oxygen radicals that cause lipid peroxidation, protein denaturation, DNA hydroxylation, and apoptosis, ultimately impairing cell viability. Antioxidants scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, which further helps to prevent cellular damage. Medicinal plants, fruits, and spices are the primary sources of antioxidants from time immemorial. In contrast to plants, microorganisms can be used as a source of antioxidants with the advantage of fast growth under controlled conditions. Further, microbe-based antioxidants are nontoxic, noncarcinogenic, and biodegradable as compared to synthetic antioxidants. The present review aims to summarize the current state of the research on the antioxidant activity of microorganisms including actinomycetes, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microalgae, and yeast, which produce a variety of antioxidant compounds, i.e., carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamins, and sterol, etc. Special emphasis is given to the mechanisms and signaling pathways followed by antioxidants to scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), especially for those antioxidant compounds that have been scarcely investigated so far.

Use of alginate edible coating and basil (Ocimum spp) extracts on beef characteristics during storage.

The effect of alginate edible coating and the addition of two levels of basil (Ocimum spp) on polyphenols, DPPH and ABTS activities, meat characteristics (lipid oxidation, pH, weight loss, texture, and color) during storage and on consumer acceptability were evaluated. Four treatments were developed: CON (control-without coating), AEC (with alginate edible coating), B01 (with alginate edible coating + 1% of basil extract) and B02 (with alginate edible coating + 2% of basil extract). The addition of basil increased the polyphenols and antioxidant activity of meat and reduced the lipid oxidation. The pH values were not altered by the addition of basil and ageing time. The meat with coating was darker, more red and yellow. The inclusion of basil extract in the alginate-based edible coating improved meat acceptability. Thus, edible coatings with natural sources of antioxidants improve meat stability during storage and can be used in the food industry.

Valorization of Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) distillation waste as a potential source of phenolics/antioxidant: influence of extraction solvents.

Solid residues obtained after essential oil extraction from Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (Java citronella) was explored as a potential source of phenolics/antioxidant. Both the non-distilled plant materials and their solid residues were extracted with Soxhlet extraction method using solvents of various polarity viz. petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol, water and various combination of (50% and 75%) of methanol, ethanol, and acetone in water. Different antioxidant assays like 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), superoxide anion (SO) radical scavenging assay, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and iron chelating ability along with total phenol (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) was measured to evaluate the extract. Compared to distilled materials, the non-distilled plant materials had significantly higher TPC/TFC content and also exhibited higher antioxidant activities. 50% aqueous methanol showed the highest extractive yield, whereas 75% aqueous methanol exhibited the highest TPC and TFC content. The 50% or 75% aqueous methanolic extract also exhibited the highest DPPH, ABTS and SO scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power activity. However, ethyl acetate and 75% aqueous acetone extract of non-distilled and distilled plant materials, respectively showed the highest iron chelating activity. The half maximal effective concentration (IC50 = µg/mL) for DPPH, ABTS, SO and metal chelating ability in non-distilled plant extract ranged from 64-387, 92-761, 285-870, and 164-924, respectively, and corresponding value of distilled materials ranged from 144-865, 239-792, 361-833 and 374-867, respectively. The EC50 (µg/mL) for FRAP assay ranged from 118-840 and 151-952 for non-distilled and distilled materials, respectively. The findings of this study indicate the potential of these by-products as a natural antioxidants source.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) addition as an antioxidant in a cryo-diluent media improves microscopic parameters, and fertility potential, and alleviates oxidative stress parameters of buffalo spermatozoa.

The disparity between the endogenous antioxidants concentration and free radicals in spermatozoa results in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In this prospect, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) preserves vigorous antioxidant features. Current study explored the influence of EGCG in a cryo-diluent media on microscopic parameters, oxidative stress parameters, and fertility potential of buffalo spermatozoa during cryopreservation. Concisely, collected semen from three donor bulls for four times were then evaluated for volume, motility, concentrations and then dilution in a cryo-diluent media with different concentrations of EGCG (EGCG-0 = control; EGCG-50 = 50 µM, EGCG-100 = 100 µM, EGCG-200 = 200 µM, and EGCG-300 = 300 µM) at 37 °C, cooled to 4 °C in 2 h, equilibrated for 4 h at 4 °C, and cryopreserved. At post-thawing, Computer-Assisted Sperm motion Analysis motilities (total and progressive, %) and rapid velocity (%), plasma membrane functionality, supravital plasma membrane integrity, and mitochondrial potential (%) were found higher (P < 0.05) in EGCG-200, and EGCG-300 than control, whereas average-path, straight-line, and curved-linear velocities (µm/sec), and acrosome integrity (%) were recorded higher in EGCG-300 than control. Further, comet length (µm), and tail length (µm), LPO (lipid peroxidation, µM/mL), and apoptosis-like changes (%) in spermatozoa were significantly decreased in EGCG-300 than control. Seminal plasma antioxidant enzymes activities (glutathione peroxidase, U/mL, and superoxide dismutase, U/mL) were increased with EGCG-300 than control. Moreover, EGCG-300 addition in a cryo-diluent media improves the fertility potential (%) of buffalo spermatozoa. In a nutshell, the inclusion of EGCG-300 in a cryo-diluent media enhances post-thaw microscopic parameters, and fertility potential, whereas decreases oxidative stress parameters in buffalo spermatozoa.

Antioxidant Properties of Lyophilized Rosemary and Sage Extracts and its Effect to Prevent Lipid Oxidation in Poultry Pátê.

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activities (AA) of lyophilized rosemary extract and lyophilized sage extract, and their effects on the oxidative stability of poultry pátê. For this purpose, four poultry pátê formulations with rosemary, sage, sodium erythorbate and a control (without antioxidants) were produced. The rosemary and sage were characterized according to total phenolic compounds (TPC) and AA by several methods. The poultry pátês stored at 4 °C were evaluated by the lipid oxidation. High concentrations of TPC were detected in the rosemary extract and sage extract (46.48 and 41.61 mg GAE/g (Gallic acid equivalent), respectively). The AA of the rosemary and sage extracts determined by free radical-scavenging were 4745.72 and 2462.82 µmol TE/g (Trolox equivalents), respectively. The high concentrations of catechin, rutin, myricetin and p-coumaric acids in these extracts may be responsible for the strong inhibitory action against food pathogens. Besides this, these compounds can be responsible for the best performance in inhibiting lipid oxidation in poultry pátês during storage. This study suggests that rosemary and sage extracts may be used as a natural antioxidant in meat products.