Knodus borari, a new species from the lower Rio Tapajós basin (Characiformes: Characidae).

A new species of Knodus from the Rio Cupari, a right-bank tributary of the lower Rio Tapajós, is described. Among its congeners, the new species shares exclusively with K. figueiredoi the presence of only uni-tricuspid teeth in the premaxilla, maxilla and dentary. Knodus borari differs from K. figueiredoi by the colour pattern and morphological characteristics. The new species is the fifth species of the genus described from the Rio Tapajós basin, and the second restricted to the lower portion of the basin. This is additional evidence that the lower Rio Tapajós basin is a region of ichthyofaunal endemism.

Hidden or unnoticed? Multiple lines of evidence support the recognition of a new species of Pseudocorynopoma (Characidae: Corynopomini).

Species delimitation is a permanent issue in systematics. The increasing recognition of geographically isolated populations as independent lineages allowed by new methods of analysis has inflated the species-populations dilemma, which involves deciding whether to consider separate lineages as different species or structured genetic populations. This is commonly observed between fishes of adjacent river basins, with some lineages being considered allopatric sister species and others considered isolated populations or variants of the same species. Pseudocorynopoma doriae is a characid diagnosed from its single congener by the number of anal-fin rays and sexually dimorphic characters of males, including distinct fin colouration. The authors found variation in the colour pattern between isolated populations previously identified as P. doriae but no variation in scale or fin-ray counts. They analysed molecular evidence at the population level and morphological differences related to life history (e.g., colour dimorphism related to inseminating behaviour). The results provide compelling evidence for the recognition of a new species of Pseudocorynopoma despite the lack of discrete differences in meristic data. The recognition of the new species is consistent with biogeographical evidence for the long-term isolation of the respective river drainages and with differences between the ichthyofaunal communities of these rivers.

A new species of Hemibrycon (Characiformes, Characidae, Stevardiinae) from the upper Magdalena River basin in Colombia.

Hemibrycon iqueima sp. nov., is described from small streams in the Magdalena drainage at the foothills of the western slope of the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes, Suarez municipality, Tolima Department, Colombia. The new species is distinguished from its congeners in the Magdalena-Cauca River basin by a combination of characters related to snout-anal-fin origin length, head length, dorsal-pectoral fin distance, dorsal-fin-hypural distance, postorbital distance, orbital diameter, snout length, number of total vertebrae, pre-dorsal scales, scale rows between anal-fin origin and lateral line, number of branched rays of the anal fin, maxillary teeth number and number and arrangement of hooks on the branched rays of the pectoral and dorsal fins. In addition, the validity of this species is supported by previous molecular analyses that included specimens of the new species that had been erroneously identified. Phylogenetic relationships between the new species and congeners from Pacific coast basins are discussed.

A new species of Diapoma (Characiformes, Characidae, Stevardiinae) from the Rio Paraná basin, with an identification key to the species of the genus.

Diapoma nandi is described from the Piray-Miní stream, a tributary of the Rio Paraná in Argentina. It is characterized among the Stevardiinae by having a terminal mouth, two unbranched and eight branched dorsal-fin rays, one unbranched and six branched pelvic-fin rays and the absence of a caudal-fin organ and is distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of characters: unmodified scales on the lower caudal-fin lobe, lack of enlarged opercle and subopercle, incomplete lateral line, hyaline adipose fin, anal-fin distal border straight or slightly convex in adult males, large tricuspid teeth on anterior region of the dentary, distal arrangements of the anal-fin bony hooks in adult males, middle caudal-fin rays lacking large round blotch and several morphometric variables associated with body shape. Additionally, we conducted a morphometric comparison focused on the congeners that co-occur in the Paraná basin.

Molecular and morphological evidence revalidates Acrobrycontarijae (Characiformes, Characidae) and shows hidden diversity.

We conducted a revision of the Neotropical genus Acrobrycon. A previous study synonymized the species, A.ipanquianus, distributed from the western portion of the Amazon River to the north-western region of the La Plata River Basin, and A.tarijae, with type locality in the Lipeo River in Bolivia. We revisited this result by collecting new morphometric, meristic, and genetic data (COI mitochondrial gene) for 24 individuals distributed along La Plata River Basin in Argentina, and discussed our results in the context of multiple biogeographic processes of isolation in that basin. Our results revealed a more complex history of diversification and geographic distribution across Acrobrycon species than previously suspected, probably associated with multiple biogeographic processes of isolation in La Plata River Basin. We present new evidence that led us to reconsider the validity of A.tarijae, which is distinguishable from A.ipanquianus by the number of vertebrae (37-39 vs. 41-42) and pleural ribs (12-13 vs. 14). These results were also supported by our molecular analyses that revealed a genetic divergence >4% between A.ipanquianus and A.tarijae. We also identified two main genetic clusters within A.tarijae: the first cluster consisted of specimens from the Bermejo, Pilcomayo, Itiyuro and Juramento river basins (northern Argentina); and the second cluster included specimens from the southernmost basins, such as the Salí River in Tucumán, Cuarto River in the province of Cordoba and the Quinto River in the province of San Luis. Our results suggest that the genetic structure observed in A.tarijae is the result of the type of drainage (endorheic vs. exorheic) and geographical distance.

A new species of Knodus (Characiformes: Characidae) from the Rio Cupari drainage, lower Rio Tapajós basin, Brazil.

A new species of Knodus is described from the rio Cupari drainage, a tributary from the right margin of the lower rio Tapajós, Pará State, Brazil. The new species differs from its congeners, except K. geryi, by having a dark basal blotch on each caudal fin lobe (vs. caudal fin lobes with sparse chromatophores, lacking basal blotches) and, with the exception of K. borki, K. heteresthes, and K. pasco, by having 10-12 scales around the caudal peduncle (vs. 13-15).

A systematic review of Rhinopetitia Géry (Teleostei, Characiformes, Characidae) with descriptions of four new species and redescription of R. myersi Géry.

Rhinopetitia was known for a long time only by R. myersi, its type species, described from the Ilha do Bananal, Rio Araguaia basin, Tocantins, Brazil. Another recently described species, R. potamorhachia, was considered to differ from R. myersi by having the outer and inner rows of premaxillary teeth with seven to nine cusps, a midlateral dark stripe and a dark humeral blotch (versus outer and inner rows of premaxillary and of maxillary teeth with three to five cusps, and the absence of a dark midlateral stripe). Recently collected specimens from the Araguaia and Tocantins river basins are considered to belong to R. myersi, allowing to better characterize this species which is redescribed herein. Four new species are recognized for the genus, all from Brazil: 1) Rhinopetitia paucirastra, new species, collected from the upper Rio Tocantins drainage, state of Goiás, distinguished from all its congeners mainly by the presence of rudimentary and fewer gill rakers in external row on first gill arch; 2) R. oligolepis, new species originating from the Rio Jamanxim, Rio Tapajós drainage, state of Pará, differing from its congeners by having 4 longitudinal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line; 3) R. melanohumeralis, new species, collected from small streams tributaries of the upper Rio Tapajós, and the upper Rio Xingu basins, states of Pará and Mato Grosso, that has the body as deep as in R. paucirastra but has well-developed and more gill rakers in the external row on first branchial arch; and 4) R. nigrofasciata, new species, collected in small tributaries of the upper portions of the Rio Tapajós and Rio Xingu basins, states of Pará and Mato Grosso, with the body narrower than in R. paucirastra and R. melanohumeralis.

New species of Creagrutus (Ostariophysi; Characiformes; Characidae) from the Rio Xingu drainage, Brazil.

Creagrutus yudja is described from the Rio Xingu basin, Brazil. It is distinguished from its congeners by the lack of infraorbital 6, the shallower body (13.7-19.2% of SL), the presence of 34-36 perforated lateral line scales, and the presence of 4-6 post-anal scales. The inclusion of the new species on the available, morphology-based phylogenetic study of Creagrutus placed C. yudja as the sister-species of C. nigrotaeniatus, but the clade including those species is not recovered as sister to the pair C. cracentis + C. maxillaris, suggesting independent modifications of the dentition pattern typical of Creagrutus to a condition similar to the plesiomorphic characid condition within the genus.