[To the history of Tretiyakov almshouse of the A.I. Vishnevskiy Institute of Surgery].

The article deals with reconstruction of history of building and functioning of Tretiyakov almshouse in the A.I. Vishnevskiy institute of surgery. The archive documents were used for exploration. The input of architect S.I. Soloviyev into formation of architectural complex is demonstrated. The significance of this object in the history of national architecture is established.

'Abnormalities and deformities': the dissection and interment of the insane poor, 1832-1929.

The body trade of anatomy schools in Victorian times that underpinned the expansion of medical education has been neglected. This article examines dissection records of insane paupers, sold to repay their welfare debt to society. Each cadaver was entered in an 'Abnormalities and Deformities' dissection book. Student doctors paid fees to anatomists to be taught the pathology of insanity under the Medical Act. Anatomists also dissected cadavers to do further brain and eye research on epilepsy and glaucoma in the insane. These bodies were often dissected to their extremities. Their fragmentary remains were then disposed of in a common grave. This secret body trade and its asylum supply-chain merit further work in disability studies and the history of psychiatry.

From interviewers to friendly visitors: bridging research and practice to meet the needs of low-income Latino seniors.

This article describes a community-based participatory research (CBPR) effort conducted in a low-income, predominantly Latino community, which bridged traditionally-separate domains of practice and research by engaging neighborhood residents in a collaborative capacity-enhancement process for meeting the needs of vulnerable elderly residents. What began as a simple needs assessment to facilitate program development became a mechanism for engaging neighborhood residents in a collaborative social capital development process. The article describes the origins of this community-based effort, its consumer-led transformation from traditional needs assessment to service provision, resulting benefits and challenges, and implications for meeting the needs of vulnerable populations.

[The almshouse of Count Scheremetiev: the past, the present, the future (to the bicentenary of opening)].

The article deals with the bicentenary of the almshouse of count. The historical data is presented concerning the family of princes Cherkassky, the first owners of land where later count Scheremetiev built the almshouse. The history of spiritual life of almshouse is reflected, the process of building is described. The basic principles of private alms-deed developed and implemented by count Scheremetiev are exposed. The history of relieving officers and wardens of almshouse and its role in the development of charity and alms-deed in Moscow is considered. The analysis of activities of Scheremetiev hospital from 1810 to 1918 is provided, focusing on its input into development of medical science and practical medicine. The role of head doctors S. M. Kleiner, A. T. Tarasenkov, P. N. Kildushevsky, S. E. Berezovsky, Ya. V. Kir in the making and functioning of almshouse is emphasized. The historical continuity of professional activities and principles of medical are delivery in Scheremetiev hospital and Sklifosovsky Research Institute of acute care is demonstrated.

Political order and the ambivalence of expertise: Count Rumford and welfare reform in late eighteenth-century Munich.

From 1784 to 1798, the military expert and natural philosopher Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, worked in Munich for Elector Karl Theodor of Bavaria on a series of reforms that demanded a careful articulation of the reformer's expertise. This case study of Rumford's welfare reforms posits that the ambivalent nature of expertise, which relies simultaneously on generally accessible and on exclusive knowledge, was already present in the conceptual framework of Rumford's mechanical experimental philosophy and that this ambivalence was visible in the performative practice of the experimenter. Gestures of revelation and concealment and of displaying and obscuring were crucial to Rumford's (temporary) success in establishing his authority in Bavaria. Challenged by local advisers, the reformer called on a newly emergent form of public. Rumford's conceptual and practical articulation of expertise thus contributed to an increasing polarization of the political order in the Bavarian capital.

Hospitals for the excluded or convalescent homes?: workhouses, medicalization and the poor law in long eighteenth-century London and Pre-Confederation Toronto.

Workhouses proliferated throughout England and the British Empire in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Their role in increasingly institutionalized welfare systems has been well studied. Less attention has come to focus on their considerable medical services. Large infirmaries within English workhouses can be found by the early eighteenth century, providing crucial medical care to the very poor. However, levels of workhouse medicalization varied greatly throughout the Atlantic world. This article compares the medical services of workhouses in London with the one established in Pre-Confederation Toronto to assess how and why their medical histories diverge so greatly.

Sir William Osler (1849-1919) and God's House in Ewelme.

When William Osler was appointed Regius Professor of Medicine in Oxford he also became, ex officio, Master of the Almshouse at Ewelme in Oxfordshire. The link with the Almshouse, its inmates and the villagers of Ewelme gave great pleasure to both Osler and his wife, who spent much time there. This paper explores reasons why Osler found the position so attractive and rewarding.

Diffusion tensor imaging of neurocognitive profiles in a community cohort living in marginal housing.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated white matter differences associated with distinct neurocognitive profiles derived from a large cohort of marginally housed persons with comorbid physical and mental illnesses. Our prior work identified three profile cluster groups: a high functioning group (Cluster 1), a low functioning group with relative strength in decision-making (Cluster 3), and an intermediary group with a relative decision-making weakness (Cluster 2). This study extends previous findings of cortical gray matter differences between these groups with evidence for putative neurodevelopmental abnormalities in the low cognitive functioning group (i.e., Cluster 3). We hypothesized that altered white matter diffusion would be associated with the lowest functioning neurocognitive profile and would be associated with previously observed gray matter differences. METHOD: Participants from a socially impoverished neighborhood in Vancouver, Canada underwent neurocognitive evaluation and neuroimaging. We performed Tract-Based Spatial Statistics using diffusion tensor imaging data from 184 participants to examine whole-brain differences in white matter microstructure between cluster analytically derived neurocognitive profiles, as well as unitary neurocognitive measures. Correlations between frontal gray and white matter were also examined. RESULTS: Cluster 3 showed increased diffusion in predominately bilateral frontal and interhemisphere tracts (vs. Clusters 1 and 2), with relatively greater diffusion in the left hemisphere (vs. Cluster 1). Differences in radial diffusivity were more prominent compared with axial diffusivity. A weak association between regional frontal fractional anisotropy and previously defined abnormalities in gyrification was observed. CONCLUSIONS: In a socially marginalized sample, we established several patterns in the covariation of white matter diffusion and neurocognitive functioning. These patterns elucidate the neurobiological substrates and vulnerabilities that are apt to underlie functional impairments inherent to this complex and heterogeneous population.

[An old document about hospitals, leprosy and pestilence houses in electorate of Saxony]. / Hospitäler, Lazarette und Siechenhäuser im Kurfürstentum Sachsen des 16. Jahrhunderts. Ein Fundbericht.

This paper presents a new, only recently identified source on Saxon hospitals in the Middle Ages, a list, compiled between 1553 and 1586 under the government of elector August (1526-1586), of the districts and towns with hospitals for old and poor people, sickly persons, lepers, syphilitics and patients with other infectious diseases. Run by the towns or, partially, in connection with monasteries and churchs, by the court of Dresden too, these institutions provided lodging, nourishment, clothes and physical care to the indigent inmates. A medical therapy in a stricter sense was the exception in that s time.

[A place for the dying? The house for incurables in the old imperial city of Regensburg]. / Ein Platz für Sterbende?--Das Unheilbarenhaus in der vormaligen freien Reichsstadt Regensburg.

In 1821, a "House for Incurables" was established on the baths' island of the St.-Catharine's-Hospital in Regensburg. The patient registers and other administrative sources show that many incurables or terminally ill people were hospitalized and medically assisted there until their death. The choice of the persons who were to be admitted generated substantial conflict between representatives of spiritual and medical welfare. The institution was not only a house for the terminally ill. Some very old patients and patients with curable diseases also received care. Inspite of the order to care for patients with love and patience and inspite of precise hospital regulations, rooms, food, nursing and care were of poor quality and, at least occasionally, apart from the idea of care and assistance also the concept of custody seems to have been operating. In the middle of the 19th century, the owner of the building, the council of St.-Catharine's-Hospital, demanded its evacuation. An adequate substitute could neither be built nor found. Finally, it moved into a noble looking baroque suburbian villa, which had been used as a restaurant. The new building left much to be desired. In the end, the institution was changed into an almshouse for the elderly.

Guadalupe: el aprendizaje como enfermero de los pobres / Guadeloupe: learning as a nurse for the poor

El ponente profundiza en un periodo no demasiado conocido de la vida de Juan de Dios, como fue la estancia que realizó en el monasterio de Guadalupe en Extremadura, por consejo de su guía espiritual Juan de Ávila. Aunque tradicionalmente se ha aceptado que este viaje tuvo un marcado acento espiritual, lo cierto es que existen sobrados argumentos para entender que también lo hizo para asistir al hospital que los jerónimos tenían anexo al monasterio, hoy hospedería. Para el prof. Ventosa es plausible pensar que debió asistir a algunas enseñanzas en su famosa escuela de Medicina, una de las más reputadas desde la Edad Media (AU)

O papel da Santa Casa no sistema público de saúde brasileiro: o levantamento histórico de uma instituição filantrópica / The role of Santa Casa in the Brazilian public health system: a historical survey of a philanthropic institution

Resumo O artigo1 tem por objetivo analisar a evolução da interação entre Santas Casas e o Sistema de Saúde Público brasileiro por meio do levantamento histórico da Santa Casa de Mogi Mirim. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram de abordagem qualitativa e basearam-se em uma coleta de dados por pesquisa documental do levantamento histórico da Santa Casa em questão e do histórico dos principais marcos do sistema de saúde brasileiro. Os dados obtidos foram analisados para identificar o nível de interação entre a Santa Casa e a assistência hospitalar do sistema de saúde em vigor. O resultado desta análise histórico-comparativa demonstrou a intensificação da relação entre a Santa Casa e o sistema público de saúde, partindo de uma interação nula no início do século XIX que se transforma em uma codependência cercada de disputas e com limites muitos tênues no início do século XXI.

Abstract This article1 aims at analyzing the evolution of the interaction between the Santas Casas and the Brazilian Public Health stemmed from the historical research of the Santa Casa de Mogi Mirim. This qualitative research was based on data collected by means of documentary research on the historical survey of the Santa Casa and the Brazilian health system, identifying the level of interaction between the institution and hospital care. The result of this comparative historical analysis demonstrated the intensification of the relationship between Santa Casa and the public health system, starting from a null interaction in the beginning of the 19th century that turns into a codependency with numerous disputes and very subtle limits in the beginning of the 21st century.

[Quality of the psychiatric care in social welfare houses]. / Jakosc opieki psychiatrycznej w domach pomocy spolecznej.

AIM: The aim of the research is a diagnosis of the level of the psychiatric help in social welfare houses. METHOD: The research was conducted in the form of a questionnaire. The questionnaire was sent at random to 60 houses of social welfare for people with psychic disorders on the whole territory of Poland. 37 responses were received. RESULTS: All the houses in question provide their inhabitants with regular contact with a psychiatrist, 86% inside the social welfare house. 92% of inhabitants have no problems with obtaining referral to psychiatric hospital, however, 70% inhabitants of the social welfare houses have problems with being admitted to hospital. Half of the houses in question use direct compulsion. All the places studied possess therapeutic-caring teams, in 97% of the houses treatment is based on the individual plan. 14% of the houses do not allow the patients to have access to the medical documentation concerning them. In every house integrated pharmacotherapy is used together with various forms of therapy, 76% of the houses involve the family of the patient into the therapeutic process. 78% of those studied note the existence of different factors reducing the quality of the psychiatric care offered. CONCLUSIONS: The level of psychiatric care in the social welfare houses is adjusted to the health needs of the patients in the majority of the houses studied. However, the inhabitants have to face the difficulties connected with being admitted to psychiatric hospitals and can have problems with gaining access to medical documentation concerning them. Treatment and rehabilitation of psychic disorders is based on individualized and multi-directional therapeutic interaction. Preparation of the staff providing psychiatric care, especially therapeutic-caring ones, is diversified in individual houses (half of the therapeutic teams do not have a psychiatrist, whose presence seems to be indispensable). The most essential factors reducing the quality of psychiatric care include insufficient financial resources and shortage of staff.

Bastard Breadfruit and other Cheap Provisions: Early Food Science for the Welfare of the Lower Orders.

Breadfruit is best known in connection with an infamously failed project: the 1789 mutiny against the Bounty, commanded by William Bligh. However, four years later, Bligh returned to the Pacific and fulfilled his commission, delivering breadfruit and other Pacific foods to Caribbean plantations. Placing these plant transfers in the emerg- ing sciences of food and nutrition in the eighteenth century, this essay examines the broader political project of what would much later be called 'the welfare state; which motivated British officials' interest in experimenting with novel ingredients and recipes to cheaply nourish a range of dependent populations in institutional settings. Perhaps most strikingly, their nutritional recommendations borrowed directly from agricultural practices, particularly from new methods for feeding livestock in confinement.

Socialising nurse probationers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries--relevance of historical reflection for modern policy makers.

Primary source material related to St Mary's Hospital, Paddington and the London Homoeopathic Hospital, and St Marylebone and Kensington Infirmaries, from the late 19th to the early 20th century is examined. Descriptions of nurse probationers by matrons and sisters are analysed. Character traits rather than intellectual ability are stressed as important. More recent literature, from the 1970s till the present time, is examined to chart the shift in terms of prescription for nurse socialisation, with increasing stress on the nurse as 'knowledgeable doer'.

In whose care and custody? Orphans of the HIV epidemic.

AIDS: Skip generation parenting occurs in two directions: grandparents, who assume major burdens and primary caregiving responsibilities; and the younger adults, who may care for younger siblings or the ailing parents. These adolescents may benefit from learning to assume responsibility, acquiring coping skills, and developing the ability to nurture. However, the situation can be overwhelming and may backfire. It may therefore be necessary to establish a system of care for children orphaned by the HIV epidemic. In the past, most children in orphanages were not orphans but had come from families where one parent was dead or ill, where the parents could not afford to support their children, or where the children were abused or neglected. Recently, transitional homes for HIV-infected babies have successfully provided health care and emotional nurturing in a non-hospital setting. However, it is easier to place infants and young children in families than it is to place older children. Institutional care will probably serve orphaned adolescents. There have been mixed results with group homes for teens, where little attention is paid to the special needs of orphaned adolescents placed in such care. The needs of these children may be addressed through HIV-specific programs, and systemic reform may be necessary to adequately address the needs of this population.^ieng