Once upon a time.... Dual mobility: history.

INTRODUCTION: Since 1962, the low friction arthroplasty developed by Sir John Charnley has given us very good long terms results at more than 40 years follow up, but dislocation remains a major complication. The dislocation rate is a permanent risk during the life of the patient and the prosthesis, defined by J. Caton and D. Berry in 2004 as a cumulative risk. History and concept development: The concept of dual mobility was thought up by G. Bousquet, A. Rambert and J. Rieu in the 1970s (1974-1979). The first one in 1979 was called NOVAE and combined two articulations: one large and one smaller by a recruitement phenomenon increasing the jumps distance and so decreasing dislocation forces. In 2003, D. Noyer published the first paper about the «third articulation¼: a true metal/PE bearing. Since 1996, twenty years after the first patent, many dual mobility cups have been developed with various fixation ways and various designs. CONCLUSION: Today with the same principles there are many differences for the «third generation¼ with excellent results at more than ten years FU with less than 1% to 2% dislocation rate in primary, revision, recurrent THA dislocation and THA after femoral neck fractures.

[On the history of cementless implants in extremity surgery]. / Über die Historie zementfreier Implantate in der Extremitätenchirurgie.

The aim of implantation of cementless hip prostheses is vital ingrowth of bone into the structured metal surface of the implant. Since the 1960s several implants with surfaces made of cobalt-based alloys have been produced for this purpose. In the 1980s a novel hip endoprosthesis with a spongiosa-metal surface was introduced. The three-dimensional ingrowth of bone tissue into the structured surface of the implant could be demonstrated both histologically and using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These implants made of cobalt-based alloys can also be used in endo-exo prostheses. Titanium implants with a microstructured surface have also been used and very good osseintegration of the surface was also demonstrated by histomorphology. The optimization of the surface and design of the prostheses plays an increasingly more important role in the field of revision endoprostheses.

Eponymous hip joint approaches.

After the low friction arthroplasty by John Charnley was no longer confined to specialized hospitals but commonplace in the general orthopedic practice, the issue remained how to most optimally reach the hip. The names of the authors of these approaches remain in a lot of cases connected to the approach. By evaluating the original articles in which the approaches are described we ascertain the original description and technique. By various sources we obtained the (short) biography of the people whose name is connected to the approach. Our research covers the biographies of colleagues Smith-Petersen, Watson-Jones, Hardinge, Charnley, Moore and Ludloff. The eponymous approaches are shown and described after the short biography on each individual. This study shows that without the work of our colleagues we cannot proceed in our profession. An understanding and knowledge of the people who dedicated themselves to developing the orthopedic surgery to the high standard it has today is the least honour we should give them.

Smith-Petersen and early development of hip arthroplasty.

Dr. Marius N. Smith-Petersen, in Boston, MA, USA, introduced the mould arthroplasty (1923). He used a reactive synovial-like membrane that he found had developed around a piece of glass he had removed from a workman's back, which had been imbedded there for a year. The original design was a ball-shaped, hollow hemisphere of glass that could fit over the femoral head of the hip joint. The objective was to stimulate cartilage regeneration on both sides of the moulded glass joint. Smith-Peterson intended to remove the glass after the cartilage had been restored. Glass provided a new, smooth surface for movement, and although proving biocompatible, it could not withstand the stresses of walking and quickly failed. Smith-Petersen succeeded in his endeavour by using Vitallium alloy.

Hip hemiarthroplasty: from Venable and Bohlman to Moore and Thompson.

In 1939, Frederick R. Thompson of New York and Austin T. Moore of South Carolina separately developed replacements for the entire ball of the hip. These were used to treat hip fractures and also certain arthritis cases. This type of hemiarthroplasty addressed the problem of the arthritic femoral head only. The diseased acetabulum (hip socket) was not replaced. This prosthesis consisted of a metal stem that was placed into the marrow cavity of the femur, connected in one piece with a metal ball fitted into the hip socket. Bohlman and Austin T. Moore (1939) collaborated for the fabrication and implantation of a custom made 12-inch-long vitallium (metal alloy invented by Venable) femoral head prosthesis for a patient with a recurrent giant cell tumour. This prosthesis functioned well and later on influenced the development of long stem femoral head prostheses.

Earliest times before hip arthroplasty: from John Rhea Barton to Themistocles Glück.

Over the last two centuries, treatment of hip pathology has evolved from joint excision and osteotomies to modern total hip arthroplasty (THA), which is considered one of the most successful surgical interventions ever developed. We here review the history of hip procedures that preceded Themistocles Glück. This evaluation reminds us of the ephemeral nature of human industriousness and how medical research and procedures are not isolated developments but correlate to the social, economical, and cultural framework of their time.

Christiansen's artificial hip joints--what went wrong?

Modern arthroplasty is undoubtedly the greatest contribution that orthopaedic surgery has ever made to medical science. The honour for the good results achieved with total hip replacement surgery goes chiefly to the Briton John Charnley (1911-1982). However, the Norwegian Tor Aas Christiansen (1917-1981) has also earned a place in this history. He wanted to improve the operative treatment of dislocated, medial fractures of the femoral neck, and in the 1960s he constructed a hemiprosthesis. Later, he also made a total prosthesis for the hip joint. Over time, the prostheses proved to be less than successful. Nevertheless, approximately 6,500 Christiansen prostheses were fitted in Norway before a prospective Charnley vs. Christiansen study at the Coastal Hospital in Hagavik finally put an end to his prostheses in 1983. Indirectly, the study led to the establishment of a national register of hip prostheses, now the National Arthroplasty Register, at Haukeland University Hospital. Based on our personal cooperation with Christiansen, as well as original drawings and correspondence from the Polaris factory in Sandnes, we will tell the story of Christiansen's hemi- and total prostheses. These are a key element in the history of hip arthroplasty in Norway.

[Total hip arthroplasty through anterior "minimal invasive" approach]. / Prothèse totale de la hanche par voie antérieure "mini-invasive".

Total hip replacement has seen a tremendous development and has become one of the most successful surgical interventions in orthopaedics. While during the first decades of development of total hip arthroplasty the fixation of the implant into the bone was the main concern, the focus has shifted towards surgical technique and soft tissue handling. In order to avoid permanent soft tissue damage, muscular dysfunction and concerns in regards to cosmetics, minimal invasive and anatomic approaches have been developed. We here provide a short overview on various methods of total hip replacements and we describe our technique through a minimal invasive direct anterior approach. While muscle and nerve damage is minimal, this technique allows for a rapid rehabilitation and is associated with an excellent functional outcome and a minimal risk for dislocation.

Metal-on-metal: history, state of the art (2010).

The history of metal-on-metal bearing began with K. Mc Kee. Several "episodes" have marked the history of metal-on-metal articulations, and each has contributed to a better understanding of this type of tribology. But to date the indications for this bearing are debated and are subject to reservations because of the existence of permanently elevated levels of circulating metal ions. It therefore appears that the monitoring of our patients, the documentation of our revisions and the collaboration with our industry partners as well as communicating with our biology and pathology colleagues is necessary to help us solve these problems.

Biographical sketch: Sir John Charnley MD, 1911-1982.

This biographical sketch of Sir John Charnley corresponds to the historic text, The Classic: The Bonding of Prostheses to Bone by Cement, available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-010-1545-8 .

Excision arthroplasty of the hip joint in dogs and cats. Clinical, radiographic, and gait analysis findings from the Department of Surgery, Veterinary Faculty of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany. 1997.

From 1978 to 1989, 132 dogs and 51 cats underwent femoral head and neck ostectomy at the Department of Veterinary Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. Clinical and radiographic re-evaluations were carried out an average of four years postoperatively in 81 (44%) of the animals, and gait analysis was also done in 17. The functional results were rated good in 38% of patients, satisfactory in 20%, and poor in 42%. However 96% of the owners were satisfied with the results. Kinetic and kinematic measurements showed that although femoral head and neck resection alleviated pain, it resulted in functional deficits in small as well as large breed dogs. These deficits were not visible during rapid movement.

Improvement in fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty: a prospective multicentre study of 36,935 procedures from 2010 to 2017.

"Fast-track" protocols has improved surgical care with a reduction in length of hospital stay (LOS) in total hip (THA) and knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, the effects of continuous refinement of perioperative care lack detailed assessment. We studied time-related changes in LOS and morbidity after THA and TKA within a collaboration with continuous scientific refinement of perioperative care. Prospective multicentre consecutive cohort study between 2010 and 2017 from nine high-volume orthopaedic centres with established fast-track THA and TKA protocols. Prospective collection of comorbidities and complete 90-day follow-up from the Danish National Patient Registry and medical records. Of 36,935 procedures median age was 69 [62 to 75] years and 58% women. LOS declined from three [two to three] days in 2010 to one [one to two] day in 2017. LOS > 4 days due to "medical" or "surgical" complications, and "with no recorded morbidity" declined from 4.4 to 2.7%, 1.5 to 0.6%, and 3.8 to 1.3%, respectively. 90-days readmission rate declined from 8.6 to 7.7%. Our multicentre study in a socialized healthcare setting was associated with a continuous reduction in LOS and morbidity after THA and TKA.

The first 50 years of total hip arthroplasty: lessons learned.

Fifty years have passed since the first total hip arthroplasty of the modern era was performed. At this, the vantage point, it is reasonable to review these five decades, inquiring behind the single dominating observation that, in its current form, this operation is one of the most successful of all surgical procedures for the management of end-stage human disease. What are the generic lessons that can be derived from the experience? Succinctly, five major observations appear valuable. They are "skunk works," "Pasteur's motto," "the totally unexpected," "research solutions," and "the role of alternatives." "Skunk works," an industrial management term, might be characterized as an innovative endeavor that is offline and off-budget resulting from the relentless pursuit of a vivid dream by creative zealots who eschew defeat. Pasteur's motto dealt with serendipity, which was crucial to total hip arthroplasty progress. The totally unexpected is represented by an entirely new manmade disease, "periprosthetic osteolysis." The research solutions are represented by the complex, sophisticated contemporary research that has unraveled periprosthetic osteolysis and suggested modes of correction. Finally, the application of "alternatives" has characterized major progress. Importantly, these, or similar generic observations, may provide insights into important progress in the future.

Application of curative therapy in the ward. 1920.

This Classic article is a reprint of the original work by Henry Chase Marble, Application of Curative Therapy in the Ward. An accompanying biographical sketch on Henry Chase Marble, MD, is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-009-0789-7 . The Classic Article is (c)1920 by the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc. and is reprinted with permission from Marble HC. Application of curative therapy in the ward. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1920;2:136-138.

Advanced techniques for rehabilitation after total hip and knee arthroplasty: Henry Chase Marble, 1885-unknown.

This biographical sketch on Henry Chase Marble corresponds to the historic text, The Classic: Application of Curative Therapy in the Ward, available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-009-0790-1 .

The operation of the century: total hip replacement.

In the 1960s, total hip replacement revolutionised management of elderly patients crippled with arthritis, with very good long-term results. Today, young patients present for hip-replacement surgery hoping to restore their quality of life, which typically includes physically demanding activities. Advances in bioengineering technology have driven development of hip prostheses. Both cemented and uncemented hips can provide durable fixation. Better materials and design have allowed use of large-bore bearings, which provide an increased range of motion with enhanced stability and very low wear. Minimally invasive surgery limits soft-tissue damage and facilitates accelerated discharge and rehabilitation. Short-term objectives must not compromise long-term performance. Computer-assisted surgery will contribute to reproducible and accurate placement of implants. Universal economic constraints in healthcare services dictate that further developments in total hip replacement will be governed by their cost-effectiveness.