Use of intermediate cervical plexus block in carotid endarterectomy -an alternative to deep cervical plexus block: a case series.

INTRODUCTION: Carotid endarterectomy is performed for patients with symptomatic carotid artery occlusions. Surgery can be performed under general and regional anesthesia. Traditionally, surgery is performed under deep cervical plexus block which is technically difficult to perform and can cause serious complications. This case series describes 5 cases in which an intermediate cervical plexus block was used in combination with a superficial cervical plexus block for Carotid endarterectomy surgery. METHODS: Five patients who were classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists 2-3 were scheduled for Carotid endarterectomy due to symptoms and more than 70% occlusion of the carotid arteries. The procedures were carried out in the University Teaching Hospital- Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. All patients were given superficial cervical plexus block followed by intermediate cervical plexus block using 2% lignocaine and 0.5% plain bupivacaine. RESULTS: Adequate anesthesia was achieved in 4 patients, and local infiltration was necessary in 1 patient. Two patients developed hoarseness of the voice, which settled 2 h after surgery. Hemodynamic fluctuations were observed in all 5 patients. No serious complications were observed. All 5 patients had uneventful recoveries. DISCUSSIONS: Regional anesthesia for CEA is preferable in patients who are medically complicated to undergo anesthesia or in patients for whom cerebral monitoring is not available. Intermediate cervical plexus block is described for thyroid surgeries in literature, but not much details on its use for carotid surgeries. Deep cervical plexus blocks has few serious complications which is not there with the use of ICPB making it a good alternative for CEA surgeries . CONCLUSIONS: Superficial cervical plexus block and intermediate cervical plexus block can be used effectively for providing anesthesia for patients undergoing Carotid endarterectomy. It is safe and easier to conduct than deep cervical plexus block and enables monitoring of cerebral function.

Regional analgesia using ultrasound-guided intermediate cervical plexus block versus cervical erector spinae block for anterior cervical spine surgery: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Regional analgesia techniques are crucial for pain management after cervical spine surgeries. Anesthesiologists strive to select the most effective and least hazardous regional analgesia technique for the cervical region. Our hypothesis is that an intermediate cervical plexus (IC) block can provide adequate postoperative analgesia compared to a cervical erector spinae (ES) block in patients undergoing anterior cervical spine surgery. METHODS: In this double-blind prospective trial, 58 patients were randomly assigned into two equal groups prior to the administration of general anesthesia. Patients in the IC group (n = 29) underwent ultrasound-guided bilateral intermediate cervical plexus block with 15 ml of bupivacaine 0.25% administered to each side. The ES group (n = 29) underwent ultrasound-guided bilateral cervical erector spinae plane blocks with 15 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine administered to each side at the C6 level. The primary outcome was to record the time to the first call for rescue analgesia (nalbuphine), and the secondary outcomes were to measure the performance time, the onset of the sensory block, the intraoperative fentanyl consumption, postoperative pain intensity using VAS, the postoperative total nalbuphine consumption, and postoperative complications such as nausea, vomiting, hypotension, and bradycardia. RESULTS: The performance and onset of sensory block times were significantly shorter in the IC group compared to the ES group. The time to first call for nalbuphine was significantly shorter in the IC group (7.31 ± 1.34 h) compared to the ES group (11.10 ± 1.82 h). The mean postoperative VAS scores were comparable between the two groups at the measured time points, except at 8 h, where it was significantly higher in the IC group, and at 12 h, where it was significantly higher in the ES group. The total nalbuphine consumption was significantly higher in the IC group (33.1 ± 10.13 mg) compared to the ES group (22.76 ± 8.62 mg). CONCLUSIONS: For patients undergoing anterior cervical spine surgery, the intermediate cervical plexus block does not provide better postoperative regional analgesia compared to the cervical erector spinae block. Performance time and onset time were shorter in the IC group, whereas nalbuphine consumption was lower in the ES group. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov. (NCT05577559, and the date of registration: 13-10-2022).

Post-thyroidectomy bilateral cervical plexus block relieves pain: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: To assess the effectiveness of bilateral superficial cervical plexus block (BSCPB) in treating post-thyroidectomy pain. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, LILACS, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, were extensively searched. The search period extended from 1968 until December 2022. Randomized controlled trials comparing BSCPB to placebo, no block in patients with thyroidectomy for benign or malignant thyroid disease were included. Outcomes were pain in the first 24 h after surgery. Analgesic rescue, period before the first rescue dosage, and 24-h opioid usage were secondary outcomes. The RoB 2 instrument was used to evaluate the risk of bias. RESULTS: 34 of 354 studies were eligible. There were 2,519 patients. BSCPB reduced the intensity of pain postoperatively [SMD: - 1.17 (95% CI: - 1.54 to - 0.81)] and in the first 24 h [- 0.62 (95%: 0.91 to 0.33)]. A considerable delay for the first opioid dose, rescue analgesics, and postoperative opioid usage was also found. CONCLUSION: BSCPB's 24-h analgesic efficacy minimizes the requirement for rescue analgesia, postoperative opioid intake, and rescue analgesia start time. The choice of anesthetic and different application methods might affect its effectiveness.

[Carotid endarterectomy : General versus local anesthesia, which is the best ?] / Thromboendartériectomie carotidienne : entre anesthésie générale et anesthésie locorégionale, que choisir ?

This article explores two anesthetic strategies for carotid endarterectomy: cervical plexus block and general anesthesia. Regional anesthesia is increasingly favoured for its ability to enable continuous neurological monitoring and maintain hemodynamic stability. General anesthesia remains essential for certain patients, offering comfort, optimal control of physiological conditions, and extended cerebral protection. We also discuss pathophysiological considerations, crucial elements for understanding patient responses to these techniques. The development of ultrasound-guided cervical plexus block emerges as a promising alternative to general anesthesia, enhancing the options available for safer and more effective anesthetic management. However, an individualized approach remains crucial to optimize clinical outcomes. This approach is part of the concept of «personalized medicine¼, in which contemporary anesthesia must necessarily be adapted to the specific needs of each individual.

Cet article explore les deux stratégies anesthésiques pour l'endartériectomie carotidienne : le bloc plexique cervical et l'anesthésie générale. L'anesthésie locorégionale est de plus en plus privilégiée pour sa capacité à permettre une surveillance neurologique continue et à maintenir une stabilité hémodynamique. L'anesthésie générale reste indispensable pour certains patients, offrant confort, contrôle optimal des conditions physiologiques et protection cérébrale étendue. Nous discutons également de considérations physiopathologiques, essentielles pour comprendre les réponses des patients à ces techniques. Le développement du bloc plexique cervical réalisé sous échographie se révèle être une alternative prometteuse à l'anesthésie générale, augmentant les options disponibles pour une gestion anesthésique plus sûre et plus efficace. Cependant, une approche individualisée reste cruciale pour optimiser les résultats cliniques. Cette démarche s'intègre dans la notion de «médecine personnalisée¼, dans laquelle l'anesthésie contemporaine doit impérativement s'adapter aux spécificités de chacun.

The efficacy and safety of opioid-free anesthesia combined with ultrasound-guided intermediate cervical plexus block vs. opioid-based anesthesia in thyroid surgery-a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: In the context of the current comfort medicine and enhanced recovery after surgery, there is a demand for a new anesthesia method to reduce adverse reactions and accelerate recovery after surgery. This randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the efficacy and safety between opioid-free anesthesia (OFA) combined with ultrasound-guided intermediate cervical plexus block (ICPB) and opioid-based anesthesia in patients after thyroid surgery. METHODS: In this study, 75 patients scheduled for thyroid surgery under general anesthesia were randomly allocated into two groups. The primary outcome included the incidence of nausea within 24 h after surgery. The main secondary outcomes included the incidence of vomiting and the visual analog score (VAS) scores within 24 h after surgery as well as the quality of recovery 40 questionnaires (QoR-40) scores 24 h after surgery. RESULTS: In the OFA group, the incidence of postoperative nausea was 6.1%, compared to 39.4% in the control group (p = 0.001). No patient presented with postoperative vomiting in the OFA group, while 15.2% of patients suffered from postoperative vomiting in the control group (p = 0.063). The VAS scores of patients in the postanesthetic care unit (PACU) and 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h after surgery were lower in the OFA group, and the difference is statistically significant. Besides, the VAS scores of patients at rest (p = 1.000) and during swallowing (p = 1.000) 24 h after surgery were comparable. CONCLUSION: Compared with opioid-based anesthesia, the OFA combined with the ultrasound-guided ICPB can better improve patients' postoperative recovery, reduce nausea, and decrease pain scores. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Regisrty, ChiCTR2200056344, https://www.chictr.org.cn.

Ultrasound-guided bilateral superficial cervical plexus block enhances the quality of recovery of uremia patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism following parathyroidectomy: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Parathyroidectomy has been proposed as a method for reducing parathyroid hormone levels. We evaluated the effects of ultrasound-guided bilateral superficial cervical plexus block (BSCPB) on the quality of recovery of uremia patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) following parathyroidectomy. METHODS: Eighty-two uremia patients who underwent parathyroidectomy and exhibited SHPT were randomly allocated to the BSCPB group or the control group (CON group). The patients received ultrasound-guided BSCPB with 7.5 ml of ropivacaine 0.5% on each side (BSCPB group) or equal amount of 0.9% normal saline (CON group). The primary outcome of the Quality of Recovery-40(QoR-40) score was recorded on the day before surgery and postoperative day 1(POD1). Secondary outcomes including total consumption of remifentanil, time to first required rescue analgesia, number of patients requiring rescue analgesia, and total consumption of tramadol during the first 24 h after surgery were recorded. The occurrence of postoperative nausea or vomiting (PONV) and the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were assessed and recorded. RESULTS: The scores on the pain and emotional state dimensions of the QoR-40 and the total QoR-40 score were higher in the BSCPB group than in the CON group on POD1 (P = 0.000). Compared with the CON group, the total consumption of remifentanil was significantly decreased in the BSCPB group (P = 0.000). The BSCPB group exhibited longer time to first required rescue analgesia (P = 0.018), fewer patients requiring rescue analgesia (P = 0.000), and lower postoperative total consumption of tramadol during the first 24 h after surgery (P = 0.000) than the CON group. The incidence of PONV was significantly lower in the BSCPB group than in the CON group (P = 0.013). The VAS scores in the BSCPB group were lower than those in the CON group at all time-points after surgery (P = 0.000). CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-guided BSCPB with ropivacaine 0.5% can enhance the quality of recovery, postoperative analgesia, and reduce the incidence of PONV in uremia patients with SHPT following parathyroidectomy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR1900027185 . (Prospective registered). Initial registration date was 04/11/2019.

Effects of regional anesthesia techniques on local anesthetic plasma levels and complications in carotid surgery: a randomized controlled pilot trial.

BACKGROUND: The ultrasound guided intermediate cervical plexus block with perivascular infiltration of the internal carotid artery (PVB) is a new technique for regional anesthesia in carotid endarterectomy (CEA). We conducted a pilot study investigating the effects of deep cervical block (DCB), intermediate cervical block alone (ICB) and PVB on perioperative complications in patients undergoing elective CEA. We hypothesized, that the ropivacaine plasma concentration is higher in patients receiving DCB compared to PVB and ICB. METHODS: In a randomized controlled pilot study thirty patients scheduled for elective CEA were randomly assigned into three groups: DCB receiving 20 mL ropivacaine 0.5% (n = 10), ICB receiving 20 mL ropivacaine 0.5% (n = 10) and PVB receiving 20 mL ropivacaine 0.5% and 10 mL ropivacaine 0,3% (n = 10). As primary outcome, plasma levels of ropivacaine were measured with high performance liquid chromatography before, 5, 10, 20, 60, and 180 min after the injection of ropivacaine. Secondary outcomes were vascular and neurological complications as well as patients' and surgeons' satisfaction. All analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis. Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. RESULTS: No conversion to general anesthesia was necessary and we observed no signs of local anesthetic intoxication or accidental vascular puncture. Plasma concentration of ropivacaine was significantly higher in the DCB group compared to PVB and ICB (p < 0.001) and in the PVB group compared to ICB (p = 0.008). Surgeons' satisfaction was higher in the PVB group compared to ICB (p = 0.003) and patients' satisfaction was higher in the PVB group compared to ICB (p = 0.010) and DCB group (p = 0.029). Phrenic nerve paralysis was observed frequently in the DCB group (p < 0.05). None of these patients with hemi-diaphragmatic paralysis showed signs of respiratory distress. CONCLUSION: The ultrasound guided PVB is a safe and effective technique for CEA which is associated with lower plasma levels of local anesthetic than the standard DCB. Considering the low rate of complications in all types of regional anesthesia for CEA, larger randomized controlled trials are warranted to assess potential side effects among the blocks. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered at German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) on 04/05/2019 (DRKS00016705, retrospectively registered).

A Randomized Controlled Trial Examining the Effect of the Addition of the Mandibular Block to Cervical Plexus Block for Carotid Endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVES: Although the cervical plexus block generally provides adequate analgesia for carotid endarterectomy, pain caused by metal retractors on the inferior surface of the mandible is not prevented by the cervical block. Different pain relief methods can be performed for patients who experience discomfort in these areas. In this study, the authors evaluated the effect of mandibular block in addition to cervical plexus block on pain scores in carotid endarterectomy. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: Training and research hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Patients who underwent a carotid endarterectomy. INTERVENTIONS: Patients scheduled for carotid endarterectomy under cervical plexus block were randomized into 2 groups: group 1 (those who did not receive a mandibular block) and group 2 (those who received a mandibular block). The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the mandibular block in addition to cervical plexus block in terms of intraoperative pain scores. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Intraoperative visual analog scale scores were significantly higher in group 1 (p = 0.001). The amounts of supplemental 1% lidocaine and intraoperative intravenous analgesic used were significantly higher in group 1 (p = 0.001 and p = 0.035, respectively). Patient satisfaction scores were significantly lower in group 1 (p = 0.044). The amount of postoperative analgesic used, time to first analgesic requirement, postoperative visual analog scale scores, and surgeon satisfaction scores were similar in both groups. There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to complications. No major neurologic deficits or perioperative mortality were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Mandibular block in addition to cervical plexus block provides better intraoperative pain control and greater patient satisfaction than cervical plexus block alone.

Use of Ultrasound-Guided Superficial Cervical Plexus Block for Pain Management in the Emergency Department.

BACKGROUND: Although use of the superficial cervical plexus block (SCPB) by anesthesia for perioperative indications is well described, there is a paucity of research on use of SCPB in the emergency department (ED). OBJECTIVE: This prospective observational study aims to prospectively characterize the feasibility, potential for efficacy, and safety of ultrasound-guided SCPB in a convenience sample of ED patients presenting with painful conditions of the "cape" distribution of the neck and shoulder. METHODS: Data were gathered prospectively on a convenience sample of 27 patients presenting to a community ED with painful conditions involving the distribution of the SCPB: para-cervical muscle spasm/pain (n = 8), clavicle fractures (n = 7), acromioclavicular joint injuries (n = 3), radicular pain (n = 3), and rotator cuff disorders (n = 6). Pre- and post-block 11-point verbal numeric pain scores (VNPS) were recorded, as was the incidence of any immediate complications. A retrospective chart review looked for delayed complications in the 14-day post-block period. RESULTS: The mean 11-point VNPS reduction was 5.4 points (62%). There were no early serious complications and one case each of self-limiting vocal hoarseness and asymptomatic hemi-diaphragmatic paresis. No delayed block-related complications were found. CONCLUSIONS: While limited by the fact that this was a nonrandomized observational experience with no control group, our findings suggest that SCBP may be safe and have potential for efficacy, and warrants further evaluation in a randomized controlled trial.

Ultrasound-guided intermediate cervical plexus and additional peripheral facial nerve block for carotid endarterectomy : A prospective pilot study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ultrasound-guided intermediate cervical plexus block with perivascular local anesthetic infiltration is an established anesthetic procedure for carotid endarterectomy. In this prospective pilot study an additional subplatysmal block of the superficial ansa cervicalis is presented for the first time. The target structures are the anastomoses between the facial nerve (cervical and marginal mandibular branches) and cervical plexus. METHODS: An ultrasound-guided intermediate cervical plexus block (20 ml of ropivacaine 0.75%) was performed (n = 28). Then, depending on the individual sonoanatomy, 5 ml of prilocaine 1% was injected into the carotid sheath (group 1: no perivascular infiltration, n = 14, group 2: perivascular infiltration, n = 14). The third step was subplatysmal injection of 5 ml of prilocaine 1% between the medial edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the submandibular gland (n = 28). The investigated parameters included the need for supplementation and block-related side effects. RESULTS: The requirement for supplemental local anesthetic infiltration in the skin incision area was minimal at mean (M) 1.1 ml (standard deviation (SD) ±2.4 ml). Perivascular infiltration in group 2 significantly decreased the total amount of local anesthetic supplemented: group 1 M = 4.2 ml (SD = ±3.1 ml), group 2 M = 1.7 ml (SD = ±2.0 ml) (p = 0.018). The incidence of block-related side effects was not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: This study presents an ultrasound-guided subplatysmal block of the superficial ansa cervicalis for the first time, with the aim of optimizing anesthesia quality during surgical interventions in the carotid triangle.

Sonar guided focused parathyroidectomy under cervical block.

BACKGROUND: Presentation of hyperparathyroidism varies and is highly non-specific. The automated calcium analyzer has made the diagnosis easy. Similarly, the advent of Sestamibi scan has paved the way to minimally invasive parathyroidectomy indicated for parathyroid adenoma. There is no uniformity in the extent of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy that is done through limited incision under radio or sonar guidance and endoscopically. In this study, we are presenting the focused parathyroidectomy performed under sonar guidance and superficial cervical block (SCB). The prerequisite is concordant preoperative Sestamibi and ultrasound imaging. METHOD: A two-year review of parathyroidectomies performed between January 2013 and December 2014. OBJECTIVE: To reflect on the result of sonar-guided focused parathyroidectomy under SCB. RESULTS: There was good correlation between the pre-operative imaging, the intra-operative findings and the postoperative histology result of the 15 cases analysed. CONCLUSION: The focused parathyroidectomy under SCB yielded a good result with concordant preoperative Sestamibi and ultrasound findings.

[Cervical Plexus Blocks]. / Zervikale Plexusblockaden.

Blockades of the cervical plexus are established anesthesia procedures, not only in the context of operative carotid revascularizations. Recent investigations define inner sonoanatomic landmarks as well as the importance of brain nerves for innervation in the neck region. The present practice-oriented article discusses current study results, alternative techniques (ultrasound- versus landmark-guided) and fields of application (carotid desobliteration, surgery of the shoulder, ear and infraclavicular region).

Ultrasound-guided Selective Cervical Nerve Root Block Plus Superficial Cervical Plexus Block for Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy.

Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided cervical root block (CRB) in patients undergoing minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP).Methods We enrolled 35 patients with hyperparathyroidism undergoing MIP in Peking Union Medical College Hospital.C4-7 nerve roots were identified in ultrasound imaging by the shape of the transverse process.A 50 mm insulated needle was gently introduced by an in-plane approach toward the posterior edge of the nerve root located at the inside of the posterior tubercle.After careful aspiration,a total of 3-4 ml of a mixture of 0.5% ropivacaine and 1% lidocaine was slowly injected.The superficial block was administered at the midpoint of the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid by injecting 5-6 ml of the same mixture.The patients were administrated with dexmedetomidine during the surgery.All patients were assessed for sensory following the procedure and for pain after the surgery.Results Totally 35 patients successfully received MIP under ultrasound-guided CRB plus superficial block.There was no conversion to general anesthesia,no toxic reaction of local anesthetics,and no intravertebral injection.Hoarseness occurred in 6 patients (17.1%) and Horner syndrome occurred in 3 patients (8.6%).The median cold sensory visual analogue scale score was 1.2 [0,5] points at 10 minutes after the procedure.Patient's satisfaction score was 9.5 points.Conclusion Ultrasound-guided CRB plus superficial block can achieve accurate and safe anesthesia,and it provides lasting analgesic effect during and after MIP.

Effect of Superficial Cervical Plexus Block on Baroreceptor Sensitivity in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVES: Regional anesthesia for patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy is associated with improved intraoperative hemodynamic stability compared with general anesthesia. The authors hypothesized that the reported advantages might be related to attenuated ipsilateral baroreflex control of blood pressure, caused by chemical denervation of the carotid bulb baroreceptor nerve fibers. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SETTING: Single-center university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 46 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy using superficial cervical block. INTERVENTIONS: A noninvasive computational periprocedural measurement of baroreceptor sensitivity was performed in all patients. Two groups were formed, depending on the patients' subjective response to surgical stimulation regarding the necessity of additional intraoperative local anesthesia (LA) administration on the carotid bulb. Group A (block alone) included 23 patients who required no additional anesthesia, and group B (block + LA) consisted of 23 patients who required additional anesthesia. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Baroreceptor sensitivity showed no significant change after application of the block in both groups (group A: median [IQR], 5.19 [3.07-8.54] v 4.96 [3.1-9.07]; p = 0.20) (group B: median [IQR], 4.47 [3.36-8.09] v 4.53 [3.29-8.01]; p = 0.55). There was a significant decrease in baroreceptor sensitivity in group B after intraoperative LA administration (median [IQR], 4.53 [3.29-8.01] v 3.31 [2.26-7.31]; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Standard superficial cervical plexus block did not impair local baroreceptor function, and, therefore, it was not related to improved cerebral perfusion in awake patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. However, direct infiltration of the carotid bulb was associated with the expected attenuation of baroreflex sensitivity.

Comparison of Combined (Deep and Superficial) and Intermediate Cervical Plexus Block by Use of Ultrasound Guidance for Carotid Endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVES: Carotid endarterectomy under regional anesthesia may be performed by using superficial, intermediate, deep or combined cervical plexus block. The authors compared the combined and intermediate cervical plexus block by use of ultrasound guidance in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial. SETTING: Education and research hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients undergoing carotid artery surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Forty-eight patients were randomized to receive either combined cervical plexus block (deep plus superficial) or intermediate cervical plexus block by use of ultrasound guidance for carotid endarterectomy. The primary outcome measure was the amount of supplemental 1% lidocaine used by the surgeon. Secondary outcome measures were the time for the first analgesic requirement after surgery, block-related complications, postoperative visual analog scale score, and patient and surgeon satisfaction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Intraoperative supplemental lidocaine requirements were 3.0±1.9 mL in the combined-block group and 7.8±3.8 mL in the intermediate block group. These differences were statistically significant. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in block-related complications and the time between the block completion and the first administration of the first dose of intravenous analgesic. In the combined-block group, maximum visual analog scale score was lower at 3 hours (2.2 [1-5] v 5.3 [3-8]), and patient satisfaction score was higher than the intermediate-block group (4.3 [3-5] v 3.1 [1-4]). One regional anesthesia procedure was converted to general anesthesia in the combined-block group. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided combined cervical plexus block compared to intermediate cervical plexus block led to less additional analgesic use, lower visual analog scale score, and higher patient satisfaction.

Examination of regional anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Carotid endarterectomy is the most effective treatment for reducing the risk of stroke in patients with significant carotid stenosis. Few studies have focused on the failure rate of regional anesthesia. METHODS: Data of all patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (June 2009 to December 2014) in a single center were collected. Combined deep and superficial cervical plexus block or superficial plexus block alone was used according to the attending anesthesiologist's choice and the patient's characteristics (eg, dual antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy). Intraoperative remifentanil (0.025-0.05 µg/kg/min) was administered to maintain an adequate level of comfort, responsiveness, and cooperation. General anesthesia was planned only in the case of major contraindications or the patient's refusal of locoregional anesthesia. The primary end point of our study was the incidence of intraoperative conversion from locoregional to general anesthesia. RESULTS: A total of 2463 carotid endarterectomies were included in the analysis. Regional anesthesia was initially chosen in 2439 patients, whereas 24 patients received planned general anesthesia. In seven cases, regional anesthesia was converted to general anesthesia because of severe agitation of the patient (before clamping in four cases, after carotid clamping in two cases, and after declamping in one case). A shunt was used in 302 patients (12.3%) because of neurologic deterioration at the carotid clamping test. Intraoperative complications were emergent repeated surgical procedures in 13 cases (0.53%) because of acute neurologic deterioration, 1 intraoperative acute myocardial infarction (0.04%), and 3 cases (0.04%) of hemodynamically relevant supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. No intraoperative death occurred. In-hospital mortality was 0.12% (three patients). Major stroke occurred in 23 patients (0.93%); minor stroke occurred in 16 patients (0.65%). The combined stroke and death rate was 1.62% (40 patients). CONCLUSIONS: In our practice, carotid endarterectomy under regional anesthesia is safe and associated with a very low rate of conversion to general anesthesia.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in five awake obese patients using paravertebral and superficial cervical plexus blockade.

We report laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in five awake obese patients, completed under regional anaesthesia provided by paravertebral and superficial cervical plexus blockade. The technique was acceptable to patients, surgeons and anaesthetists.

Ultrasound-guided intermediate cervical plexus block for carotid endarterectomy using a new anterior approach: a two-centre prospective observational study.

The aim of this prospective, double-centre, observational study performed in 116 patients was to describe a new anterior approach of ultrasound-guided intermediate cervical plexus block for carotid endarterectomy. The median (IQR [range]) volume of ropivacaine 0.5% administered was 30 (25-30 [20-45]) ml. Supplemental local anaesthesia (infiltration and topical) was needed in 66 (57%) patients. Overall, 41 (35%) patients needed additional sedation (18 midazolam; 23 remifentanil). There was no intra-operative complication or systemic toxicity of ropivacaine. One regional anaesthesia procedure was converted to general anaesthesia because of patient agitation. Adverse effects were of short duration and did not affect surgery. Satisfaction scores were high for 92 (79%) patients (63 satisfied; 29 very satisfied) and 104 (90%) surgeons (51 satisfied; 53 very satisfied). This study shows that the ultrasound-guided intermediate cervical plexus block using an anterior approach is feasible and provides similar results to other regional techniques during carotid endarterectomy.

Feasibility of ultrasound-guided capsule-sheath space block combined with anterior cervical cutaneous nerves block for thyroidectomy: an observational pilot study.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the efficacy of a new anesthetic technique termed ultrasound-guided capsule-sheath space block (CSSB) combined with anterior cervical cutaneous nerve block (CCNB) for thyroidectomy. METHODS: The study included two parts: Part one was an imaging study to determine technique feasibility. The CSSB was performed on five healthy volunteers by introducing the needle 0.5 cm lateral to the probe under in-plane needle ultrasound guidance. After puncture of the false capsule and its subsequent contraction with the true capsule of thyroid, 10 mL of contrast medium was deposited slowly in the capsule-sheath space. The CCNB was performed bilaterally as follows: Under ultrasound guidance, a subcutaneous injection was made along the sternocleidomastoid using 10 mL of contrast medium which was followed by a girdle-shaped picchu raised from the cricoid cartilage to supraclavicular region. The spreading pattern of contrast medium was imaged using computed tomographic scanning. In part two (a clinical case series) the technique efficacy was evaluated. Seventy-eight patients undergoing thyroidectomy had ultrasound-guided CSSB and CCNB with local anesthetics. The sensory onset of CCNB, intraoperative hemodynamic parameters, and analgesic effect were assessed and complications were noted. RESULTS: The distribution of contrast medium was well defined. In part two the onset time of CCNB was 2.2 ± 0.7 min, and the hemodynamic parameters remained stable intraoperatively. The recall of visual analogue scale scores during surgery was 2 [1-4] for median (range). The patients' and surgeons' satisfaction scores were 2 [1-4] and 1 [1-3] for median (range). No serious complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Combining ultrasound-guided CSSB and CCNB is a feasible, effective and safe technique for thyroidectomy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ChiCTR-ONC-12002025. Registered 19 March 2012.