Effect of Coriander Seed Addition at Different Stages of Brewing on Selected Parameters of Low-Alcohol Wheat Beers.

In recent years, there has been a significant decline in interest in high-alcohol beers, while interest in low- and non-alcohol beers is growing. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the addition of coriander seeds at various stages of the production of low-alcohol wheat beer (mashing, boiling, and fermentation). The presented article uses biological methods to produce low-alcohol beer. For this purpose, first, the mashing process was modified (breaking 44 °C for 20 min, followed by 75 °C for 60 min). The chemical composition and aroma components of the obtained beers were determined using various chromatographic methods (HPLC, GC-MS, and GC-O). Differences were found between the aroma components depending on the stage of production at which the coriander seeds were added. Beers with the addition of coriander seeds at the fermentation stage had the highest terpene content (linalool, camphor, trans-linalool oxide, and γ-terpinene) and boiling (myrcene, limonene, citronellol, and geraniol). The least desirable process is the addition of coriander seeds at the mashing stage due to the lowest content of volatile compounds. Additionally, beers with the addition of coriander seeds for fermentation were characterized by a higher content of antioxidant compounds. This proves that the addition of coriander seeds during beer production could improve the fermentation process and modify the quality of the obtaining beer.

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) Polyphenols and Their Nutraceutical Value against Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome.

Coriander is a widely used plant for its medicinal and biological properties. Both coriander essential oil and extracts are interesting sources of bioactive compounds and are widely used as spices in culinary practice due to their exclusive aroma and flavour. We focus our attention on coriander extracts that are rich in polyphenols. It is well known that plant polyphenols possess different biological activities and several functional foods contain this class of compounds. The polyphenol profile in an extract can be influenced by the plant part studied, the method of extraction and other parameters. This study performs a literature review using the words "coriander", "polyphenols" and "extraction" or "biological activity" in different databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus. After that, we focus on the evidence of coriander polyphenols as protective agents against some inflammation-related diseases. Due to the bioactivities of coriander extract, this herb can be considered a valuable functional food against obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes.

Effect of the seed coating with biomass of Dunaliella salina on early plant growth and in the secondary metabolites content of Coriandrum sativum.

The environmental and health risks associated with the application of synthetic chemical inputs in agriculture increased the demand for technologies that allow higher performance and quality of vegetable crops by implementing synergistic materials with the principles of sustainability. In this work, the seed coating with the biomass of Dunaliella salina incorporated in a bioplastic film of Manihot esculenta (cassava) was evaluated as an initial growth and secondary compounds stimulator of Coriandrum sativum (coriander) plants. The obtained results demonstrated that the coating stimulated an increase in the germination percentage (28.75%) and also in concentration of bioactive compounds, such as the six-fold increment of caffeic acid (13.33 mg 100 g-1). The carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins present in the microalgae biomass seem to be responsible for these increments once they are known for providing energy to the seedling development and coordinating the secondary metabolites synthesis. As conclusion, we consider the coating with biomass of D. salina an alternative for crop improvement that contributes to the development of sustainable agricultural practices.

Role of exogenously applied putrescine in amelioration of cadmium stress in Coriandrum sativum by modulating antioxidant system.

Abiotic stress reduces the plant growth and biomass production. Putrescine (Put) may be applied to alleviate numerous types of abiotic stresses in plants. The present research was intended to evaluate the role of exogenously applied Put in extenuation of cadmium (Cd) stress in coriander plants. Coriander seeds primed with 0.25, 0.5, and1 mM Put were allowed to grow in 50 mg kg-1 Cd contaminated soil for one month. Put treatment improved seed germination, gas exchange attributes, root growth and shoot growth of coriander. The improved activity of stress-responsive enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase, besides amplification of proline was observed in Put treated seedlings under Cd stress. In addition, a reduced amount of total soluble protein and sugars content were noticed in Cd stressed seedlings. Nevertheless, Put reduced MDA level in treated plants. Our results demonstrated that Put mitigated Cd induced stress by modulating antioxidants and photosynthetic activity of coriander plants.Novelty statement Most of the researchers have studied the role of endogenous putrescine in alleviation of plant stress. However, during current study, we primed coriander seeds with putrescine. Our results elucidated very promising role of exogenously applied putrescine in stress mitigation and growth improvement of coriander seedlings under Cd stress. The findings of current study advocate the application of putrescine for stress alleviation in crop plants.

Development and characterization of genic SSR-FDM for stem gall disease resistance in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and its cross species transferability.

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is well known vegetable and spice crop grown globally for its leaves and seeds. Stem gall (Protomyces macrosporus L.) is a fungal disease affecting its quality and yield. However, no information is available on SSR markers linked to disease resistance in coriander. Hence, development of co-dominant genetic markers is prerequisite for disease investigations in coriander. In-house stem gall resistance and susceptible cultivars transcriptome data were utilized. Totally, 59,933 and 56,861 transcripts were examined, 9141 and 8346 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) were identified and the most abundant type was the tri, followed by di, tetra, penta and hexa nucleotide repeats. A total of ten selected SSR-Functional Domain Markers (FDM) were developed based on functional annotation terms associated with pathogen response and validated among ten coriander cultivars and their transferability was examined in five fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) cultivars. Nine primer pairs resulted from amplified bands. Marker ACorSGD-1 shown monomorphic bands among coriander genotypes except Acr-1 showed heterologouse and multiple bands in fennel cultivars. Markers ACorSGD-4, 5, 7 and 9 shown presence in resistant cultivars and absence of bands among susceptible cultivars of coriander and thus, considered to be the candidate markers for disease screening. Marker ACorSGD-6 shown monomorphic bands among coriander. Markers ACorSGD-1, 2, 3, and 5 shown transferability among fennel cultivars. A total of 136 alleles in coriander and fennel were produced. Using UPGMA clustering method a dendrogram was generated and cultivars were grouped into two separate clusters with coriander and fennel. Identified and developed SSR-FDM markers are useful for linkage mapping for disease resistant in coriander.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Zinc Sulfate Impact Physiological Parameters and Boosts Lipid Peroxidation in Soil Grown Coriander Plants (Coriandrum sativum).

The objective of this study was to determine the oxidative stress and the physiological and antioxidant responses of coriander plants (Coriandrum sativum) grown for 58 days in soil with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg of Zn/kg of soil. The results revealed that all Zn compounds increased the total chlorophyll content (CHLt) by at least 45%, compared to the control group; however, with 400 mg/kg of ZnSO4, chlorophyll accumulation decreased by 34.6%. Zn determination by induction-plasma-coupled atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) showed that Zn absorption in roots and shoots occurred in plants exposed to ZnSO4 at all concentrations, which resulted in high levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Only at 400 mg/kg of ZnSO4, a 78.6% decrease in the MDA levels was observed. According to the results, the ZnSO4 treatments were more effective than the ZnO NPs to increase the antioxidant activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and peroxidases (POD). The results corroborate that phytotoxicity was higher in plants subjected to ZnSO4 compared to treatments with ZnO NPs, which suggests that the toxicity was due to Zn accumulation in the tissues by absorbing dissolved Zn++ ions.

Increase in phenolic compounds of Coriandrum sativum L. after the application of a Bacillus halotolerans biofertilizer.

BACKGROUND: There is an urgent need for a new sustainable way of satisfying the increasing demand for food worldwide. One of the main challenges is replacing chemical fertilizers with biofertilizers, which include plant root-associated beneficial microorganisms. The present study reports, for the first time, the effects of SCCPVE07 bacterial strain with respect to improving not only plant development, but also the nutritional content and bioactive compounds content of Coriandrum sativum L., one of the most economically important crops, even for plant growth under salinity stress. RESULTS: Innoculated coriander plants (C. sativum L.) showed an increase in potassium, carbon, calcium and iron content. A significant improvement in phenolic compounds contents was also observed. The contents of 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, cinnamic acid, 4-methoxy-cinnamic acid hexoside, K-3-O rutinoside, Q-3-O-rutinoside, Q-3-O-glucoside and Q-3-O-glucuronide were significantly enhanced. Moreover, an efficient bacterial root colonization and a noted growth promotion were demonstrated. Bacterial genome was sequenced and analysed. Gene coding related to Plant growth promotion (PGP) mechanisms and proteins involved in plant defence from salinity or in the metabolism of phenolic compounds, such as quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase and phenolic acid decarboxylase, were identified. CONCLUSION: The results obtained in the present study show, for the first time, the beneficial effects of the inoculation of a bacterial Bacillus halotolerans biofertilizer on coriander crops with respect to increasing the content in bioactive compounds and plant development. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Identification of metabolites in coriander seeds (Coriandrum Sativum L.) aided by ultrahigh resolution total correlation NMR spectroscopy.

NMR is a fast method for obtaining a holistic snapshot of the metabolome and also offers quantitative information without separating the compounds present in a complex mixture. Identification of the metabolites present in a plant extract sample is a crucial step for all plant metabolomics studies. In the present work, we used various two dimensional (2D) NMR methods such as J-resolved NMR, total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY), and heteronuclear single quantum coherence sensitivity enhanced NMR spectroscopy for the identification of 36 common metabolites present in Coriandrum sativum L. seed extract. The identified metabolites belong to the following classes: organic acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates. 1 H NMR spectra of such complex mixtures in general display tremendous signal overlap due to the presence of a large number of metabolites with closely resonating multiplet signals. This signal overlapping leads to ambiguity in an assignment, and hence, identification of metabolites becomes tedious or impossible in many cases. Therefore, the utility of pure-shift proton spectrum along the indirect (F1 ) dimension of the F1 -PSYCHE-TOCSY spectrum is demonstrated for overcoming ambiguity in assignment of metabolites in crowded spectral regions from Coriandrum sativum L. seed extract sample. Because pure-shift NMR methods yield ultrahigh resolution spectrum (i.e., a singlet peak per chemical site) along one or more dimensions, such spectra provide better identification of metabolites compared with regular 2D TOCSY where signal overlap and peak distortions lead to ambiguity in the assignment. Nine metabolites were unambiguously assigned by pure-shift F1 -PSYCHE-TOCSY spectrum, which was unresolved in regular TOCSY spectrum.

Quantitative microbial risk assessment to estimate the risk of diarrheal diseases from fresh produce consumption in India.

This study estimates illness (diarrhea) risks from fecal pathogens that can be transmitted via fecal-contaminated fresh produce. To do this, a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) framework was developed in National Capital Region, India based on bacterial indicator and pathogen data from fresh produce wash samples collected at local markets. Produce wash samples were analyzed for fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli, total Bacteroidales) and pathogens (Salmonella, Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)). Based on the E. coli data and on literature values for Cryptosporidium and norovirus, the annual mean diarrhea risk posed by ingestion of fresh produce ranged from 18% in cucumbers to 59% in cilantro for E. coli O157:H7, and was <0.0001% for Cryptosporidium; for norovirus the risk was 11% for cucumbers and up to 46% for cilantro. The risks were drastically reduced, from 59% to 4% for E. coli O157:H7, and from 46% to 2% for norovirus for cilantro in post-harvest washing and disinfection scenario. The present QMRA study revealed the potential hazards of eating raw produce and how post-harvest practices can reduce the risk of illness. The results may lead to better food safety surveillance systems and use of hygienic practices pre- and post-harvest.

Antimicrobial activity of coriander oil and its effectiveness as food preservative.

ABTRACT Foodborne illness represents a major economic burden worldwide and a serious public health threat, with around 48 million people affected and 3,000 death each year only in the USA. One of the possible strategies to reduce foodborne infections is the development of effective preservation strategies capable of eradicating microbial contamination of foods. Over the last years, new challenges for the food industry have arisen such as the increase of antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens to common preservatives and consumers demand for naturally based products. In order to overcome this, new approaches using natural or bio-based products as food preservatives need to be investigated. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a well-known herb widely used as spice, or in folk medicine, and in the pharmacy and food industries. Coriander seed oil is the world's second most relevant essential oil, exhibiting antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, some yeasts, dermatophytes and filamentous fungi. This review highlights coriander oil antimicrobial activity and possible mechanisms of action in microbial cells and discusses the ability of coriander oil usage as a food preservative, pointing out possible paths for the successful evolution for these strategies towards a successful development of a food preservation strategy using coriander oil.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza differentially affects synthesis of essential oils in coriander and dill.

Research on the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the synthesis of essential oils (EOs) by aromatic plants has seldom been conducted in field-relevant conditions, and then, only limited spectra of EO constituents have been analyzed. The effect was investigated of inoculation with AMF on the synthesis of a wide range of EO in two aromatic species, coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and dill (Anethum graveolens), in a garden experiment under outdoor conditions. Plants were grown in 4-l pots filled with soil, which was either γ-irradiated (eliminating native AMF) or left non-sterile (containing native AMF), and inoculated or not with an isolate of Rhizophagus irregularis. AMF inoculation significantly stimulated EO synthesis in both plant species. EO synthesis (total EO and several individual constituents) was increased in dill in all mycorrhizal treatments (containing native and/or inoculated AMF) compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. In contrast, EO concentrations in coriander (total EO and most constituents) were increased only in the treatment combining both inoculated and native AMF. A clear positive effect of AMF on EO synthesis was found for both aromatic plants, which was, however, specific for each plant species and modified by the pool of AMF present in the soil.

Mechanistic study of Coriandrum sativum on neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis based on computationally guided in vitro analyses.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Acceleration of neurite outgrowth and halting neurodegeneration are the most critical factors that are negatively regulated in various neurodegenerative diseases or injuries in the central nervous system (CNS). Functional foods or nutrients are considered alternative sources of bioactive components to alleviate various CNS injuries by promoting neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis, while their exact molecular mechanism remains unexplored. AIM OF THE STUDY: Coriandrum sativum L. (CS) is one of the popular herbs in the Apiaceae family, of which CNS modulating action is a well-documented traditionally but detailed study on memory boosting function yet remains unexplored. Consequently, this study aims to analyze the neurogenic and synaptogenic modulation of CS aqueous ethanol (CSAE) extract in the primary hippocampal neurons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary hippocampal neurons were cultured and allowed to incubate with CSAE or vehicle. To observe the early neuronal differentiation, axonal and dendritic arborization, and synapse formation, neurons were immune-stained against indicated antibodies or stained directly with a lipophilic dye (1, 1'-dioctadecyl-3, 3, 3', 3'-tetramethyl indocarbocyanine perchlorate, DiL). Meanwhile, western blot was used to validate the synaptogenesis effect of CSAE compared to vehicle. Additionally, molecular docking and system pharmacology approaches were applied to confirm the possible secondary metabolites and pathways by which CSAE promotes neuritogenesis. RESULTS: Results show that CSAE can induce neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis at 30 µg/mL concentration. The treatment impacts early neuronal polarization, axonal and dendritic arborization, synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity via NMDARs expressions in primary neurons. In silico network pharmacology of CS metabolites show that the CSAE-mediated neurogenic effect is likely dependent on the NTRK2 (TrkB) mediated neurotrophin signaling pathway. Indeed, the observed neurogenic activity of CSAE is markedly reduced upon the co-treatment with a TrkB-specific inhibitor. Furthermore, molecular docking following binding energy calculation shows that one of the CS metabolites, scoparone, has a high affinity to bind in the BDNF mimetic binding site of TrkB, suggesting its role in TrkB activation. Scoparone was found to enhance neuritogenesis, but not to the same extent as CSAE. Moreover, the expression of TrkB signaling-related proteins (BCL2, CASP3, GSK3, and BDNF), which was found to be modulated by scoparone, was significantly affected by the co-treatment of TrkB inhibitor (ANA-12). These results further suggest that the modulation of neuritogenesis by scoparone is TrkB-dependent. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides deeper insights into the molecular mechanism of CS in boosting neuronal growth and memory function, which might implicate the prevention of many neurological disorders.

Alleviation of cadmium phytotoxicity in triacontanol treated Coriandrum sativum L. by modulation of physiochemical attributes, oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidative system.

Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous metal that has a significant risk of transfer from soil to edible parts of food crops including shoots and seeds. Reduction of Cd accumulation is required to lower the risk of Cd exposure in humans and animals feeding on metal contaminated parts of such plants. Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander) exposed to Cd showed stress symptoms such as stunted growth, reduced photosynthetic activity and synthesis of chlorophyll pigments. Growth inhibition in Cd-treated plants was attributed to induction of oxidative stress as demonstrated by higher level of stress biomarkers such as electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide. Primary objective of the current study was to observe the ameliorative role of triacontanol (Tria) in Cd-stressed coriander seedlings. For this purpose, coriander seeds were primed with Tria concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 µmol L-1. Seedlings developed from Tria treated seeds exhibited reduced loss of photosynthetic pigments; mitigated oxidative stress caused by Cd, through improved efficacy of antioxidant machinery comprising superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and catalase (CAT) enzymes besides non-enzymatic antioxidants including proline, phenolics and flavonoids. Triacontanol treated seedlings showed enhanced yield attributes suggesting that exogenous Tria could be employed to improve plant tolerance to Cd stress.

Anti­osteoclastogenic effects of Coriandrum sativum L. via the NF­κB and ERK­mediated NFATc1 signaling pathways.

Coriandrum sativum L. (CSL) is an aromatic plant that belongs to the Apiaceae family. The present study aimed to determine the effects of the ethanol extract of the aerial part of CSL on osteoclast formation in vitro and in vivo, and the underlying molecular mechanism of its anti­osteoclastogenic effect. The levels of osteoclast formation and bone resorption were evaluated by tartrate­resistant acid phosphatase staining and bone resorption pit assays. The expression levels of osteoclast­related molecules were analyzed by reverse transcription­quantitative PCR and western blotting. The ethanol extract of CSL suppressed osteoclast formation in a mouse co­culture system. In osteoblasts, CSL exerted a minor effect on the mRNA ratio of receptor activator of nuclear factor­κB (NF­κB) ligand (RANKL) to osteoprotegerin, suggesting a direct effect of CSL on osteoclast precursors. Notably, CSL inhibited RANKL­induced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption activity in bone marrow­derived macrophage cultures. Mechanistically, CSL abolished RANKL­induced NF­κB and extracellular signal­regulated kinase (ERK) MAPK activation, which effectively impaired the induction of c­Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1). Finally, the ethanol extract of CSL prevented osteoclast formation in a lipopolysaccharide­induced calvarial bone loss model in vivo. The findings of the present study suggested that CSL may suppress osteoclast differentiation and function by downregulating the NF­κB and ERK/c­Fos/NFATc1 signaling pathways. Thus, CSL could be explored as a potential candidate for the prevention and treatment of osteolytic diseases.

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes for Petroselinic Acid Biosynthesis in Fruits of Coriandrum sativum L.

Petroselinic acid (18:1Δ6), a monounsaturated cis Δ-6 fatty acid, has many prospective applications in functional foods and for the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. Up to 80% of petroselinic acid has been found in the oil from fruits of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), which make it an ideal source for investigating the biosynthesis of petroselinic acid. A coriander acyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase was identified to be involved in its biosynthesis more than two decades ago, but since then little further progress in this area has been reported. In this study, the fatty acid profiles of coriander fruits at six developmental stages were analyzed. Fruit samples from three developmental stages with rapid accumulation of petroselinic acid were used for RNA sequencing using the Illumina Hiseq4000 platform. The transcriptome analysis presented 93 323 nonredundant unigenes and 8545 differentially expressed genes. Functional annotation and combined gene expression data revealed candidate genes potentially involved in petroselinic acid biosynthesis and its incorporation into triacylglycerols. Tissue-specific examination of q-PCR validation further suggested that ACPD1/3, KAS I-1, FATB-1/3, and DGAT2 may be highly involved. Bioinformatic analysis of CsFATB and CsDGAT2 identified their putative key amino acids or functional motifs. These results provide a molecular foundation for petroselinic acid biosynthesis in coriander fruit and facilitate its genetic engineering in other hosts.

Biochar efficacy for reducing heavy metals uptake by Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) and spinach (Spinaccia oleracea) to minimize human health risk.

Environmentally friendly and cost-effective techniques are required to reclaim land degraded during mining activities. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in vegetables grown on contaminated soils can increase human health risks. The potential effects of hardwood biochar (HWB) was assessed for chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) bioavailability in mine-contaminated soils and their subsequently bioaccumulation in crops and associated health risk. HWB was applied to chromium-manganese mine contaminated soils at the rate of 3% to investigate the efficiency of HWB for the second crop in crop rotation technique. Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) and spinach (Spinaccia oleracea) were grown as second crop in the same pots which were already used for rice cultivation as first crop (without adding further amendments). Application of HWB decreased the concentrations of Cr, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Pb in cilantro by 25.5%, 37.1%, 42.5%, 34.3%, and 36.2%, respectively as compared to control. In spinach, the reduction in concentrations of Cr was 75.0%, Zn 24.1%, Cu 70.1%, Mn 78.0%, and Pb 50.5% as compared to control. HWB significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the HMs uptake in spinach cultivated in the amended soils as compared to the spinach in control. Bioaccumulation factor results also indicate that HWB decreased the bioaccumulation of selected HMs in cilantro and spinach, thus reducing health risks. Results of the study clearly demonstrate that the use of HWB can significantly reduce HMs in vegetables, associated health risk and improve food quality, therefore can be used as soil amendment for reclamation of mine-degraded soils.

Potential application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to improve the nutritional quality of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.).

TiO2 nanoparticles (nTiO2) have been widely used in many disciplines. However, whether they can be used to improve crops growth and nutritional quality is unknown. In this study, coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) was treated with 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/L nTiO2 to evaluate their possible benefit to plant growth and nutritional quality under hydroponic conditions. Our observations showed that 50 mg/L nTiO2 only slightly but insignificantly increased the root and shoot fresh biomass by 13.2 % and 4.1 %, respectively, relative to the control. nTiO2 at this level promoted shoot K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and B accumulation, while spatial distribution of K, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in coriander leaves was not affected. No nTiO2 internalization or translocation to shoots occurred. 400 mg/L nTiO2 significantly reduced root fresh biomass by 15.8 % and water content by 6.7 %. Moreover, this high dose induced root cell membrane wrinkling, attributable to their aggregation and adsorption on root surfaces. At 100-400 mg/L, antioxidant defense systems (SOD, CAT and APX) in plant were triggered to alleviate oxidative stress. At an appropriate dose (50 mg/L), nTiO2 can improve nutrient quality of edible tissues without exerting toxicity to plant or posing health risk to consumers.

Accumulation of calcium in the centre of leaves of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is due to an uncoupling of water and ion transport.

The aim of this study is to understand the parameters regulating calcium ion distribution in leaves. Accumulation of ions in leaf tissue is in part dependent on import from the xylem. This import via the transpiration stream is more important for ions such as calcium that are xylem but not phloem mobile and cannot therefore be retranslocated. Accumulation of calcium was measured on bulk coriander leaf tissue (Coriandrum sativum L. cv. Lemon) using ion chromatography and calcium uptake was visualized using phosphor-images of (45)Ca(2+). Leaves of plants grown in hydroponics had elevated calcium in the centre of the leaf compared with the leaf margin, while K(+) was distributed homogeneously over the leaf. This calcium was shown to be localised to the mesophyll vacuoles using EDAX. Stomatal density and evapotranspiration (water loss per unit area of leaf) were equal at inner and outer sections of the leaf. Unequal ion distribution but uniformity of water loss suggested that there was a difference in the extent of uncoupling of calcium and water transport between the inner and outer leaf. Since isolated tissue from the inner and outer leaf were able to accumulate similar amounts of calcium, it is proposed that the spatial variation of leaf calcium concentration is due to differential ion delivery to the two regions rather than tissue/cell-specific differences in ion uptake capacity. There was a positive correlation between whole leaf calcium concentration and the difference in calcium concentration between inner and outer leaf tissue. Exposing the plants to increased humidity reduced transpiration and calcium delivery to the leaf and abolished this spatial variation of calcium concentration. Mechanisms of calcium delivery to leaves are discussed. An understanding of calcium delivery and distribution within coriander will inform strategies to reduce the incidence of calcium-related syndromes such as tip-burn and provides a robust model for the transport of ions and other substances in the leaf xylem.

Phytochemical and bioactive profile of Coriandrum sativum L.

Coriandrum sativum L. is well known around the world because of its food and medicine uses. The main bioactive constituents in C. sativum are essential oil, fatty acids, tocol, sterol and carotenoids, their yields and chemical compositions being influenced by genotype, variety, planting season, ecotype, planting condition, growth stage, plant part, harvesting time, extracting process and other factors. Coriander and its different extracts possess varying degrees of antioxidative and antimicrobial activities on account of different active constituents. The general usages, chemical compositions and bioactivities of coriander are summarized in this review, along with safety considerations.

Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Coriandrum sativum L.

INTRODUCTION: Nanoparticles (NPs) have become very important owing to their various uses. In this research, an environmentally friendly biological technique was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles with Coriandrum sativum L. The objective of this research to use the source for the fabrication of silver NPs from C. sativum L., and to check the activity of the fabricated silver NPs was determined versus a couple of gram negative and a couple of gram positive bacteria in the presence of antibiotic viz. gentamicin to judge their impact. METHODOLOGY: A silver nitrate solution, which served as the reducing and capping agent, was mingled with coriander leaf extract. The solution's temperature and pH were maintained at 75°C and 8.6, respectively. The observed mean particle size (z-average) and polydispersity index were 390.2nm and 0.452, respectively. The synthesized Ag NPs were characterized using different techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR) analysis. The globular shape of the silver nanoparticles was depicted in SEM illustrations. RESULTS: XRD data revealed the mean size of the particles was 11.9nm. The FTIR analysis showed the existence of various functional groups, including CO and OH. When their antibacterial ability was tested, it was found that the fabricated Ag NPs inhibited Bacillus subtilis, Pasteurella multocida, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, with a greater effect against B. subtilis and P. multocida compared to E. aerogenes and S. aureus. CONCLUSION: It has been concluded small silver NPs benefited from a higher surface area ratio, as shown by the results of experiments where smaller particles had a better bactericidal proficiency than large silver-based NPs. Silver-based NPs infiltrate bacterial cells, as well as interfere with their exterior membrane. Silver ions also have the potential to interact with bacterial DNA, inhibiting the reproductive system of the cell.