Medical emergency department attendance of under 16-year-olds with dental problems.

BACKGROUND: Medical emergency departments (MED) are under increasing pressure in the UK with suggestions that unnecessary attendances to MED, which may include dental problems, are to blame. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the period prevalence of under 16-year-olds attendance to medical emergency departments (MED) with oral and dental problems over a 5-year period and investigate reason for attendance. This cross-sectional study was carried out as part of a service evaluation at the Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. METHODS: Retrospective data were collected between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2016 from the MED database using coding and a free text search of all paediatric attendances. The data were then analysed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Over the 5-year period, 135 760 under 16-year-olds attended the MED. Of these, 868 (0.6%) attended for dental problems. The most common dental reasons for attendance were as follows: Candida accounted for 22.6% of the 0- to 5-year-olds; dental trauma accounted for 29.5% of 6- to 11-year-olds; and mandibular fractures accounted for 18.9% of the 12- to 16-year-olds. Of those who attended the MED for dental problems, 28.5% resided in areas with an Index of Multiple Deprivation decile of 1, the areas of highest deprivation in the UK. CONCLUSION: Many of the diagnoses may have been appropriately managed elsewhere in the community, which may result in improved treatment provision and tailored care pathways, as well as reducing strain on the MED. Further research is needed to investigate why patients attend MED with dental problems.

Determinants of length of hospitalization due to acute odontogenic maxillofacial infections: a 2009-2013 retrospective analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the determinants of the length of hospitalization (LOH) due to acute odontogenic maxillofacial infections (AOMIs) from 2009 to 2013. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dental records of adult patients with AOMIs and related data were retrieved from the Vilnius University's dental hospital. The LOH was related to several determinants in each of the following domains: outpatient primary care, severity of AOMIs, lifestyle and disease domains. Determinants were also associated with the LOH using multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A total of 285 patients were hospitalized with AOMIs, of which 166 (58.2%) were males and 119 (41.8%) were females. The mean LOH was 8.3 ± 4.9 days. The bivariate analysis did not reveal any statistically significant differences in LOH between patients with AOMIs who received urgent outpatient primary care and those who did not receive such care prior to hospitalization. All AOMI severity-related determinants were associated with the LOH. The LOH was related to coexisting systemic conditions but not to the higher severity of dental or periodontal diseases. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses revealed similar trends, where the most significant determinants of a longer LOH were related to the severity of AOMIs. CONCLUSION: The most important determinants regarding longer hospitalization were indicators of infection severity such as an extension of the odontogenic infection and the need for an extraoral incision to drain the infection.

Prevention of dental disease versus surgical treatment.

The members of the Minnesota legislature have debated methods by which access to dental care and treatment of dental disease can be improved at a cost lower than that of present delivery systems. This review sheds light on some significant aspects of what the dental profession has learned over the last century that has proven significantly beneficial to the overall health of the American populace. Recommendations are made in the use of cost-effective dental public health interventions that could be used to provide better access and improved dental health at lower cost.

Time loss due to dental problems and treatment in the Canadian population: analysis of a nationwide cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to quantify time loss due to dental problems and treatment in the Canadian population, to identify factors associated with this time loss, and to provide information regarding the economic impacts of these issues. METHODS: Data from the 2007/09 Canadian Health Measures Survey were used. Descriptive analysis determined the proportion of those surveyed who reported time loss and the mean hours lost. Linear and logistic regressions were employed to determine what factors predicted hours lost and reporting time loss respectively. Productivity losses were estimated using the lost wages approach. RESULTS: Over 40 million hours per year were lost due to dental problems and treatment, with a mean of 3.5 hours being lost per person. Time loss was more likely among privately insured and higher income earners. The amount of time loss was greater for higher income earners, and those who reported experiencing oral pain. Experiencing oral pain was the strongest predictor of reporting time loss and the amount of time lost. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that, potentially, over 40 million hours are lost annually due to dental problems and treatment in Canada, with subsequent potential productivity losses of over $1 billion dollars. These losses are comparable to those experienced for other illnesses (e.g., musculoskeletal sprains). Further investigation into the underlying reasons for time loss, and which aspects of daily living are impacted by this time loss, are necessary for a fuller understanding of the policy implications associated with the economic impacts of dental problems and treatment in Canadian society.

Effect of early preventive dental visits on subsequent dental treatment and expenditures.

OBJECTIVE: Professional organizations recommend a preventive dental visit by 1 year of age. This study compared dental treatment and expenditures for Medicaid children who have a preventive visit before the age of 18 months with those who have a visit at age 18-42 months. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used reimbursement claims for 19,888 children enrolled in North Carolina Medicaid (1999-2006). We compared the number of dental treatment procedures at age 43-72 months for children who had a visit by age 18 months with children who had a visit at ages 18-24, 25-30, 31-36, and 37-42 months using a zero-inflated negative binomial model. The likelihood and amount of expenditures at age 43-72 months were compared by group using a logit and ordinary least squares regression. RESULTS: Children who had a primary or secondary preventive visit by age 18 months had no difference in subsequent dental outcomes compared with children in older age categories. Among children with existing disease, those who had a tertiary preventive visit by age 18 months had lower rates of subsequent treatment [18-24 mo incidence density ratio (IDR): 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-1.38; 25-30 mo IDR: 1.21, 95% CI, 1.06-1.39; 37-42 mo IDR: 1.39, 95% CI, 1.22-1.59] and lower treatment expenditures compared with children in older age categories. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of preventive dental users in Medicaid, we found that children at highest risk of dental disease benefited from a visit before the age of 18 months, but most children could delay their first visit until the age of 3 years without an effect on subsequent dental outcomes.

Insurance-related barriers to accessing dental care among African American adults with oral health symptoms in Harlem, New York City.

Although ability to pay is associated with dental care utilization, provision of public or private dental insurance has not eliminated dental care disparities between African American and White adults. We examined insurance-related barriers to dental care in interviews with a street-intercept sample of 118 African American adults in Harlem, New York City, with recent oral health symptoms. Although most participants reported having dental insurance (21% private, 50% Medicaid), reported barriers included (1) lack of coverage, (2) insufficient coverage, (3) inability to find a dentist who accepts their insurance, (4) having to wait for coverage to take effect, and (5) perceived poor quality of care for the uninsured or underinsured. These findings provide insights into why disparities persist and suggest strategies to removing these barriers to dental care.

A novel decision-making process for tooth retention or extraction.

BACKGROUND: Implant-supported restorations have become the most popular therapeutic option for professionals and patients for the treatment of total and partial edentulism. When implants are placed in an ideal position, with adequate prosthetic loading and proper maintenance, they can have success rates >90% over 15 years of function. Implants may be considered a better therapeutic alternative than performing more extensive conservative procedures in an attempt to save or maintain a compromised tooth. Inadequate indication for tooth extraction has resulted in the sacrifice of many sound savable teeth. This article presents a chart that can assist clinicians in making the right decision when they are deciding which route to take. METHODS: Articles published in peer-reviewed English journals were selected using several scientific databases and subsequently reviewed. Book sources were also searched. Individual tooth- and patient-related features were thoroughly analyzed, particularly when determining if a tooth should be indicated for extraction. RESULTS: A color-based decision-making chart with six different levels, including several factors, was developed based upon available scientific literature. The rationale for including these factors is provided, and its interpretation is justified with literature support. CONCLUSION: The decision-making chart provided may serve as a reference guide for dentists when making the decision to save or extract a compromised tooth.

Building better oral health: a dental home for all Texans.

Poor oral health affects more than just the mouth. It can seriously compromise a person's general health, quality of life and life expectancy. Oral diseases can and do lead to systemic problems--damaging other parts of the body and resulting in the need for expensive emergency department visits, hospital stays and medications. The consequences of poor oral health, however, go far beyond damaging medical effects. Oral disease can also wreak economic havoc--keeping children out of school and adults home from work--not to mention lower productivity of workers in pain. Untreated oral diseases can also drive up health care costs in general. The good news is that with proper oral health care, both at home and in professional settings, many of the negative consequences associated with poor oral health can be prevented. The State of Texas has a unique and unprecedented opportunity to significantly increase access to oral health care for all Texans. Complying with the Frew agreement is a key priority. However, there are additional ways that Texas policymakers can improve the oral health of the state. In an effort to begin a constructive dialogue about improving the oral health of all Texans, the Texas Dental Association (TDA) with grant funding from the American Dental Association (ADA) commissioned an independent third-party report on the issue of access to oral health care in Texas modeled after the 2000 groundbreaking surgeon general's report, Oral Health in America. The TDA assembled a team of five nationally recognized dentists from both academia and private practice to oversee the project. The dentists (hereafter called the editorial review board or ERB) were asked to identify the state's most pressing issues, needs and challenges associated with improving the oral health of all Texans, with a special focus on the state's most vulnerable. The ERB looked carefully at the economic, medical and social consequences of untreated oral disease in Texas. It reviewed the current systems of oral health care delivery and payment throughout the state. The team also studied the oral health status of Texans in general and analyzed the oral health disparities that exist in the state. Finally, the ERB made specific and practical policy recommendations to expand access to oral health care in Texas, including: 1) Identifying a "dental home" for every Texan. 2) Strengthening the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Oral Health Program (OHP). 3) Creating new programs to encourage general dentists and specialists to practice in underserved areas and to treat underserved populations. 4) Developing a comprehensive oral health public awareness and education campaign. 5) Expanding access to oral health services for older Texans. As the face of Texas continues to change, the state must put in place a new, more aggressive strategy to improve access to oral health care. This challenge must be approached as a shared responsibility--among dentists, allied health professionals, primary care providers, policymakers, community-based organizations, parents and schools. The job is too big--and too important--for any one group to try to tackle alone. The time to act is now.

Hospitalization of Western Australian children for oral health related conditions: a 5-8 year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated in-patient oral health care provision for children under 18 years of age in Western Australia. METHODS: Hospitalizations of children for oral health conditions over a four-year period were analysed using data obtained from the Western Australian Hospital Morbidity Data System (HMDS). This study followed a previously published study examining similar data for 1995. RESULTS: Between 1999-2000 and 2002-2003, a total of 26 497 episodes of care were attributed to oral health conditions among children aged 0-17 years. The cost of this care exceeded $40 million. Embedded and impacted teeth accounted for 33.2 per cent of oral health episodes, dental caries 28.3 per cent, pulp and periapical tissue conditions 7.1 per cent and dentofacial anomalies 6.1 per cent. With the exception of the infant age group (0-1 years), non-Aboriginal children had higher admission rates than Aboriginal children. In the 13-17 year age group a non-Aboriginal child was 31 times more likely to be admitted to hospital for an oral condition than an Aboriginal child. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the impact of oral health related conditions among children in Western Australia. It is also clear that there are differences between age and population groups in terms of access to in-patient dental services and exposure to risk factors for specific oral conditions.

Dental visits to hospital emergency departments by adults receiving Medicaid: assessing their use.

BACKGROUND: Pain from toothaches represents a significant problem. People lacking access to private dental services may use hospital emergency departments, or EDs. In 1993, Maryland eliminated Medicaid reimbursement to dentists for adult emergency services. METHODS: The authors used the change in Medicaid policy that eliminated dentist reimbursement to establish two study periods. Data tapes describing patients' use of EDs were obtained from the Maryland Medicaid Management Information System. A total of 3,639 people visited EDs for dental problems sometime during the four-year study period. RESULTS: After controlling for age, race and sex, the authors found that the rate of ED claims was 12 percent higher in the postchange period than in the prechange period. Comparisons between periods show significant rate increases during the postchange period for men, whites, African-Americans and patients aged 21 through 44 years and 45 through 64 years. CONCLUSIONS: The change in Medicaid policy that eliminated dentist reimbursement and participation in the program appears to have increased the use of EDs for the treatment of dental problems. Practice Implications. Many EDs lack dental services and are not capable of providing definitive treatment. When definitive treatment is not provided, this pattern of care may be repeated if patients are forced to return for treatment.

Dental emergency visits of Marine Corps personnel.

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and distribution of dental emergencies in Marine Corps personnel. Dental emergencies were recorded from June 1989 to June 1990 for personnel who were in garrison, deployed, or participating in field exercises. A standardized data-collection form was distributed to participating Marine Corps dental clinics and to dental officers assigned to Marine Corps deployments or field exercises. A total of 890 dental emergency visits by Marines were recorded: 699 for Marines while in garrison, 136 while deployed, and 55 while participating in field exercises. Tooth/restoration fracture without pulpal involvement and pericoronitis were the most frequent diagnoses at emergency visits in each of the three environments. The mean incidence rate of dental emergencies per 1,000 person-years for deployed Marine Corps personnel was 57.2.

The costs and consequences of neglected medically necessary oral care.

Oral diseases and conditions may adversely affect general health, and certain medical conditions may have a negative effect on oral health. However, little attention has been given to assessing the economic costs and consequences associated with care that is a direct result of, or has a direct impact on, an underlying medical condition and/or its resulting therapy. The costs can be significant for patients; their families; third-party payers such as insurance companies, Medicare, and Medicaid; and society. The health consequences of such conditions may dramatically affect function, morbidity, quality of life, and survival. This paper reviews one possible approach for identifying and measuring the costs and consequences associated with medically necessary oral health care and presents a framework for evaluating medically necessary oral health care. The paper also describes the cost components of care and the dimensions of health consequences. Finally, an example illustrates this approach. The summary information presented here is meant to offer concepts and ideas important in assessing the costs and health consequences associated with medically necessary oral health care. Individuals interested in a more detailed discussion of economic evaluation of health care programs and outcomes assessment are referred elsewhere. 10-23

Oral infections: impact on human health, well-being, and health-care costs.

Both caries and periodontal disease, as well as many diseases of the mucous membranes, tongue, and salivary glands, are infectious. If left untreated or inadequately treated, they have profound systemic, as well as local, effects. Maintenance of oral health goes beyond the physiological needs of proper nutritional intake and protection of the oral tissues. It also includes protection against oral sources of systemic infection and encompasses a range of social and psychological attributes. The rising expectations of patients in the pursuit of comfort and esthetics has provided evidence of the oral contribution to quality of life. Oral infections and their sequela account for the major portion of annual dental expenditures.

[Current trends in antibiotic therapy in dentistry]. / Az antibiotikus kezelés mai tendenciái a sztomatológiában.

The place and role of surgical, dental physio- and pharmacotherapy in oral and head and neck diseases has been debated for decades. In addition the price and reimbursement system had been changed lately in our country that also underlines the relevance of this issue. The overconsumption (1.7 packages per inhabitant per year) of antibiotics is also proven in Hungary. Beside surgical and dental interventions the treatment of dental inflammations caused by pathogenics requires the administration of different kinds of antibiotics. The first choice antibiotic is determined on the base of clinical features and general resistance of oral flora in the given period. When the first choice antibiotic proves to be ineffective, treatment has to be followed by antibiotics determined on individual resistance. In stomatology antibiotics are administered for prevention or treatment of dental inflammations. The length of therapy has a great importance which is usually 4 days in prevention and 5 days in treatment of dental inflammations. The modern antibiotics have to comply with the following requirements: efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness. The typical mistakes in the administration of antibiotics can be avoided by the application of therapeutical schedules. The macrolide and cephalosporin derivates have become more and more popular. The mixed bacterium flora has been changing in time and also influenced by geographical factors depending on the habit of prescriptions. Therefore the experiences obtained in other countries are not applicable.

Perceptions of oral health, preventive care, and care-seeking behaviors among rural adolescents.

BACKGROUND: An asymmetrical oral disease burden is endured by certain population subgroups, particularly children and adolescents. Reducing oral health disparities requires understanding multiple oral health perspectives, including those of adolescents. This qualitative study explores oral health perceptions and dental care behaviors among rural adolescents. METHODS: Semistructured individual interviews with 100 rural, minority, low socioeconomic status adolescents revealed their current perceptions of oral health and dental care access. Respondents age ranged from 12 to 18 years. The sample was 80% black and 52% male. RESULTS: Perceived threat from dental disease was low. Adolescents perceived regular brushing and flossing as superseding the need for preventive care. Esthetic reasons were most often cited as reasons to seek dental care. Difficulties accessing dental care include finances, transportation, fear, issues with Medicaid coverage and parental responsibility. In general, adolescents and their parents are in need of information regarding the importance of preventive dental care. CONCLUSIONS: Findings illuminate barriers to dental care faced by low-income rural adolescents and counter public perceptions of government-sponsored dental care programs as being "free" or without cost. The importance of improved oral health knowledge, better access to care, and school-based dental care is discussed.

The relationship between oral health risk and disease status and age, and the significance for general dental practice funding by capitation.

AIM: The aim of this paper was to review the oral health and future disease risk scores compiled in the Denplan Excel/Previser Patient Assessment (DEPPA) data base by patient age group, and to consider the significance of these outcomes to general practice funding by capitation payments. METHODS: Between September 2013 and January 2014 7,787 patient assessments were conducted by about 200 dentists from across the UK using DEPPA. A population study was conducted on this data at all life stages. RESULTS: The composite Denplan Excel Oral Health Score (OHS) element of DEPPA reduced in a linear fashion with increasing age from a mean value of 85.0 in the 17-24 age group to a mean of 72.6 in patients aged over 75 years. Both periodontal health and tooth health aspects declined with age in an almost linear pattern. DEPPA capitation fee code recommendations followed this trend by advising higher fee codes as patients aged. CONCLUSIONS: As is the case with general health, these contemporary data suggest that the cost of providing oral health care tends to rise significantly with age. Where capitation is used as a method for funding, these costs either need to be passed onto those patients, or a conscious decision made to subsidise older age groups.

Operational cost analysis of dental emergencies for deployed US Army personnel during operation Iraqi freedom.

The documentation of dental emergency (DE) rates in past global conflicts has been well established; however, little is known about wartime DE costs on the battlefield. Using DEs as an example for decreased combat effectiveness, this article analyzes the cost of treating DEs in theater, both in terms of fixed and variable costs, and also highlighted the difficulties that military units experience when faced with degradation of combat manpower because of DEs. The study found that Dental-Disease and Non-Battle Injury cost the U.S. Army a total of $21.4M between July 1, 2009 and June 30, 2010, and $21.9M between July 1, 2010 and June 30, 2011. The results also revealed that approximately 32% of DE required follow-up treatment over the 2-year period, which increased the costs associated with a DE over time. Understanding the etiology and cost of DE cases, military dental practitioners will be better equipped to provide oral health instructions and preventive measures before worldwide deployments.

An oral health intervention for people with serious mental illness (Three Shires Early Intervention Dental Trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Oral health is an important part of general physical health and is essential for self-esteem, self-confidence and overall quality of life. There is a well-established link between mental illness and poor oral health. Oral health problems are not generally well recognized by mental health professionals and many patients experience barriers to treatment. METHODS/DESIGN: This is the protocol for a pragmatic cluster randomised trial that has been designed to fit within standard care. Dental awareness training for care co-ordinators plus a dental checklist for service users in addition to standard care will be compared with standard care alone for people with mental illness. The checklist consists of questions about service users' current oral health routine and condition. Ten Early Intervention in Psychosis (EIP) teams in Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Lincolnshire will be cluster randomised (five to intervention and five to standard care) in blocks accounting for location and size of caseload. The oral health of the service users will be monitored for one year after randomisation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN63382258.