Investigating the effect of combined use of selenium and Myo-inositol supplements on thyroid function and autoimmune characteristics in thyroid disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to systematically review the effect of selenium and inositol combination on thyroid function, autoimmune characteristics in thyroid diseases. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: To identify eligible studies, a systematic search was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Science-Direct, CINHAL, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Psychinfo, Cochrane, ProQuest, and Web of Science were searched using the main concepts, and all English-written articles that were published between 2007 and 2022 and had an available full text were examined. RESULTS: The data analysis of this research revealed that after the simultaneous use of selenium and inositol supplements, the level of Triiodothyronine(T3) increased by 0.105 in patients with thyroid disorders although this increase was not significant (P-value: 0.228). The level of Thyroxine (T4) significantly increased by 0.06 (P-value: 0.04). Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (TPOAb) titer decreased by 119.36%, which was not significant (P-value: 0.070). Finally, the level of Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) decreased by 1.45%, which was a significant change (P-value: 0.001). CONCLUSION: It was observed that simultaneous use of selenium and inositol supplements did not change the T3 and TPOAb titer levels; however, it leads to a decrease in TSH and increase in T4 levels. Further studies are required due to the limited number of studies.

The impact of the SARS-CoV2 pandemic on the prescription of thyroid medication in Austria - A nationwide population-based registry analysis.

BACKGROUND: Case reports indicate a clinical connection between SARS-CoV-2 and thyroid dysfunctions. However, evidence from large population-based registry analyses is sparse, especially in Europe, where iodine deficiency is common. This study aimed to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare provision for thyroid diseases in Austria. METHODS: We performed a retrospective, population-based registry analysis of the Austrian health insurance fund database, covering more than 9 million inhabitants. Data from all patients with prescriptions of thyroid-specific drugs and/or inpatient thyroid-related diagnoses from 2017 to 2019 (pre-pandemic years) were compared to 2020 and 2021 (pandemic years; characterized by high numbers of SARS-CoV2 infections and population-wide vaccination strategy). The incidence rates of thyroid medication prescriptions for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were calculated for every year to evaluate the impact of the pandemic. RESULTS: The incidence rate for total thyroid medication prescription was 539.07/100,000 individuals (534.23-543.93 95%CI) in 2018 and declined during the pandemic (2020: 387.19/100,000 (383.12-391.29 95%CI); 2021: 336.90/100,000 (333.11-340.73 95%CI)). Similarly, the incidence rate for levothyroxine prescription was higher pre-pandemic (2018: 465.46/100,000 (460.97-469.98 95%CI) and declined during the pandemic (2020: 348.14/100,000 (344.28-352.03 95%CI); 2021: 300.30/100,000 (296.7-303.91 95%CI). The incidence rates of thiamazole prescriptions (2018: 10.24/100,000 (9.58-10.93 95%CI); 2020: 8.62/100,000 (8.03-9.26 95%CI); 2021: 11.17/100,000 (10.49-11.89 95%CI) were stable. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest no clinically significant impact of SARS-CoV2 and/or vaccination on thyroid function at a population level.

The negative impact of levothyroxine treatment on urinary luteinizing hormone measurements in pediatric patients with thyroid disease.

Objectives: Previous studies suggest urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) measurements by immunofluorometric assays (IFMA) as noninvasive alternatives to serum assays for puberty assessment. However, these studies excluded patients with other endocrine disorders and those taking medications. Besides, the recent discontinuation of IFMA manufacturing is a concern. We explored the utility of luminometric assays (LIA) for urinary gonadotropins and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) determinations in euthyroid patients with thyroid pathologies. Methods: We used LIA and IFMA assays to measure serum and first-morning-voided (FMV) urine LH, FSH, and TSH concentrations in euthyroid patients with various thyroid disorders. Of the 47 euthyroid patients with normal serum TSH (S-TSH) levels, 14 were receiving levothyroxine therapy. Results: FMV total urinary LH (U-LH) concentrations correlated significantly with those measured in serum using either LIA (r=0.67, P<.001) or IFMA (r=0.83, P=.003) in patients not receiving levothyroxine treatment; however, no significant correlation could be detected in patients receiving levothyroxine regardless of the assay method (for LIA: r=0.50, P=.08 and IFMA r=0.44, P=.15). Urinary TSH (U-TSH) concentrations correlated poorly with those in serum in both the untreated and the treated groups (r=-0.13, P=.49, and r=-0.45, P=.11, respectively). Conclusion: FMV total U-LH determinations by LIA can be used to assess pubertal development in patients with thyroid pathology, provided the euthyroid patient is not on levothyroxine treatment. U-TSH measurements by LIA cannot replace invasive S-TSH measurements at least in patients with normal S-TSH levels. Further research may reveal the utility of U-TSH determinations in patients with elevated S-TSH levels.

Disfunción tiroidea y trastornos del ánimo: revisión del estado del arte / Thyroid dysfunction and mood disorders: review of the state of the art

La relación entre función tiroidea y trastornos del ánimo se ha observado desde hace más de 50 años. Las hormonas tiroideas, actúan en el cerebro modulando génicamente proteínas asociadas a la fisiopatología de los trastornos del ánimo y potenciando los sistemas de neurotransmisión serotoninérgica y noradrenérgica. En el tratamiento de un episodio depresivo, la normalización de hormonas tiroideas es fundamental, y debe realizarse en todo paciente con sintomatología anímica, especialmente en aquellos con respuestas insuficientes a tratamiento, que requieren niveles de hormonas más estrictos que lo recomendado para población general. En pacientes eutiroideos, la potenciación con triyodotironina ha sido probada, pero también se ha utilizado T4 en altas dosis en casos resistentes, en que se postula que pudiese existir un estado de resistencia a hormonas tiroideas, no reflejado en los niveles hormonales periféricos evaluados rutinariamente. Las enzimas deiodasas, el receptor de hormona tiroidea, y el transportador de hormona tiroidea en la barrera hematoencefálica son blancos a investigar. Los objetivos de la presente revisión son ofrecer orientaciones respecto del uso de hormonas tiroideas en pacientes con trastornos del ánimo, una puesta al día sobre la relación entre hormonas tiroídeas y sistema nervioso central, y las interacciones entre psicofármacos y función tiroidea.

The relationship between thyroid function and mood disorders has been observed for more than 50 years. Thyroid hormones act in the brain genetically modulating proteins associated with the pathophysiology of mood disorders and potentiating the serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission systems. In the treatment of a depressive episode, the normalization of thyroid hormones is essential, and should be performed in all patients with mood symptoms, especially in those with insufficient responses to treatment, which require more stringent hormone levels than recommended for the general population. In euthyroid patients, potentiation with triiodothyronine has been proven, but T4 has also been used in high doses in resistant cases, in which it is postulated that there might be a state of resistance to thyroid hormones, not reflected in the peripheral hormonal levels evaluated routinely. The enzymes deiodasas, the thyroid hormone receptor, and the thyroid hormone transporter in the blood brain barrier are white to investigate. The objectives of this review are to provide guidance regarding the use of thyroid hormones in patients with mood disorders, an update on the relationship between thyroid hormones and central nervous system, and the interactions between psychoactive drugs and thyroid function.

COVID-19 y tiroxicosis / COVID-19 and thyrotoxicosis. Case report

La epidemia por COVID-19, causada por el nuevo coronavirus-2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2) ha enfrentado al equipo de salud a un abanico de presentaciones clínicas y alteraciones de las funciones órganicas a las que diagnosticar y tratar. Dentro de estas se encuentra la disfunción tiroidea.En este reporte se presenta el caso de una paciente con taquicardia persistente luego de pasado el cuadro de COVID-19, que derivó en múltiples consultas hasta que se arribó al diagnóstico de tirotoxicosis de etiología autoinmune.La tirotoxicosis asociada a COVID-19 es infrecuente, pero agrega morbilidad a la convalecencia de los pacientes, por lo que su sospecha clínica y diagnóstico rápido serían beneficiosos

The infection by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has challenged the health care system with a new spectrum of clinical manifestations and organ disfuntions, that require proper diagnosis and treatment.In this case we report a patient with persistent tachycardia after COVID-19 acute illness. This finding led to multiple medical visits until final diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis of autoimmune etiology.Thyrotoxicosis is an unusual complication of COVID-19, that results in higher morbility in patients during the convalescent phase of the disease. Opportune clinical suspicion and early diagnosis seems to be beneficial in terms of clinical outcome

Relationship between levels of thyroid stimulating hormone, age, and gender, with symptoms of depression among patients with thyroid disorders as measured by the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21)

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between levels of depression symptoms and age, thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, and stressful life events of the participants. Method: Patients above 18 years old, with any thyroid disorders, and without psychiatric disorders were included in this study. All participants completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21). The depression symptom score was calculated and interpreted as follows: less than 9: no depression; between 10 and 13: mild depression; between 14 and 20: moderate depression; between 21 and 27: severe depression, and more than 28: extremely severe depression. Results: The total number of participants in this study was 199. There was no correlation between age, thyroid stimulating hormone, and the DASS score. There was also no significant difference in the DASS-21 score between genders. However, there was a positive correlation between depression symptoms and stressful life events (r=0.201, n=199, p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings would suggest that increased depression symptom scores correlate with increased stressful life events. A larger study should be undertaken to confirm these findings

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Selective screening for thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women: How often do low-risk women cease to be treated following the new guidelines of the American Thyroid Association?

ABSTRACT Objective: Universal screening for thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women is not recommended by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) or the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE). This study evaluated the frequency of pregnant women that would have an indication for levothyroxine (L-T4) according to the new ATA/AACE guidelines among low-risk women without an indication for screening with TSH. Subjects and methods: The sample consisted of 412 pregnant women ranging in age from 18 to 30 years. These women were considered to be at low risk for thyroid dysfunction according to ATA/AACE and would not be candidates for screening with TSH. Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and TSH were measured. Women who had TSH > 2.5 mIU/L or TPOAb in the first trimester were submitted to subsequent evaluations in the second and third trimester. Results: In the first trimester, none of the pregnant women would have L-T4 therapy "recommended" and treatment would be "considered" in only two. In the second trimester, pregnant women with positive TPOAb or TSH > 2.5 mIU/L in the first trimester (n = 30) were reevaluated. L-T4 treatment would be "recommended" in only one woman and would be "considered" in two others. The 28 women that were not treated in the second trimester were reevaluated in the third trimester, but none of them would have L-T4 "recommended". Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest that selective screening, recommended by ATA/AACE does not result in a significant loss of pregnant women with an indication for L-T4 treatment.

Thyroid dysfunction in the era of precision medicine / La disfunción tiroidea en la era de la medicina de precisión

The launching of the Precision Medicine Initiative by the President of the United States in January 2015 was an invitation for all healthcare professionals to review their practice. This call should stimulate thyroidologists working in different areas (from basic research or epidemiology to the frontline of the clinical arena or to those designing public health programs) to be aware of this new outlook. The aim of the initiative is to eradicate imprecision in estimating the probability of a correct diagnosis, to be as sure as possible of the most effective treatment, and to maximize the chances of a successful outcome. This paper summarizes some of the current challenges faced by endocrinologists in the field of thyroid dysfunction, and illustrates how precision medicine may improve diagnosis and therapy in the future (AU)

El lanzamiento de la iniciativa medicina de precisión (Precision Medicine Initiative), en enero de 2015, por el Presidente de los Estados Unidos, ha supuesto una invitación a todos los profesionales sanitarios para revisar su modo de actuar. Esta llamada debe estimular a los tiroidólogos que trabajan en todos los campos (desde la investigación básica o la epidemiología, hasta aquellos que se encuentran en la primera línea del quehacer clínico o los que diseñan programas de salud pública), para estar atentos a este nuevo panorama. El objetivo de la iniciativa es erradicar la imprecisión a la hora de estimar la probabilidad de un diagnóstico correcto o tener la mayor certeza posible sobre la terapia más eficaz, y ampliar las posibilidades de un resultado exitoso. Este trabajo resume algunos de los desafíos actuales con los que nos enfrentamos los endocrinólogos en el campo de la disfunción tiroidea, e ilustra modos de cómo la medicina de precisión puede mejorar el diagnóstico y el tratamiento en el futuro (AU)

Percutaneous ethanol injection versus conservative treatment for benign cystic and mixed thyroid nodules

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) in reducing the volume of cystic and mixed thyroid nodules. Materials and methods A total of 36 patients with nodules treated with PEI and 13 individuals who declined PEI and were followed clinically or received other non surgical treatment (control group). Assessments were performed at baseline (immediately before treatment in the PEI group or evaluation of the nodule on ultrasonography in the control group) at short-term (on average 30 days after the last injection in the PEI group), and long-term (on average 14 months after baseline in the PEI group or 26 months after baseline in the control group). Results In the PEI group, the mean baseline volume of 10.4 ± 9.8 cm3 reduced at short-term follow-up to 2.9 ± 3.1 cm3 (67.7 ± 19.9%, p < 0.001) and at long-term follow-up to 2.0 ± 2.5 cm3 (78.2 ± 19.5%, p < 0.01 versus baseline and p = 0.009 versus short-term follow-up). Both types of nodules showed similar degrees of reduction. In the control group, mean volume was 5.8 ± 3.4 cm3 at baseline and 6.2 ± 3.0 cm3 at long-term follow-up (p = 0.507). Compared with the control group, the PEI group showed larger reduction (p < 0.001). Conclusions PEI is effective in reducing the volume of cystic and mixed benign thyroid nodules, with sustained long-term efficacy and better outcome when compared with conservative therapies. Treatment with PEI is a safe alternative, with minimal, transient and self-limited adverse events.

Manejo perioperatorio de pacientes con patología tiroidea y tratamiento crónico con corticoides / Perioperative management in patients with thyroid disorders and chronic glucocorticoid therapy

Abstract Thyroid disorders and chronic use of corticosteroids are common in the surgical population, so is necessary an appropriate perioperative management of these patients. There is no contraindication for elective surgery in patients with asymptomatic hypothyroidism and good control, it is not necessary to maintain thelevothyroxine dose the day of surgery, due to the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug. If hypothyroidpatients are symptomatic and/or have not reached the euthyroid phase, should be treated and compensatedprior to the elective surgical procedure. Patients with hyperthyroidism should keep their antithyroid treatmentincluding the day of surgery. The symptomatic and/or decompensated hyperthyroidism have an increasedrisk of developing a thyroid storm, so no elective surgery is recommended in these patients, which should beconducted once achieved an euthyroid state. A strict monitoring in the postoperative period is key to preventcomplications. Chronic glucocorticoid use is common. In these patients there is risk of developing acute adrenal insufficiency by surgical stress, so before surgery (elective or emergency) it is necessary to supplementwith exogenous corticosteroid dose dependent on the type of surgical procedure performed.

Resumen Los trastornos tiroideos y el uso crónico de corticoides son frecuentes en la población quirúrgica, por lo que es necesario un manejo perioperatorio adecuado en este tipo de pacientes. No existe contraindicación para una cirugía electiva en pacientes con hipotiroidismo asintomáticos y buen control, no siendo necesario mantener la dosis habitual de levotiroxina el día de la cirugía, debido a las características farmacocinéticas del medicamento. Si los pacientes hipotiroideos se encuentran sintomáticos y/o no han alcanzado la fase eutiroidea, deben ser tratados y compensados previo al procedimiento quirúrgico electivo. Los pacientes hipertiroideos deben mantener su tratamiento antitiroideo incluso el día de la cirugía. En el hipertiroidismo sintomático y/o descompensado existe mayor riesgo de desarrollar una tormenta tiroidea, por lo que no se recomiendacirugía electiva en este tipo de pacientes, la cual debe realizarse una vez logrado un estado eutiroideo. Una estricta monitorización en el período postoperatorio es clave para prevenir complicaciones. El uso crónico degluco corticoides es frecuente. En estos pacientes existe riesgo de desarrollar insuficiencia suprarrenal aguda ante el estrés quirúrgico, por lo que antes de una cirugía (electiva o de urgencia) es necesario suplementar concorticoides exógenos, en dosis dependientes del tipo de procedimiento quirúrgico a realizarse.

Plasmaféresis tiroidea / Thyroid plasmapheresis

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Association between antiretrovirals and thyroid diseases: a cross-sectional study

Objective This study aims to estimate the prevalence of thyroid diseases and anti-TPO status. We searched for an association among presence of immune reconstitution and use of stavudine, didanosine and protease inhibitors with thyroid diseases. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was performed to analyze the records of 117 HIV-infected patients who had their CD4+ cell count, viral load, anti-TPO, TSH and free T4 levels collected on the same day. Immune reconstitution was considered in those whose T CD4+ count was below 200 cells/mm3, but these values increased above 200 cells/mm3 after the use of antiretrovirals. The odds ratio obtained by a 2x2 contingency table and a chi-square test were used to measure the association between categorical variables. Results The prevalence of thyroid disease was 34.18%; of these, 4.34% were positive for anti-TPO. There was an association of risk between stavudine use and subclinical hypothyroidism (OR = 4.19, 95% CI: 1.29 to 13.59, X2 = 6.37, p = 0.01). Immune reconstitution achieved protection associated with thyroid disease that was near statistical significance OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.19 to 1.04, X2 = 3.55, p = 0.059. Conclusion The prevalence of thyroid disease in the sample studied was higher than what had been found in the literature, with a low positive anti-TPO frequency. The historical use of stavudine has an association of risk for the presence of subclinical hypothyroidism, and immune reconstitution has trends towards protection for the presence of thyroid diseases. .

Use of potassium iodide in Dermatology: updates on an old drug / Uso do iodeto de potássio na Dermatologia: considerações atuais de uma droga antiga

Potassium iodide, as a saturated solution, is a valuable drug in the dermatologist's therapeutic arsenal and is useful for the treatment of different diseases due to its immunomodulatory features. However, its prescription has become increasingly less frequent in dermatology practice. Little knowledge about its exact mechanism of action, lack of interest from the pharmaceutical industry, the advent of new drugs, and the toxicity caused by the use of high doses of the drug are some possible explanations for that. Consequently, there are few scientific studies on the pharmacological aspects, dosage and efficacy of this drug. Also, there is no conventional standard on how to manipulate and prescribe the saturated solution of potassium iodide, which leads to unawareness of the exact amount of the salt being delivered in grams to patients. Considering that dosage is directly related to toxicity and the immunomodulatory features of this drug, it is essential to define the amount to be prescribed and to reduce it to a minimum effective dose in order to minimize the risks of intolerance and thus improve treatment adherence. This review is relevant due to the fact that the saturated solution of potassium iodide is often the only therapeutic choice available for the treatment of some infectious, inflammatory and immune-mediated dermatoses, no matter whether the reason is specific indication, failure of a previous therapy or cost-effectiveness.

Iodeto de potássio, sob a forma de solução saturada, é um valioso medicamento no arsenal terapêutico do dermatologista. É usado há mais de um século e útil para doenças de fisiopatologias diversas em virtude de seu caráter imunomodulador. Prescrevê-lo, entretanto, tem se tornado cada vez menos frequente na prática dermatológica. O pouco conhecimento sobre seu exato mecanismo de ação, o desinteresse da indústria farmacêutica com o advento de novos fármacos, além da toxicidade do medicamento pelas altas doses utilizadas são algumas das possíveis justificativas. Dessa forma, os estudos científicos envolvendo seus aspectos farmacológicos, posológicos e de eficácia são relativamente raros. Consequentemente, não se convencionou uma padronização na forma de manipular e prescrever a solução saturada de iodeto de potássio, o que causa um verdadeiro desconhecimento da dose exata em gramas do sal que está sendo fornecida aos pacientes. Ao considerar que a dose está diretamente relacionada toxicidade e o conhecimento da característica imunomoduladora dessa droga, é importante definir a quantidade a ser fornecida, reduzindo-a até a dose mínima eficaz, de forma a diminuir a intolerância e melhorar a adesão ao tratamento. A relevância do tema se deve ao fato da solução saturada de iodeto de potássio ser, muitas vezes, a única escolha na terapêutica disponível para o tratamento de algumas dermatoses de origem infecciosa, inflamatória ou imunomediada, quer por indicação específica, por falha de outro medicamento ou por seu custo acessível.

Utilidad clínica de las pruebas hormonales e inmunológicas en la evaluación de las enfermedades del tiroides / Clinical usefulness of hormonal and immunological tests for the evaluation of thyroid diseases

Las enfermedades tiroideas son un importante problema de salud que afecta a un gran porcentaje de la población. Las pruebas bioquímicas constituyen el pilar fundamental para su diagnóstico y seguimiento. El desarrollo de ensayos de segunda y tercera generación ha supuesto un gran avance en el diagnóstico de estas enfermedades. El texto incluye los ensayos utilizados para diagnosticar y tratar las diferentes enfermedades tiroideas, provee información bioquímica y clínica actualizada contenida en secciones referidas a la utilidad clínica de las determinaciones de hormonas tiroideas totales y libres, anticuerpos antitiroideos, tirotropina humana y tiroglobulina, de manera que pueda ofrecer, tanto al laboratorio como al médico, un panorama general de la utilidad y la capacidad actual de estas pruebas(AU)

Thyroid diseases are a significant health problem affecting a high percentage of the population. The biochemical tests are the fundamental pillar for diagnosis and follow-up. The development of second and third-generation assays has represented a great advance in diagnosing these diseases. The text covers the tests to diagnose and treat a number of thyroid diseases, and provides the reader with updated biochemical and clinical information in sections about the clinical usefulness of total and free thyroid hormone determinations, antithyroid antibodies, human thyrotropin and thyroglobulin. In this way, it can offer both the lab and the physician a general overview of the usefulness and the current capability of these tests(AU)

Falso negativo en el primer cribado neonatal de hipotiroidismo congénito en recién nacido gemelo / False negative in the first neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism in a newborn twin

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Alteraciones de la hemostasia y trombosis asociadas a enfermedad tiroidea, a propósito de 2 casos / Changes in haemostasis and thrombosis associated with thyroid disease: Presentation of 2 cases

Existe una relación entre las enfermedades tiroideas y las alteraciones de la hemostasia primaria y secundaria. La asociación más repetida en esta línea son los estados de hipocoagulabilidad con el hipotiroidismo clínico y la trombofilia vascular (hipercoagulabilidad y/o hipofibrinólisis) con el hipertiroidismo. Sin embargo, existen estudios recientes que han detectado alteraciones de la hemostasia -primaria y secundaria- relacionadas con enfermedades tiroideas con hormonas normales, evidenciando otros mecanismos patogénicos aún desconocidos. Presentamos el caso de 2 pacientes con enfermedades tiroideas que requerían cirugía: un bocio multinodular y un carcinoma papilar de tiroides, ambos con hormonas normales y que presentaron trastornos de la hemostasia descubiertos en el estudio preoperatorio, revelando un déficit de factor vii y un déficit de factor xi junto con una trombopatía no filiada, respectivamente (AU)

There is a relationship between thyroid diseases and primary and secondary changes in haemostasis. The most frequent association between them are hypocoagulability states with clinical hypothyroidism and vascular thrombophilia (hypercoagulability and/or hypofibrinolysis) with hyperparathyroidism. However, there are recent studies that have detected changes in haemostasis -primary and secondary- associated with thyroid diseases with normal hormone levels, suggesting other pathogenic mechanisms not yet known. The cases are presented of 2 patients with thyroid disease that required surgery: one multinodular goitre and one papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, both with normal hormone levels. They were shown to have haemostasis disorders during the preoperative work up. These showed a Factor VII deficiency and a Factor XI deficiency along with a thrombotic disease of unknown origin, respectively (AU)

Thyroid disease: assessment and management

This guideline covers investigating all suspected thyroid disease and managing primary thyroid disease (related to the thyroid rather than the pituitary gland). It does not cover managing thyroid cancer or thyroid disease in pregnancy. It aims to improve quality of life by making recommendations on diagnosis, treatment, long-term care and support.

Monitorización del nervio laríngeo recurrente mediante tubo orotraqueal electromiográfico en cirugía de tiroides y paratiroides. Consideraciones anestésicas / Monitoring of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury using an electromyographic endotracheal tube in thyroid and parathyroid surgery. Anesthetic aspects

La lesión del nervio laríngeo recurrente es una de las principales complicaciones de la cirugía de tiroides y paratiroides. Cuando esta lesión es bilateral, se produce una obstrucción aguda de la vía aérea con compromiso vital para el paciente. Con la identificación visual intraoperatoria se consigue preservar la integridad nerviosa más frecuentemente que si no se identifica el nervio. Para ayudar a identificarlo, se puede monitorizar el nervio laríngeo recurrente utilizando un tubo endotraqueal electromiográfico. En estos casos resulta fundamental el papel del anestesiólogo, colocando correctamente el tubo endotraqueal electromiográfico, de manera que los electrodos hagan contacto con las cuerdas vocales durante toda la intervención. Además, los resultados de la electromiografía se ven afectados por los bloqueantes neuromusculares, por lo que debemos adecuar la elección y dosis garantizando una profundidad anestésica adecuada. La realización de un protocolo conjunto con el resto de especialistas resulta muy útil (AU)

Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury remains one of the main complications in thyroid and parathyroid surgery. When this injury is bilateral, an acute upper airway obstruction may occur, leading to a potentially life-threatening situation for the patient. The visual identification of the nerve during surgery is the best way to preserve its integrity. However identification of the nerves by means of electromyographic stimuli through electrodes attached to endotracheal tubes could help in decreasing nerve injury. In these cases the experience and role of the anesthetist is essential to correctly place the electromyographic endotracheal tube and ensure that the electrodes are in touch with the vocal cords during the surgery. Moreover, the results of the electromyography can be affected by the neuromuscular blocking agents. Therefore, the choice and dose must be adapted, in order to ensure a suitable anesthetic depth, and adequate response (AU)