RESUMEN
Biomonitoring is a very useful tool to evaluate human exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), like bisphenols (BPs), which are widely used in the manufacture of plastics. The development of reliable analytical methods is key in the field of public health surveillance to obtain biomonitoring data to determine what BPs are reaching people's bodies. This review discusses recent methods for the quantitative measurement of bisphenols and their derivatives in biological samples like urine, blood, breast milk, saliva, and hair, among others. We also discuss the different procedures commonly used for sample treatment, which includes extraction and clean-up, and instrumental techniques currently used to determine these compounds. Sample preparation techniques continue to play an important role in the analysis of complex matrices, for liquid matrices the most commonly employed is solid-phase extraction, although microextraction techniques are gaining importance in this field, and for solid samples ultrasound-assisted extraction. The main instrumental techniques used are liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Finally, we present data on the main parameters obtained in the validation of the revised methods. This review focuses on various methods developed and applied for trace analysis of bisphenols, their conjugates, halogenated derivatives, and diglycidyl ethers in biological samples to enable the required selectivity and sensitivity. For this purpose, a review is carried out of the most recent relevant publications from 2016 up to present.
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Compuestos de Bencidrilo/análisis , Líquidos Corporales/química , Cabello/química , Fenoles/análisis , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/normas , Monitoreo Biológico/métodos , Cromatografía de Gases/métodos , Cromatografía Liquida/métodos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Humanos , Límite de Detección , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Fenoles/normas , Estándares de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
4-Nonylphenol (NP) is a persistent estrogen-active compound. Human exposure to NP is primarily through water and food. Although risk assessments of NP have been conducted by the European Union and a few other countries, only the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, in 2000, proposed a tolerable daily intake of 0.005 mg kg-1 body weight (bw) day-1 . New data have been accumulated since then, prompting an update on the risk assessment of NP. A weight of evidence approach is recommended for use in scientific assessments by several agencies, e.g., European Food Safety Authority, etc. Based on the results of a weight of evidence approach, two methods were used to derive the health-based guidance value (HBGV) for NP in this study, namely a no observed adverse effects level/lowest observable adverse effect level method, and a benchmark dose method. Considering the considerable uncertainty of benchmark dose model fitting of the available data, a tolerable daily intake value of 0.025 mg kg-1 bw day-1 was derived as a provisional HBGV for NP based on the lowest observable adverse effect level value of 15 mg kg-1 bw day-1 of the renal toxicity in rats, together with the uncertainty factor of 600. However, the HBGV of NP still needs further investigation.
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Exposición Dietética/normas , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Guías como Asunto , Nivel sin Efectos Adversos Observados , Fenoles/análisis , Fenoles/normas , Animales , Humanos , Modelos Animales , Ratas , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Galloylquinic acid derivatives and flavonoids are the main phenolic metabolites found in Copaifera langsdorffii leaves (Leguminosae, Detarioideae), a medicinal plant with potential therapeutic application in the treatment of kidney stones. The factors that affect metabolite production in this plant species are not well understood but may include environmental and genetic factors. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the variation in metabolite production over a 12-month period for 10 groups of C. langsdorffii cultivated under the same environmental conditions. METHODS: Copaifera langsdorffii seeds were collected from 10 different regions in southeast, Brazil and grown in the same field. HPLC-UV was used to quantify nine galloylquinic acid derivatives and two flavonoids in leaf samples from mature trees. Climate data for humidity, radiation, precipitation and temperature were provided by the National Institute of Meteorology, Brazil. Multivariate analyses were performed to correlate chemical and environmental variables. RESULTS: The overall effect of environmental factors on the production of phenolic metabolites was uniform among C. langsdorffii groups. Chemical variation between groups was present, but small, and probably due to differences in their genetics and physiology. Seasonal changes influenced the production of the major phenolic metabolites, with increases in temperature and radiation levels favouring metabolite production. CONCLUSION: When C. langsdorffii trees are cultivated in the same environment, the production of the major secondary metabolites found in their leaves is very similar quantitatively, varying based on geographic location of original population and seasonal changes. This favours the standardisation of plant raw material for the production of a phytomedicine.
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Fabaceae/metabolismo , Fenoles/análisis , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Geografía , Fenoles/metabolismo , Fenoles/normas , Estándares de Referencia , Estaciones del Año , Espectrofotometría Ultravioleta/métodosRESUMEN
Presented in this study is a simple but efficient switchable polarity solvent microextraction strategy for etrimfos preconcentration from water and food samples for quantification by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Repeatability of the extraction process and instrumental measurements were enhanced by using deuterated bisphenol A as internal standard. Significant parameters of the extraction method were fitted into an experimental design model to study the effects of parameters on extraction output, as well as mutual effects of combined parameters. The design model was formed with 51 experimented data obtained from the combination of sodium hydroxide volume, switchable solvent volume, and vortex period at three levels. The method was validated by applying optimum conditions attained from the model predictor. The detection limit was found to be 1.3 ng/mL and it corresponded to an enhancement factor of about 54 folds when compared to direct GC-MS measurement. Etrimfos was not detected in the water and food samples tested but the results (92-107%) obtained from spiked recovery experiments established that etrimfos when present in the selected matrices can be accurately and precisely quantified.
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Contaminantes Ambientales/análisis , Análisis de los Alimentos/métodos , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Microextracción en Fase Líquida , Organotiofosfatos/análisis , Agua/química , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/análisis , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/normas , Contaminantes Ambientales/química , Contaminantes Ambientales/aislamiento & purificación , Límite de Detección , Organotiofosfatos/química , Organotiofosfatos/aislamiento & purificación , Fenoles/análisis , Fenoles/normas , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Proyectos de Investigación , Solventes/químicaRESUMEN
Certified reference materials (CRMs) are playing an increasingly important role in national and international standardizing activities. In Japan, primary standard solutions for analyses of endocrine disrupters are supplied under the national standards dissemination system named the Japan Calibration Service System (JCSS). For the traceability on reference materials used for preparation of the primary standard solutions based on the JCSS, the National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ/AIST) has developed and certified high-purity reference materials of alkylphenols as NMIJ CRMs, such as 4-n-nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-n-heptylphenol, 4-tert-butylphenol, and 2,4-dichlorophenol. Thereafter, it is essential to determine the alkylphenols by using these solutions based on the JCSS for environmental monitoring and risk assessments because analytical values obtained by using the solutions can ensure the reliability and traceability of the chemical analyses.
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Disruptores Endocrinos/análisis , Disruptores Endocrinos/normas , Calibración , Clorofenoles/análisis , Clorofenoles/normas , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/normas , Fenoles/análisis , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/normas , Estándares de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The rhizome of Iris dichotoma Pall., a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that contains (iso) flavonoids as the main bioactive compound, has been used to treat several disorders such as inflammation, throat disorders, asthma and coughs. However, there is a lack of suitable methods for its qualitative and quantitative analysis as well as quality control. OBJECTIVES: To establish an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of phenolic constituents, the identification of characteristic metabolites in the rhizomes of I. dichotoma and to compare their contents in samples from different areas of China. METHODOLOGY: HPLC coupled with diode-array detection (DAD) and electrospray ionisation multistage mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n) ), and principal component analysis (PCA) were used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in I. dichotoma samples. RESULTS: Twenty characteristic compounds were identified or tentatively characterised. A quantitative HPLC-UV method allowing the simultaneous quantification of 10 phenolic compounds was optimised and validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, and limits of detection and quantification. CONCLUSION: The methodology developed proved to be effective for the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in the rhizomes of I. dichotoma. Samples were classified into three groups according to their geographical origin based on their phenolic composition using principal component analysis.
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Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/análisis , Género Iris/química , Fenoles/análisis , Rizoma/química , Calibración , China , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/normas , Geografía , Glicósidos/análisis , Glicósidos/química , Isoflavonas/análisis , Isoflavonas/química , Estructura Molecular , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/normas , Análisis de Componente Principal , Control de Calidad , Estándares de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray/métodosRESUMEN
Plant polyphenols are extremely diverse, due to the occurrence of several basic structures, numerous substitutions and, for some groups, of polymers (tannins). Plant polyphenol composition depends on the plant species and organ, with some molecules specific of particular plant families while others are ubiquitous. The polyphenol content is classically assessed by global analysis methods, which lack specificity and accuracy. These methods have been replaced with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), that enables accurate determination of individual molecules, provided they can be unambiguously identified and calibration curves can be established. However, HPLC analysis is restricted to simple compounds and difficult to apply in the case of complex extracts. Further difficulties encountered in the case of polymers include irreversible adsorption on the stationary phases. Proanthocyanidin analysis by HPLC after acid-catalysed depolymerisation in the presence of a nucleophile permits to overcome these problems and shows that proanthocyanidins predominate in the polyphenol composition of most plants. Large varietal differences in tannin quantitative and qualitative composition were observed for all plant species studied. Moreover, analysis is usually performed after extraction, which may lead to significant underestimation of the polyphenol content, since a large proportion is not extracted by usual solvents. This may be due to covalent binding to other plant constituents and to non-covalent adsorption on plant solids. Such matrix effect also influences the taste perception of polyphenols and their fate in the digestive tract, from in-mouth interactions with salivary proteins to their metabolism by colon microflora, with potential influence on bioavailability.
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Flavonoides/análisis , Análisis de los Alimentos/métodos , Fenoles/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Colon/metabolismo , Colon/microbiología , Flavonoides/normas , Análisis de los Alimentos/normas , Frutas/química , Alimentos Funcionales/análisis , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Fenoles/normas , Polifenoles , Proantocianidinas/análisis , Proantocianidinas/metabolismo , Estándares de Referencia , Especificidad de la Especie , Taninos/análisisRESUMEN
The Integrated Assessment Scheme (IAS) defines weight factors for each piece of toxicological information under REACH in an Integrated Testing Strategy. This IAS is illustrated on skin irritation for Classification and Labelling (C&L) for five substances and using mostly (Q)SAR models. The models are the BfR Rulebase, Derek for Windows and TOPKAT, read across and pH-rules. The weight factors derived in the IAS show that for peracetic-acid and pentabromodiphenylether the C&L decision could be easily made. For bisphenol A additional information on read across was used to finalise a decision on C&L, while for methylphenyl-diisocyanate additional expert judgement was needed. For allylheptanoate only the TOPKAT prediction was in the applicability domain, which was insufficient on its own. Therefore, other non guideline testing information was used and in vitro testing results. The above examples on skin irritation information show how the IAS can aid in the decision making process and how it adds to the ToxRTool and the ITS of Hoffmann et al. on the same endpoint and similar methods.
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Irritantes/toxicidad , Relación Estructura-Actividad Cuantitativa , Pruebas de Irritación de la Piel/métodos , Compuestos de Bencidrilo , Técnicas de Apoyo para la Decisión , Humanos , Irritantes/química , Irritantes/normas , Modelos Teóricos , Ácido Peracético/química , Ácido Peracético/toxicidad , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/normas , Fenoles/toxicidad , Enfermedades de la Piel/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Recent efforts worldwide have resulted in a growing database of measured concentrations of chemicals in blood and urine samples taken from the general population. However, few tools exist to assist in the interpretation of the measured values in a health risk context. Biomonitoring Equivalents (BEs) are defined as the concentration or range of concentrations of a chemical or its metabolite in a biological medium (blood, urine, or other medium) that is consistent with an existing health-based exposure guideline. BE values are derived by integrating available data on pharmacokinetics with existing chemical risk assessments. This study reviews available health-based exposure guidance values for bisphenol A (BPA) from Health Canada, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). BE values were derived based on data on BPA urinary excretion in humans. The BE value corresponding to the oral provisional tolerable daily intake (pTDI) of 25 microg/kg-d from Health Canada is 1mg/L (1.3mg/g creatinine); value corresponding to the US EPA reference dose (RfD) and EFSA tolerable daily intake (TDI) estimates (both of which are equal to 50 microg/kg-d) is 2mg/L (2.6 mg/g creatinine). These values are estimates of the 24-h average urinary BPA concentrations that are consistent with steady-state exposure at the respective exposure guidance values. These BE values may be used as screening tools for evaluation of central tendency measures of population biomonitoring data for BPA in a risk assessment context and can assist in prioritization of the potential need for additional risk assessment efforts for BPA relative to other chemicals.
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Monitoreo del Ambiente/normas , Contaminantes Ambientales/normas , Estrógenos no Esteroides/normas , Fenoles/normas , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Compuestos de Bencidrilo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Niño , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/normas , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos , Contaminantes Ambientales/metabolismo , Contaminantes Ambientales/farmacocinética , Contaminación Ambiental/estadística & datos numéricos , Estrógenos no Esteroides/metabolismo , Estrógenos no Esteroides/farmacocinética , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fenoles/metabolismo , Fenoles/farmacocinética , Valores de Referencia , Medición de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Resveratrol (trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) and quercetin (3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) are two naturally occurring polyphenols with the potential to exert beneficial health effects. Since their low bioavailability is a major obstacle to biomedical applications, efforts are being made to improve their absorption and slow down phase II metabolism. An accurate evaluation of the corresponding levels in the bloodstream is important to assess delivery strategies, as well as to verify claims of efficacy based on in vitro results. In the present work we have optimized a simple method ensuring complete stabilization and extraction of resveratrol and quercetin from whole blood. The suitability of different protocols was evaluated by measuring the recovery of polyphenol and internal standard from spiked blood samples via HPLC/UV analysis. The optimized procedure ensured a satisfactory recovery of both internal standards and compounds. Comparing plasma and whole blood, up to 76% of the analyte, being associated with the cellular fraction, was unaccounted for when examining only plasma. This indicates the importance of analysing whole blood rather than plasma to avoid underestimating polyphenol absorption in bioavailability studies.
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Quercetina/sangre , Estilbenos/sangre , Disponibilidad Biológica , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Flavonoides/sangre , Flavonoides/normas , Humanos , Métodos , Fenoles/sangre , Fenoles/normas , Polifenoles , Quercetina/farmacocinética , Estándares de Referencia , Resveratrol , Estilbenos/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
Previous work established the phytoestrogenicity of "unfermented"Cyclopia (honeybush) extracts. The current study investigated the phytoestrogenicity of four Cyclopia harvestings (M6-9) for preparation of extracts with enhanced phytoestrogenicity for benchmarking against commercial preparations. Two extracts, from M6 (C. subternata) and M7 (C. genistoides), were identified as most phytoestrogenic using estrogen receptor binding, an estrogen receptor response element containing promoter reporter assay, alkaline phosphatase activity, and E-screen. M6 and M7 were sequentially and non-sequentially extracted with five solvents of differing polarities. Additionally, two extracts were prepared in the traditional way of preparing a cup of honeybush tea. The resultant 22 extracts were evaluated for estrogenicity. Select extracts were analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The sequentially extracted M6 methanol extract (SM6Met) had the highest potency and the sequentially extracted M6 ethyl acetate extract (SM6EAc) had the highest efficacy of all the extracts. The HPLC results suggested enrichment of luteolin in SM6EAc and enrichment of an unidentified polyphenol in SM6Met. Benchmarking against four commercial phytoestrogenic preparations suggest that in terms of the assays used, Cyclopia extracts have comparable potency and efficacy to the commercial extracts and thus have potential as marketable phytoestrogenic nutraceuticals.
Asunto(s)
Cyclopia (Planta)/química , Fitoestrógenos/química , Línea Celular Tumoral , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/farmacología , Flavonoides/normas , Humanos , Espectrometría de Masas , Fenoles/análisis , Fenoles/farmacología , Fenoles/normas , Fitoestrógenos/farmacología , Fitoestrógenos/normas , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/normas , Polifenoles , Receptores de Estrógenos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Phenolic phytochemical are known to perform several functions ranging from phytoprotectants, to protecting lipids in food products, to antioxidant activity in animals and humans. The need for a common standard mixture containing multiple phenolic phytochemicals is critical for the development of a robust validation assay for accurately quantifying antioxidant activity in various matrixes. Different research groups have used A wide array of single purified reference phenolic compounds in this regard. A 5 compound mixture (caffeic acid, morin hydrate, hesperetin, catechin hydrate, and epigallocatechin gallate) containing phenolic compounds from 4 subgroups (phenolic acid, flavone, flavanone, and flavan-3-ol) was prepared. The mixture was assayed for stability evaluation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a diode array detection procedure for a 3 month time interval. HPLC analysis confirmed that there was no significant interaction between different components of the mixture. The among-sample relative standard deviation (RSD) of all 5 phenolic compounds, as well as the total HPLC area, was < 1%. The RSD due to instrument variation was < 2% and the total RSD among-days was < 5%. These results unambiguously suggest that the sample was stable for a 3 month time interval in an amber vial stored in a refrigerator below 5 degrees C. This mixture is currently being used for the single-laboratory validation study for the assay of total phenolic content by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant capacity by oxygen radical absorbing capacity procedure.
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Antioxidantes/análisis , Antioxidantes/normas , Fenoles/análisis , Fenoles/normas , Ácidos Cafeicos/análisis , Ácidos Cafeicos/normas , Catequina/análogos & derivados , Catequina/análisis , Catequina/normas , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/normas , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/normas , Análisis de los Alimentos/métodos , Análisis de los Alimentos/normas , Hesperidina/análisis , Hesperidina/normas , Estándares de ReferenciaRESUMEN
The original solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers use an epoxy resin adhesive that releases bisphenol A (BPA) during thermal desorption of the fiber. This adversely affects the method detection limit and accuracy when these products are used for the determination of BPA. In this work, 5 new metal alloy SPME fibers that do not use epoxy resins were compared for the extraction of BPA in water. The performance of the optimum SPME fiber with 60 microm carbowax-polyethylene glycol coating for the headspace SPME of BPA in water was investigated systematically under different extraction conditions. Salt was found to increase the partitioning of BPA from water into the headspace until saturation was reached. Partitioning of BPA from water into the headspace also increased at higher extraction temperatures, as did longer extraction times. However, extraction of BPA from water onto the SPME fiber was not improved for solutions adjusted to pH 2 compared to the unadjusted neutral solutions. The new BPA method showed good linearity over the concentration range of 2.5 to 40 microg/L [correlation coefficient (r2) = 0.995] . The method detection limit for BPA was 0.5 microg/L, while the instrument detection limit was as low as 0.05 microg/L. Good repeatability was observed for BPA at levels of 5 and 20 microg/L with relative standard deviation values < 10%. The automated headspace SPME method developed in this work was used to investigate migration of BPA from polycarbonate bottles into water, and levels of BPA in water ranged from 1.7 to 4.1 microg/L.
Asunto(s)
Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Fenoles/análisis , Microextracción en Fase Sólida/métodos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Compuestos de Bencidrilo , Disruptores Endocrinos/análisis , Disruptores Endocrinos/normas , Disruptores Endocrinos/toxicidad , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/normas , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/estadística & datos numéricos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Fenoles/normas , Fenoles/toxicidad , Control de Calidad , Cloruro de Sodio , Microextracción en Fase Sólida/normas , Microextracción en Fase Sólida/estadística & datos numéricos , Temperatura , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/normas , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidadRESUMEN
Characterization of lignin and its degradation products, more specifically determination of their molecular weight (MW) distribution, is essential for assessment and applications of these potentially renewable phenolics. Several representative gel filtration and gel permeation systems were evaluated in this work focusing on understanding of undesired secondary non-SEC interactions while utilizing four sets of commercially available polymeric standards as well as low-MW lignin model compounds including diarene standards synthesized in-house. The gel permeation column with a nonpolar highly cross-linked porous polystyrene/divinylbenzene-based stationary phase provided the most effective separation by MW for both low and high MW model compounds. Notably, the column with a higher pore and lower particle size provided a better resolution towards polymeric standards, even though the particle size effect was downplayed in the earlier SEC studies of lignin. For two other evaluated gel filtration and gel permeation columns, the separation was strongly affected by functionalities of the analytes and correlated with the compounds' pKa rather than MW. We showed that the separation on the stationary phases featuring polar hydroxyl groups led to specific column-analyte secondary interactions, perhaps based on their hydrogen bonding with lignin. Further, the SEC column evaluation yielded similar results with two sets of chemically different standards. This setup may be used as a general approach to selecting an applicable column for lignin SEC analysis. We confirmed the obtained results with a different independent method implementing a novel approach for lignin number-average MW (Mn) calculation based on laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI-TOF-MS) data. The determined Mn corroborated the SEC results.
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Cromatografía en Gel/métodos , Lignina/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatografía en Gel/normas , Lignina/química , Peso Molecular , Tamaño de la Partícula , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Fenoles/normas , Poliestirenos/química , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción , Compuestos de Vinilo/químicaRESUMEN
Periodontitis, which is a severe inflammatory disease caused by endotoxins secreted from oral pathogens, destructs gingival tissue and alveolar bone. Curcuma xanthorrhiza, commonly called Java turmeric, has been shown to possess anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study evaluated the inhibitory effect of C. xanthorrhiza supercritical extract (CXS) standardized with xanthorrhizol on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced periodontitis in an animal model. LPS was topically injected into the periodontium of Sprague-Dawley rats to induce periodontitis and CXS (30 and 100 mg·kg-1·day-1) was orally administered after day 12. Histologically, CXS inhibited the collapse of gingival tissue by preventing cell infiltration. CXS significantly downregulated the expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and inflammation-related biomarkers, such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) in gingival tissue. CXS also improved bone remodeling by downregulating osteoclastic transcription factors, such as nuclear factor of activated T-cells c1 (NFATc1), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and cathepsin K. In addition, CXS upregulated osteoblast differentiation-related markers, alkaline phosphate (ALP) and collagen type I alpha (COLA1). Thus, CXS can ameliorate periodontitis by inhibiting inflammation and improving bone remodeling.
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Curcuma/química , Periodontitis/prevención & control , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Pérdida de Hueso Alveolar/patología , Pérdida de Hueso Alveolar/prevención & control , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Remodelación Ósea/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Encía/efectos de los fármacos , Encía/patología , Inflamación/genética , Lipopolisacáridos/toxicidad , Masculino , Osteoblastos/citología , Osteoblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Osteogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Periodontitis/inducido químicamente , Periodontitis/patología , Fenoles/normas , Extractos Vegetales/química , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
Herbal medicines are the most globally used type of medical drugs. Their high cultural acceptability is due to the experienced safety and efficiency over centuries of use. Many of them are still phytochemically less-investigated, and are used without standardization or quality control. Choosing SIROP KILMA, an authorized Congolese antimalarial phytomedicine, as a model case, our study describes an interdisciplinary approach for a rational quality assessment of herbal drugs in general. It combines an authentication step of the herbal remedy prior to any fingerprinting, the isolation of the major constituents, the development and validation of an HPLC-DAD analytical method with internal markers, and the application of the method to several batches of the herbal medicine (here KILMA) thus permitting the establishment of a quantitative fingerprint. From the constitutive plants of KILMA, acteoside, isoacteoside, stachannin A, and pectolinarigenin-7-O-glucoside were isolated, and acteoside was used as the prime marker for the validation of an analytical method. This study contributes to the efforts of the WHO for the establishment of standards enabling the analytical evaluation of herbal materials. Moreover, the paper describes the first phytochemical and analytical report on a marketed Congolese phytomedicine.
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Antimaláricos/normas , Medicina de Hierbas/normas , Fitoquímicos/normas , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , República Democrática del Congo , Glucósidos/normas , Fenoles/normas , Fitoterapia , Plantas Medicinales/química , Control de Calidad , Estándares de ReferenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The relative resistance of diverse human bacterial pathogens to commonly used germicidal agents has not been established. METHODS: We measured by titration the survival of thirteen different bacteria after exposure to glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, cupric ascorbate, sodium hypochlorite, or phenol. RESULTS: Our comparative experiments allowed classification of the organisms' survival into four groups: (a) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus showed the most resistance, (b) Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 showed intermediate resistance, (c) Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella sonnei, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus survived some treatments with chemical agents only in the presence of protecting protein (serum albumin), and (d) Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, Bacillus cereus, and Yersinia enterocolitica did not survive any of the treatments applied. CONCLUSION: We found species that more frequently survived exposure to germicidal agents were also those most commonly reported in association with hospital infections. Our findings suggest that resistance to disinfectants may be more important than pathogenicity in determining the relative prominence of an organism as an agent responsible for nosocomial infections.
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Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Desinfectantes/normas , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/patogenicidad , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Formaldehído/normas , Glutaral/normas , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/normas , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Ácido Peracético/normas , Fenol , Fenoles/normas , Hipoclorito de Sodio/normasRESUMEN
A membrane filter was used for assessing the surface disinfecting activity of phenolic disinfectants and a chloroxylenol disinfectant. The influence of the type of organism, inoculum size, and hardness of water was investigated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was chosen for the standardized test. Disinfectant solutions were prepared in water of 300 ppm hardness and applied for two and a half minutes and eight minutes to the bacteria deposited from filtration of 1 ml of a suspension containing 10-6 bacteria. The membrane filter test has certain advantages over many tests, eg, all organisms surviving after treatment can be counted and residual disinfectant is easily removed.
Asunto(s)
Desinfectantes/normas , Filtración/métodos , Recuento de Células , Supervivencia Celular , Cloro , Detergentes/farmacología , Detergentes/normas , Desinfectantes/farmacología , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Klebsiella/efectos de los fármacos , Filtros Microporos , Fenoles/farmacología , Fenoles/normas , Proteus vulgaris/efectos de los fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Propiedades de Superficie , Agua/análisis , Xilenos/farmacología , Xilenos/normasRESUMEN
The paper presents results of studies on phenol and trichloroacetic acid concentration in urine samples stored for 30 days at + 5 degrees C and + 20 degrees C. It has been checked whether the addition of sulphuric acid as a conservant to urine can affect changes in phenol concentration in the samples stored. The results obtained did not indicate any significant changes in concentrations of phenol or trichloroacetic acid in the urine samples. It has been recommended that due to bacterial processes the material studied should be kept in refrigerator (+ 5 degrees C).
Asunto(s)
Industria Química/normas , Medicina del Trabajo/normas , Fenoles/orina , Ácido Tricloroacético/orina , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Humanos , Concentración Máxima Admisible , Monitoreo Fisiológico/normas , Fenol , Fenoles/normas , Polonia , Preservación Biológica/normas , Temperatura , Factores de Tiempo , Ácido Tricloroacético/normasRESUMEN
Analyzing the chemical composition of smoking fume has indicated that maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) have been established for 50 of 400 well-known compounds, working area MACs were standardized for 42 of the 50 compounds, the maximum single and daily average concentrations were standardized for 34 and 30 compounds, respectively. All standards were established for 25 compounds. Despite the fact that there a large list of MACs, it is difficult to calculate the objective hygienic risk of smoking smoke since 32 compounds are contained in traces. Hygienic assessment of fume discharges from the smoking chamber by taking into account their mass and MACs demonstrated that phenols, carbonyl compounds, acids, and benz(a)pyrene which should be used to work out the unified hygienic standard are of the greatest importance.