Against settler colonial iatrogenesis: Inuit resistance to treatment in Indian Hospitals in Canada.

Canada's program to examine, transfer and treat Indigenous and Inuit peoples with tuberculosis in Indian Hospitals (ca. 1936 and 1969) has generally been framed by official narratives of population health, benevolence, and care. However, letters written by Inuit patients in Indian hospitals and their kin, and which were addressed to government officials and translated by government employees, challenge this assumption. By focusing on the harmful effects of the segregation and long-term detainment of Inuit peoples away from their communities, the letters theorize TB treatment as multiply harmful and iatrogenic. The letters also showcase how Inuit peoples resisted Indian Hospital treatment and articulated the need for care and treatment to occur within a network of intimate relations, rather than in distant sanatoriums.

A Vital Mediation: The Sanatorium, before and after Antibiotics.

As drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis spread across India, commentators have warned that we are returning to the sanatorium era. Such concerns might be symptomatically read in terms of loss; however, prophecies of return might also signal that there is something to be regained. Rather than lamenting the end of the antibiotic era, I shift the focus to ask about the sanatorium, not simply as a technology of the past, but as a technology of an imminent future. In examining late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century conversations about treating tuberculosis in India, I demonstrate how the the sanatorium was figured as a therapeutic technology that mediated the relationship between the body and its colonial milieu. In this light, I argue that contemporary prophecies of a future past register not simply the loss of antibiotic efficacy, but also a desire to return to a therapeutics that foregrounds issues of vitality, mediation, and environment.

Plagued by Politics: Cuba's National Sanatorium Project, 1936-59.

In 1936, Fulgencio Batista, the head of the Cuban military (and the de facto ruler of Cuba), founded the National Tuberculosis Council (CNT) to lead a state-directed anti-tuberculosis campaign. While most national and colonial governments neglected tuberculosis until the postwar period, populist politics pushed Batista to prioritize a disease of poverty by the mid-1930s. However, national politics also undermined efforts to control the disease in Cuba. Authoritarianism facilitated Batista's considerable influence over tuberculosis policy, and he and his advisors pursued political objectives rather than following the technical advice offered by professional groups. As a result, the administration of the campaign was inefficient, nowhere more notably than in the CNT's premiere project, the Topes de Collantes National Sanatorium. Citizen and physician discontent with this project, the anti-tuberculosis campaign, and the state health sector fed into processes of political delegitimation and regime change in the 1950s.

Patients rebuilt: Dr Auguste Rollier's heliotherapeutic portraits, c.1903-1944.

This article explores and critically contextualises the photographic production of heliotherapist Auguste Rollier (1874-1954), specifically the 'patient portraits' photographed at his Leysin sanatoria over a substantial period of four decades, c.1903-1944. It argues that these photographs, ignored in secondary literature, were particularly persuasive in communicating the natural healing powers of sunlight and through their international dissemination brought Rollier's work professional acclaim and prestige. Always presenting anonymous patients, and most often children, the images produced for Rollier's work interweave aesthetic and medical interests. Whether through the aesthetics of the photograph, of the positioning and appearance of the patient's body, or of the language used to describe these, issues of beauty and harmony were significant preoccupations for Rollier and the dissemination of his heliotherapeutic practice. The article argues that these aesthetic preoccupations drove his work, that the patient's progress and final cure, and thus the therapy's efficacy, were determined by aesthetic criteria-read through the body itself and its photographic representation. This legibility, of the body and its photography, was crucial to articulating the sun's perceived natural ability to improve, heal and even 'rebuild' individual patients into socially and physically productive citizens. As such, the article contends, Rollier privileged image over word, conceiving the former as possessing an unequalled 'eloquence' to communicate the efficacy and social potential of heliotherapy.

[Branch of the 1st Federal Budget Institution "3rd Central Military Clinical Hospital n. a. A. A. Vishnevskii of the Russian Defense Ministry"--60 years].

The history of creation and development of the Central Tuberculosis Hospital of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR--now branch No 1 FBU "3 TsVKG of the Russian Defense Ministry n. a. A.A. Vishnevsky". The contribution into the hospital, not only in organizing of effective treatment, but also into study the state of TB control in the armed forces, the development of methods for differential diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and extrapulmonary forms are presented. The incidence of tuberculosis in the country remains high, so the problem faced by the institution, remain relevant and responsible.

[Health promotion from the 20th to the 21th century. The Valais Ligue for fighting tuberculosis--a visionary model started in 1951]. / Promotion de la santé du XXe au XXIe siècle. La Ligue valaisanne pour la lutte contre la tuberculose, un modèle visionnaire en 1951 déjà.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, tuberculosis was really a plague. Many people had been mobilised to successfully fight against this infectious disease. Valais, a Swiss alpine canton developped then an original concept of health promotion by involving all the health partners including a specialised hospital under the auspices of the local Health Departement. Such a model named then Ligue pulmonaire contre la tuberculose, celebrates his 60th anniversary. Its present name is Valais Health Promotion, i.e., a proactive health network very unique in Switzerland. It assumes many tasks of public health in clinical as well as in preventive medicine. These two components strongly facilitate the insertion of this organisation into the reality of this population to fulfil many challenging tasks with efficacy.

[30th anniversary of the "Kuratorium Tuberkulose in der Welt"]. / 30 Jahre Kuratorium Tuberkulose in der Welt.

The "Kuratorium Tuberkulose in der Welt" is a non-profit association to fight tuberculosis (TB) in the world. It was founded by a group of idealist physicians 30 years ago. Its tasks are to fight against TB, especially in developing countries, to propagate the knowledge of TB prevention and therapy, and to promote research in the field of TB. The "Kuratorium" has set up projects in Santa Cruz (Bolivia), Kathmandu (Nepal), Lomé (Togo), Kiev (Ukraine), and Stavropol (Russia). In cooperation with the WHO, the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD), and local anti-tb-organisations microbiologic laboratories were established for case detection and therapeutic monitoring. Local staffs were trained and strategies to combat TB were implemented. For more than 30 years the "Kuratorium Tuberkulose in der Welt" has worked successfully and beneficially, despite of often difficult political situations. It has received great appreciation for its achievements.

Tuberculosis in Iran: a historical overview from al-Tabari, Rhazes, Avicenna and Jorjani to Abolhassan Ziya-Zarifi. Old and new pioneers in the fight against tuberculosis: challenges, pitfalls and hopes.

Tuberculosis is a serious respiratory infectious disease, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. It has always represented a permanent, serious public health challenge over the course of human history, because of its severe epidemiological, clinical and societal implications. The present review aims at over-viewing the contributions of the Iranian medicine to the control, management and treatment of tuberculosis, from the glorious past of the eighth-ninth centuries to the present, from Ali Abu al-Hasan Ahmad ibn Sahl-e Rabban al-Tabari to Rhazes, Avicenna, Jorjani and Abolhassan Ziya-Zarifi. However, despite the efforts, tuberculosis and, in particular, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis still represent a great public health concern in Iran. On the other hand, this country can capitalize on its millennial, incredibly rich story of major achievements in the battle against tuberculosis to develop and implement ad hoc public health programs for the control of the disorder, including targeted and specialized interventions.

Tuberculosis in Siena: evolution of the disease and its treatment, from the Unification of Italy to the 1930s.

Between the end of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century, the city of Siena experienced elevated tuberculosis-related morbidity and mortality, to the point that on January 1, 1929 the newspaper La Nazione wrote that "Siena ranks second in the official Tuberculosis (TB) incidence rate". The author presents statistical data relating to a time span ranging from 1898 to 1935, interpreting them in light of social and sanitary conditions found in the city. The result is an exhaustive picture of the most important actions implemented at city level to prevent tuberculosis and to assist and treat the sick, such as: the creation of seaside hospices conceived by Carlo Livi for children suffering from scrofula, as well as centers committed to the prevention of childhood poverty and malnutrition; the realization of activities in the green areas of the ramparts of the Fortress, upon recommendation by the great hygienist Achille Sclavo; the establishment of a Preventorium on the premises of the Monastery of Santa Maria Maddalena to accommodate children from families that included pulmonary tuberculosis patients, and countless activities carried out by the Anti-TB Dispensary. Of particular interest is the identification of the main cause of high TB incidence in the unhealthy houses located in some areas of Siena's district, which, in 1930 engendered a lively debate hinging upon the notion of building restoration.

Institutionalised isolation: tuberculosis nursing at Westwood Sanatorium, Queensland, Australia 1919-55.

From the mid nineteenth to mid twentieth century sanatoria loomed large in the popular consciousness as the space for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). A review of the historiography of sanatoria at the beginning of this paper shows that the nursing contribution to the care of TB patients is at best ignored and at worst attracts negative comment. Added to this TB nursing was not viewed as prestigious by contemporaries, leading to problems attracting recruits. Using a case study approach based on surviving archival material, this paper sets out to provide a glimpse of the work of TB nurses in a rural sanatorium at Westwood, Queensland, Australia. For the nurses geographical isolation was compounded by professional stagnation, which created a working environment influenced by friction and discord among the staff. It reveals how despite this, nurses coped with working in hostile conditions, to make the long stay of their patients, separated from their families and familiar life style more bearable.

[The importance of rest in sanatoria for tuberculous patients]. / Importancia del reposo en los sanatorios para tuberculosos.

Since ancient times the main indication for the treatment of pulmonary phthisis consisted in prescribing trips to better climates, horseback riding or walking outdoors. In the second half of the XIXth century, the concept of sanatoria for TB therapy was developed in Europe, in order to confine patients in premises where abundant food, exposition to pure air and graded exercises were provided. In those places, rest progressively acquired more importance, becoming a thoroughly established ritual. In the XXth century, the regulations for the recently founded Chilean sanatoriums incorporated European schedules. In the case of Hospital Sanatorio El Peral, the rules became progressively stricter until 1952, when permanent rest in bed was determined as the regime required. This rule could be explained by the policy of using this sanatorium for the treatment of more serious forms of the disease.

[The road from the "antituberculosis armory" to the Huipulco Tuberculosis Sanatorium in Mexico City, 1920-1940]. / Del "armamento antituberculoso" al Sanatorio para Tuberculosos de Huipulco en la Ciudad de México, 1920-1940.

This article discusses the various proposals and strategies to prevent the transmission of pulmonary tuberculosis in the City of Mexico from the 1920s decade onwards, when it was launched the first long-term campaign against the disease, and analyses the limitations and challenges faced until 1940. It looks upon the motives that led the need to contain the transmission of the disease to occupy a dominant role after ten years of civil war; it focuses on the models and strategies implemented, and examines the challenges faced by the construction and operation of the Huipulco Tuberculosis Sanatorium, a key component of the fight against tuberculosis at the international level since long ago.

Este artículo estudia las diferentes propuestas y estrategias para prevenir los contagios de la tuberculosis pulmonar implementadas en la Ciudad de México a partir de la década de 1920, al comenzar la primera campaña de largo aliento contra esa enfermedad, y analiza las limitaciones y problemas a los que ésta se enfrentó hasta 1940. Se destaca por qué la contención de los contagios de esa enfermedad ocupó un lugar prioritario después de diez años de guerra civil; se presta atención a los modelos y estrategias implementados y se examinan los problemas por lo que atravesó la construcción y el funcionamiento del Sanatorio para Tuberculosos de Huipulco, sustento clave de la lucha antituberculosa desde tiempo atrás a nivel internacional.