Honey as a bioindicator of environmental organochlorine insecticides contamination / Mel como bioindicador de contaminação ambiental de inseticidas organoclorados

Honey is a suitable matrix for the evaluation of environmental contaminants including organochlorine insecticides. The present study was conducted to evaluate residues of fifteen organochlorine insecticides in honey samples of unifloral and multifloral origins from Dir, Pakistan. Honey samples (5 g each) were extracted with GC grade organic solvents and then subjected to Rotary Evaporator till dryness. The extracts were then mixed with n-Hexane (5 ml) and purified through Column Chromatography. Purified extracts (1μl each) were processed through Gas Chromatograph coupled with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) for identification and quantification of the insecticides. Of the 15 insecticides tested, 46.7% were detected while 53.3% were not detected in the honey samples. Heptachlor was the most prevalent insecticide with a mean level of 0.0018 mg/kg detected in 80% of the samples followed by β-HCH with a mean level of 0.0016 mg/kg detected in 71.4% of the honey samples. Honey samples from Acacia modesta Wall. were 100% positive for Heptachlor with a mean level of 0.0048 mg/kg followed by β-HCH with a mean level of 0.003 mg/kg and frequency of 83.3%. Minimum levels of the tested insecticides were detected in the unifloral honey from Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Methoxychlor, Endosulfan, Endrin and metabolites of DDT were not detected in the studied honey samples. Some of the tested insecticides are banned in Pakistan but are still detected in honey samples indicating their use in the study area. The detected levels of all insecticides were below the Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) and safe for consumers. However, the levels detected can cause mortality in insect fauna. The use of banned insecticides is one of the main factors responsible for the declining populations of important insect pollinators including honeybees.

O mel é uma matriz adequada para a avaliação de contaminantes ambientais, incluindo inseticidas organoclorados. O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar resíduos de 15 inseticidas organoclorados em amostras de mel de origem unifloral e multifloral de Dir, Paquistão. Amostras de mel (5 g cada) foram extraídas com solventes orgânicos de grau GC e, em seguida, submetidas ao evaporador rotativo até a secura. Os extratos foram então misturados com n-hexano (5 ml) e purificados por cromatografia em coluna. Os extratos purificados (1μl cada) foram processados através de cromatógrafo gasoso acoplado a detector de captura de elétrons (GC-ECD) para identificação e quantificação dos inseticidas. Dos 15 inseticidas testados, 46,7% foram detectados enquanto 53,3% não foram detectados nas amostras de mel. O heptacloro foi o inseticida mais prevalente com um nível médio de 0,0018 mg / kg detectado em 80% das amostras, seguido por β-HCH com um nível médio de 0,0016 mg / kg detectado em 71,4% das amostras de mel. Amostras de mel da parede de Acacia modesta foram 100% positivos para heptacloro com um nível médio de 0,0048 mg / kg seguido por β-HCH com um nível médio de 0,003 mg / kg e frequência de 83,3%. Níveis mínimos dos inseticidas testados foram detectados no mel unifloral de Ziziphus jujuba da usina. Metoxicloro, Endosulfan, Endrin e metabólitos do DDT não foram detectados nas amostras de mel estudadas. Alguns dos inseticidas testados são proibidos no Paquistão, mas ainda são detectados em amostras de mel, indicando seu uso na área de estudo. Os níveis detectados de todos os inseticidas estavam abaixo dos Níveis Máximos de Resíduos (MRLs) e seguros para os consumidores. No entanto, os níveis detectados podem causar mortalidade na fauna de insetos. O uso de inseticidas proibidos é um dos principais fatores responsáveis pelo declínio das populações de importantes insetos polinizadores, incluindo as abelhas.

How do pesticides affect bats? - A brief review of recent publications / Como os pesticidas afetam os morcegos? - Uma breve revisão de publicações recentes

Increased agricultural production has been increased use of pesticides worldwide, which poses a threat to both human and environmental health. Recent studies suggest that several non-target organisms, from bees to mammals, show a wide variety of toxic effects of pesticides exposure, including impaired behavior, development and reproduction. Among mammals, bats are usually a neglected taxon among ecotoxicological studies, although they play important ecological and economical roles in forest ecosystems and agriculture through to seed dispersal and insect population control. Considering their wide variety of food habits, bats are exposed to environmental pollutants through food or water contamination, or through direct skin contact in their roosting areas. In order to better understand the risk posed by pesticides to bats populations, we compiled studies that investigated the main toxicological effects of pesticides in bats, aiming at contributing to discussion about the environmental risks associated with the use of pesticides.

O aumento da produção agrícola tem levado ao aumento do uso de pesticidas em todo o mundo, o que representa uma ameaça para a saúde humana e ambiental. Estudos recentes sugerem que vários organismos não-alvo, de abelhas a mamíferos, apresentam uma grande variedade de efeitos tóxicos após a exposição aos pesticidas a pesticidas, incluindo alterações de comportamento, no desenvolvimento e na reprodução. Entre os mamíferos, os morcegos geralmente são negligenciados entre os estudos ecotoxicológicos, embora desempenhem importantes papéis ecológicos e econômicos nos ecossistemas florestais e na agricultura por meio do controle de dispersão de sementes e de populações de insetos. Considerando sua ampla variedade de hábitos alimentares, eles estão expostos a poluentes ambientais através da contaminação de alimentos ou água, ou através do contato direto com a pele em suas áreas de descanso. Para entender melhor o risco que os agrotóxicos representam para as populações de morcegos, compilamos estudos que investigaram os principais efeitos toxicológicos de agrotóxicos em morcegos, visando à discussão sobre os riscos ambientais associados ao uso de agrotóxicos.

Residuos de pesticidas organoclorados en leche pasteurizada distribuida en Montería, Colombia / Organochlorine insecticide residues in pasteurized milk distributed in Monteria Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar y cuantificar residuos de pesticidas organoclorados en leche de vaca pasteurizada distribuida en la ciudad de Montería, Colombia. Materiales y Métodos Se colectaron y analizaron 144 muestras durante seis meses (junio-diciembre 2013) de ocho marcas comerciales identificadas como A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H. Mensualmente se realizó un muestreo simple por atributo. Los POCs (puntos de contacto) fueron determinados usando un cromatógrafo de gas con detector captura de electrones, columna capilar RTX-5 (30.0 m longitud x 0.25 mm diámetro interno, 0.25 µÎ¹τι espesor de película). Resultados En las muestras analizadas se observó la presencia de pesticidas organoclorados, excediendo el Límite Máximo Residual establecido por el Codex Alimentarius. Las concentraciones encontradas fueron: 0.53; 0.15; 0.57; 0.40; 0.22; 0.20; 0.014; 0.002 y 0.028 mg/Kg de Σα-HCH/ß-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, ΣAldrín/Dieldrín, ΣHeptacloro/Heptacloro epóxido, Endrín, α-Clordano, γ-Clordano y Endosulfán I, respectivamente. La marca con mayor número de residuos de pesticidas detectados durante el estudio fue la A. La marca G presentó mayor concentración de residuos de pesticidas totales con 1.46 mg/Kg. Las marcas C y D presentaron, concentraciones menores de 0.72 y 0.0016 mg/Kg, δ-HCH y γ-Clordano respectivamente. Conclusiones Las muestras de leche pasteurizada bajo estudio, presentan residuales de pesticidas organoclorados por encima del límite máximo residual establecidos por el Codex Alimentarius, indicando un riesgo para la salud pública especialmente para los niños que es un subgrupo de la población más vulnerable.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine and quantify organochlorine pesticide residues in pasteurized cow's milk distributed in the city of Monteria, Colombia. Materials and Methods 144 samples were collected and analyzed for six months (June-December 2013) from eight commercial brands identified as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H. Simple sampling by attribute was carried out monthly. The POC (points of contact) were determined using a gas chromatograph with electron capture detector, with a capillary column RTX-5 (30.0 m long x 0.25 mm internal diameter, 0.25 pm film thickness). Results The samples analyzed showed organochlorine pesticides, exceeding the maximum residue limit established by the Codex Alimentarius. The concentrations found were: 0.53; 0.15; 0.57; 0.40; 0.22; 0.20; 0.014; 0.002 and 0.028 mg/Kg of Σα-HCH/ß-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, ΣAldrin/Dieldrin, ΣHeptachlor/Heptachlor epoxide, Endrin, α-chlordane, γ- chlordane and Endosulfan I, respectively. The brand with the highest number of pesticide residues detected during the study was A. The G brand had the highest concentration of total pesticide residues with 1.46mg/Kg. The C and D brands had lower concentrations with 0.72 and 0.0016mg/Kg, and δ-HCH and γ- chlordane, respectively. Conclusions The samples of pasteurized milk under study had organochlorine pesticides residue levels above the maximum residue limit established by the Codex Alimentarius, indicating a risk to public health, especially in children, which the most vulnerable sub-group.(AU)

Determining organochlorine pesticides in samples of green sea turtles by QuEChERS approach / Determinação de pesticidas organoclorados em amostras de tartarugas verdes pelo método QuEChERS

Some Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) can pose numerous adverse effects on biota. Marine turtles face numerous threats, in particular those related to anthropogenic activities. Therefore, development and improvement methodologies for monitoring chemical compounds are a relevant task. In this work, we developed a methodology based on the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction for detection of twelve OCPs, by gas chromatography with electron capture detector, in fat and liver samples of green sea turtles. Quantification limits were lower than 5.3 ng g-1; acceptable recovery rates for most compounds; medium matrix effect; matrix-calibration with linearity at the range from 1.0 to 200 ng g-1. This methodology provides contributions for the study of pesticide residues with adverse effects on sea turtle health, important skills for new directions in conservation issues...

Alguns Pesticidas organoclorados (OCPs) podem causar numerosos efeitos adversos na biota. As tartarugas marinhas enfrentam diversas ameaças, em especial aquelas relacionadas às atividades antropogênicas, por isso o desenvolvimento de melhorias nos métodos para monitorar compostos químicos são tarefas importantes. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma metodologia baseada na extração QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) para a detecção de doze OCPs, por cromatografia gasosa com captura de elétrons, em amostras de gordura e fígado de tartarugas verdes. Os limites de quantificação ficaram abaixo de 5.3 ng g-1; com taxas de recuperação aceitáveis para a maioria de compostos; efeito matriz médio; calibração da matriz com linearidade variando de 1.0 a 200 ng g-1. Esta metodologia traz contribuições ao estudo de resíduos com efeito adverso na saúde das tartarugas marinhas, sendo importante instrumento para novas direções em temas de conservação...

Antioxidants, reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage associated to the presence of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk / Antioxidantes, especies reactivas de oxígeno y daño oxidativo asociado a la presencia de plaguicidas organoclorados en la leche materna

Introduction: Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) can increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the effects of which can be countered by the antioxidant system, also present in breast milk. Objective: To evaluate the indicators of oxidative stress in breast milk associated to the presence of OCPs, and their relationship with seafood intake. Methods: Breast milk was collected from 108 lactating women. Indicators of oxidative stress (antioxidant enzyme activity, glutathione concentration, superoxide radical [O2 •-] production, lipid peroxidation and carbonylated protein concentration) were analyzed by spectrophotometry. OCPs concentrations were measured by gas chromatography. Results and discussion: O2 •- production had no significant relationship with OCPs concentrations. Significant correlations between OCPs concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione reductase [GR] activity and aldrin concentration [r = - 0.5], superoxide dismutase [SOD] activity and α-HCH concentration [r = 0.45]) were found. Oxidative damage had a low correlation with OCPs content (r < 0.30, p < 0.05). It is possible that OCP’s levels are not sufficient to increase O2 •- production, that production of ROS other than O2 •- is increased, or that the antioxidant capacity is sufficient to avoid oxidative damage in breast milk. Conclusion: Results from this study suggest that marine diet is not a determinant factor in the level of contamination by OCP’s or in the oxidative damage in breast milk (AU)

Introducción: los plaguicidas organoclorados (POC) pueden incrementar la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO). Tales efectos pueden ser contrarrestados por el sistema antioxidante, el cual se encuentra también en la leche materna. Objetivo: evaluar los indicadores de estrés oxidativo en leche materna asociados a la presencia de POC y su relación con la ingesta de alimentos marinos. Métodos: la leche materna fue colectada de 108 mujeres lactantes. Los indicadores de estrés oxidativo (actividad enzimática antioxidante, concentración de glutatión, producción de radical superóxido [O2 •-], concentración de peroxidación de lípidos y carbonilos proteicos) se analizaron por espectrofotometría. Las concentraciones de POC se midieron por cromatografía de gases. Resultados y discusión: la producción de O2 •- no presentó relación significativa con las concentraciones de POC. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre las concentraciones de POC y la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes (actividad de glutatión reductasa [GR] y concentración de aldrín [r = - 0,5], actividad de superóxido dismutasa [SOD] y concentración de α-HCH [r = 0,45]). El daño oxidativo mostró baja correlación con el contenido de POC (r < 0,30, p < 0,05). Es posible que los niveles de POC no sean suficientes para incrementar la producción de O2 •-, ya sea que el incremento en la producción de ERO se deba a especies reactivas diferentes a O2 •- o debido a que la capacidad antioxidante es suficiente para evitar el daño oxidativo en leche materna. Conclusión: los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la dieta marina no es un factor determinante en el nivel de contaminación por POC, ni en el daño oxidativo presente en leche materna (AU)

Exposición a plaguicidas persistentes y no persistentes en población no expuesta laboralmente de la isla de Tenerife / Exposure to persistent and non-persistent pesticides in a non-occupationally exposed population in Tenerife Island (Spain)

Objetivo: La exposición crónica a plaguicidas no persistentes se ha relacionado con diversas patologías crónicas; sin embargo, pocos estudios han evaluado la exposición a plaguicidas no persistentes en población española. Métodos: En 2007 se determinó la presencia de 24 plaguicidas mediante cromatografía de gases/espectometría de masas en 363 muestras de suero de adultos no laboralmente expuestos de Tenerife. Resultados: El 99,45% presentaron residuos (6 ± 2 plaguicidas/muestra). Los plaguicidas más frecuentes fueron piretroides (96,1%), organofosforados (93,9%) y organoclorados (92,3%). En el 81% de los sujetos se detectaron bifentrina y malatión, considerados neurotóxicos, y en el 50% hexaclorobenceno, DDT y buprofezina. El malatión, un "obesógeno ambiental", se detectó en el 82%, y plaguicidas considerados "disruptores endocrinos" en el 97,2% de las muestras. Conclusiones: Existe una exposición inadvertida a plaguicidas no persistentes que puede afectar a la salud de nuestra población, por lo que se hace necesario incluirlos en los estudios de monitorización (AU)

Objective: Chronic exposure to non-persistent pesticides (NPPs) is of concern because these substances have been associated with chronic diseases. However, few studies have addressed chronic exposure to NPPs in Spanish populations. Methods: We determined the presence of 24 pesticide residues by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in 363 serum samples obtained from non-occupationally exposed adults from Tenerife island in 2007. Results: Most of the samples (99.45%) showed detectable residues (6 ± 2 pesticides per sample). The most frequently detected pesticides were pyrethrins (96.1%), organophosphates (93.9%) and organochlorines (92.3%). The neurotoxicants bifenthrin and malathion were detected in 81% of the samples and hexachlorobenzene DDT and buprofezin in more than 50%. Malation, an "environmental obesogen", was detected in 82%, and "endocrine disrupter" pesticides were present in 97.2% of the samples. Conclusions: Because there is clear, continuous and inadvertent exposure to NPPs that may be inducing adverse effects on human health, NPPs should be included in biomonitoring studies (AU)

Determinación de residuos de plaguicidas en trabajadores agrícolas del municipio de Barcelona, Quindío, Colombia / Determination of pesticide levels in farmers working in the Barcelona municipality, Quindio, Colombia

Objetivos: En este trabajo se determinaron los niveles de residualidad de plaguicidas organoclorados y organofosforados en muestras de sangre periférica de trabajadores agrícolas –fumigadores– en el municipio de Barcelona, Quindío, Colombia. Método: Los trabajadores fueron escogidos al azar dentro de los principales cultivos abastecedores de frutas y verduras de la región. Para la extracción y determinación de los analitos en sangre, se usó la técnica de micro-extracción en fase sólida en modo head space y cromatografía de gases capilar dotado con un detector de micro captura de electrones. Resultados: Como resultado se encontraron residuos de 21 plaguicidas de tipo organoclorados y organofosforados; la mayoría de estos en alta concentración (>0.01 ppm) y prohibidos por la legislación nacional e internacional, sugiriendo que aún siguen siendo utilizados ilegalmente. De la residualidad encontrada, los plaguicidas más representativos fueron: beta-BHC y endosulfan, hallados en el 50 por ciento de las personas evaluadas. Asimismo, se descubrió que entre el 20 y 40 por ciento de las personas tenían residuos de endrin aldehído, forato, sulfotep, disulfoton y thionazin, en circunstancia que la mayoría de estos son de categoría toxicología I y II, comprobando el alto riesgo al que se exponen constantemente los individuos que aplican estos compuestos y la falta de atención e información por parte de las entidades responsables de autorización y fiscalización de su uso. Conclusiones: En este sentido, los resultados encontrados en este trabajo demuestran la importancia de continuar con los estudios de monitoreo y control de calidad de los principales alimentos, fuentes hídricas y trabajadores agrícolas, para así informar a la población acerca de los riesgos a los que está expuesta.

Aim: To determine the levels of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in peripheral blood samples of farm-workers in Barcelona, Quindío, Colombia. Methods: Farm-workers were randomly chosen to cover the major suppliers of fruits and vegetables crops in the region. Solid phase micro extraction in head space mode and capillary gas chromatography with a micro electron capture detector were used for extraction and determination of analytes from blood. Results: Twenty-one pesticides residues among organochlorine and organophosphorusclasses were found. Most of these pesticides were at high concentrations (>0.01 ppm) and represented concentrations forbidden by national and international legislation. Beta-BHC and endosulfan were found in 50 percent of persons tested. Residues of endrinaldehyde, phorate, sulfotep, disulfoton and thionazinwere found amongst 20-40 percent of the persons tested. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the high risks that farm-workers are exposed to, suggesting poor attention and provision of information by entities responsible for permits and supervision. Furthermore, we highlight the need for monitoring and quality control of food, water sources and farm-workers, and the necessity to inform workers and the community of the risks to which they are exposed.

Vías de exposición a plaguicidas en escolares de la Provincia de Talca, Chile / Exposure pathways to pesticides in schoolchildren in the Province of Talca, Chile

Objetivo Describir la concentración de plaguicidas en diferentes matrices ambientales en dos períodos de tiempo (baja y alta producción agrícola local) y estimar la asociación entre la presencia de residuos de plaguicidas en las matrices y su uso en el hogar con variables sociodemográficas de escolares de la Provincia de Talca. Métodos Estudio de diseño transversal en 190 escolares. Se encuestó a las familias para conocer el consumo de vegetales de los escolares en la escuela y en el hogar, el uso de plaguicidas en el hogar y otras variables sociodemográficas. También se midieron los residuos de plaguicidas en vegetales y agua consumidos por los escolares y en el suelo de 14 escuelas. Resultados La matriz vegetal presenta la mayor concentración de residuos en ambos períodos de tiempo, tanto en escolares urbanos como rurales. Los residuos de plaguicidas más frecuentes en los vegetales fueron clorpirifos, difenilamina, pirimetanil y tiabendazol. En los hogares se usan principalmente piretroides y organofosforados en la época de verano. Se encontraron residuos de plaguicidas peligrosos, como azinfos metil y dimetoato, en vegetales consumidos por los escolares en las escuelas y hogares, y de organoclorados en el suelo de algunas escuelas. Conclusiones Se sugiere elaborar propuestas de prevención y control de la exposición a plaguicidas en la población escolar, y evaluar los efectos en la salud de los escolares (AU)

Objective To describe pesticide concentrations in distinct environmental matrices at two time points (low and high seasons in local agricultural production) and to estimate the association between the presence of pesticide residues in matrices and the use of pesticides in the home with the sociodemographic variables of schoolchildren in the Province of Talca, Chile. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 190 schoolchildren. Families were surveyed about their children's vegetable consumption in school and at home, the use of pesticides in the home, and other sociodemographic variables. Additionally, we measured pesticide residues in vegetables and water consumed by the schoolchildren and in the soil of 14 schools. Results At both time points, the vegetable matrix had the highest pesticide concentration, both in urban and rural schoolchildren. The most common pesticide residues in vegetables were chlorpyrifos, diphenylamine, pyrimethanil, and thiabendazole. In the home, pyrethroid and organophosphate pesticides were mainly used in summer. Dangerous pesticide residues such as azinphos methyl and dimethoate were found in vegetables consumed by the children in schools and households, and organochlorines were found in the soil in some schools. Conclusions Pesticide exposure should be limited and the health effects related to pesticide exposure should be assessed in the school population (AU)

Evaluación de la exposición ambiental a plaguicidas orgánicos persistentes en dos barrios de la provincia de Córdoba / Assessment of environmental exposure to persistent organic pesticides in two neighborhoods of the province of Corodba

Se determinó la concentración de plaguicidas organoclorados en 167 muestras de sangre entera de habitantes de dos barrios (Sitio Nº 1 y Sitio Nº 2) de la provincia de Córdoba ubicados en los alrededores de depósitos de plaguicidas obsoletos. La presencia de plaguicidas se determinó por cromatografía gaseosa con detector de captura electrónica utilizando columnas capilares de distinta polaridad. Los plaguicidas más frecuentemente encontrados fueron p,p’-DDE, β-HCH y HCB. La máxima concentración detectada fue 7,31 μg/l y correspondió a p,p’-DDE. El β-HCH mostró valores más altos que los otros isómeros en la familia de los hexaclorociclohexanos (HCH). Se observó buena correlación entre la concentración de p,p’-DDE yla edad tal como se esperaba para un contaminante persistente y bioacumulable. El trabajo aporta información sobre los niveles de plaguicidas organoclorados en sangre en una población con exposición ambiental estudiada frente a denuncias periodísticas y de los mismos habitantes del lugar.

Organochlorine pesticides were analyzed in 167 samples of whole blood colleted from people from two different sites in the province of Córdoba (Site Nº 1 and Site Nº 2). These sites were close to unused pesticides store. The presence of pesticides was determined by gas-chromatography with electron-capture detection using capillary columns. p,p’-DDE, β-HCH and HCB were the most frequently pesticide detected. The highest concentration found was 7,31 μg/l of p,p’-DDE. β-HCH showed highest values than its two isomers. As expected, significant relationship was found between the level of p,p’-DDE andthe age, since the former is a persistent and bioacumulative compound. This paper shows the organochlorine pesticides levels in a population with environmental exposure.

Contaminación por compuestos organoclorados en algunos alimentos procedentes de una región de México / Contamination by organochlorine compounds in some foodstuffs from Region of Mexico

Foram determinados os resíduos de praguicidas organoclorados em ovos e queijos da populaçäo agrícola da Villa de Ahome, Sinaloa, México, mediante cromatografia gás-líquido com detector de captura de elétrons. Nos ovos, os compostos detectados com maior freqüência e concentraçäo foram: epóxido de heptacloro, p,p'-DDT e p,p'-DDE; nos queijos os contaminantes mais freqüentes foram: dieldrín e p,p'-DDE. Simultaneamente foi realizado na Villa de Ahome um estudo epidemiológico preliminar no qual se detectou várias manifestaçöes patológicas nas pessoas entrevistadas e em seus familiares

Plaguicidas en la dieta: aportando piezas al rompecabezas / Pesticides in the diet: adding pieces to the puzzle

Objetivos: Mejorar la informacion sobre la exposicion a plaguicidas mediante la dieta en nuestro pais con la presentación de los resultados de deteccion de 88 parametros de (..) (AU)

Objectives: To improve information on exposure to pesticides through diet in Spain by reporting the results on 88 pesticide parameters in 1,109 (AU)

Plaguicidas organoclorados en leche cruda comercializada en Jujuy (Argentina) / Organochlorine pesticides in commercial raw milk in Jujuy (Argentina)

Los plaguicidas organoclorados fueron muy utilizadostanto en las campañas de Salud Pública como en las prácticasagrícolas desde la década del '70. Cuando fueron confirmadosresiduos de éstos tóxicos en tejidos grasos de animales y personas asícomo la gran estabilidad en el ambiente y su movilización en todo elplaneta, su uso fue restringido y en algunos casos prohibidos. Sinembargo, aún hoy se detectan residuos de organoclorados endiferentes estratos y aún hoy se comercializan y utilizan productosaltamente tóxicos. El principal objetivo de esta investigación fuedeterminar cualicuantitativamente la presencia de plaguicidasorganoclorados en leche cruda producida en el Departamento Dr. M.Belgrano y que es consumida en San Salvador de Jujuy (Jujuy-Argentina).Se analizaron 20 muestras de leche cruda provenientes de 5 tambosexpendedores en la ciudad. Se utilizó cromatografía de gases paraidentificación y cuantificación de residuos. Se detectaron residuos dea-HCH (hexaclorocicloexano) en el 55% de las muestras de lecheanalizadas; DDT y sus metabolitos en el 35% de las muestras; a y bendosulfán en el 30% de las muestras analizadas; lindano en el 5% delas muestras siendo un producto restringido para campos de pastoreo;heptacloro epóxido exógeno, endrín, trans-clordano,difenildiclorotricloroetano, entre otros. Algunos residuos superabanlos Límites Máximos Permitidos, particularmente el trans-clordano,según la legislación vigente, mientras otros se encontraban pordebajo de dichos límites. Se detectaron residuos de plaguicidasutilizados en las prácticas agrícolas de explotaciones tabacalerasvecinas a los tambos.La calidad bromatológica de las muestras provenientes de todos lostambos es buena ya que cumplen con las condiciones establecidas porel Código Alimentario Argentino, a pesar que está prohibida lacomercialización de leche directamente del productor al consumidor.(..) (AU)

Organo chlorine pesticides are widely used in both public health campaigns and agricultural practices since the'70s.The confirmation of organo chlorine residues in human and animal fat tissues as well as its great stability in the environment and its mobilization throughout the planet made its use restricted and evenbanned. However, organochlorine residues are still detected indifferent strata; and currently, highly toxic products are still commercialized. The main objective of this work was the qualitative and quantitative determination of organochlorine pesticides in raw milk that is produced for human consumption in the Dr. M. BelgranoDepartment in San Salvador de Jujuy (Jujuy- Argentina).Raw milk samples from local dairy farms were analyzed. Gaschromatography was used to identify and quantify pesticide residues. Among the detected residues were: endosulfan (30% samples), lindane (5%), exogen heptachlor epoxide, end rine, trans-chlordane, hexachlorocyclohexane (55%), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT) residues. Some of these residue levels were higher than the maximum allowed by the current (trans-clordane) local legislation while others were below the limits. It was also detected residues of pesticides used in agricultural practices of neighboring tobaccoplantations.The bromatological quality of the samples from all the dairy farmsmet the Código Alimentario Argentino requirements. Even tough direct producer-consumer commercialization is illegal in Argentina; this ban is not strictly enforced. All the samples analyzed contained residues of at least one organo chlorine pesticide, and although they were in small concentrations they represent a health hazard since this type of food is for the elderly, children and the sick (AU)

Residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en leches infantiles y productos lácteos y su evaluación del riesgo / Risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides residues in infant milks and milk products

Se considera que la población infantil es el grupo mas sensible a los contaminantes provenientes de la ingesta de alimentos y debido a la alta relación consumo/ peso corporal. En vista de la problemática mundial de la contaminación ambiental por plaguicidas en Argentina no existe hasta el momento información sobre ingestas deplaguicidas y evaluación del riesgo en este grupo. Los alimentos infantiles (leches y productos lácteos) cubren una parte importante de los requerimientos nutricionales diarios para esta población pero al mismo tiempo puede contribuir con la exposición a contaminantes.El presente trabajo fue realizado a fin de investigar plaguicidas en alimentos especialmente desarrollados y recomendados para neonatos y niños. Se analizaron residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en 50 muestras de leches maternizadas y en 51 muestrasde productos lácteos (postres y yugures) recogidas en el mercado local de Buenos Aires durante el período febrero de 2001 a diciembre de 2003. La investigación fue realizada mediante cromatografía gaseosa con detector de captura de electrones e inyección automática. Los resultados fueron expresados en ng/mL y se consideraron los siguientes grupos: €Aldrinas;€Clordano; €DDT; €Endosulfán; €HCH; €Heptacloro; Endrin; HCB y Lindano. Con los resultados obtenidos se calculó la Ingesta Diaria Estimada (IDE) en base al consumo de alimentos lácteos y el peso corporal. Los resultados fueron comparados con las IDAs recomendadas por el Codex Alimentarius. De las 101 muestras analizadas el 10 % no contiene ninguno de los plaguicidas investigados, 24,8% contiene al menos un pesticida, 19,7% contiene dos y el 2 % mostró evidencia de siete u ocho plaguicidas organoclorados de los diferentes grupos. De todos los grupos de pesticidas investigados las €Aldrinas y €DDT tuvieron porcentajes representativos (32%), y el€Heptachlor y €HCH las frecuencias mas elevadas, (57%) y (53%) respectivamente...

Children population is considered the most sensitive group to contaminants by food intake due to the high ratio food consumption/ body weight. Despite the worldwide problematic of pesticides environmental pollution in Argentine untilthis moment does not exist data about pesticide intake and risk assessment in this group. Baby food (milk and milk products) cover an important part of the daily nutritional requirements of this population but as the same time could contribute with the exposure to contaminants. The present work was aimed to investigate pesticides in products specially manufactured and recommended for neonates andinfants. Organochlorine pesticides residues were assessed on 50 milk samples and 51 milk products colleted at different local markets at Buenos Aires, between February 2001 and December 2003. The pesticides determination was performed by gas chromatography electron capture detection. The results were expressed in ng/mL and it was considered the following groups:€Aldrins; €Chlordane; €DDT; €Endosulfan; €HCH; €Heptachlor; Endrin; HCB and Lindane. With the result obtained the Estimate Daily Intake (EDI) was calculated on the basis of the daily consumption and the average body weight. The result obtained wascompared with the Acceptable Dialy Intake (ADI) recommended by the Codex Alimentarius. Among 101 samples analyzed, 10% did not contain pesticides residues, 24.8% contained at least one pesticide, 19.7% containedtwo and 2% showed evidence of seven and eight organochlorine pesticides. Among all pesticides groups investigated€Aldrins and €DDT had representative percentages (32%), and €Heptachlor (57%) and €HCH (53%) were the highest frequency groups...

Resíduos organoclorados em sangue humano, em regiões definidas do Rio Grande do Sul / Organochlorine residues in human blood samples collected in 5 different regions in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Organochlorine residues were analyzed in human blood. Samples were collected from 122 individuals. Tissues donors were groupes according to their place of residency in two groups: one urban and one of residents of areas of intensive agricultural activity: all individuals were from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The following organochlorine residue were analyzed: ‡-HCH; ƒÁ-HCH; Aldrin; Dieldrin Endrin;Heptachloride: Epoxi Heptacloride; HCB; Mirex; o,p DDD; o,p DDT; Oxychlordane; p.p metoxychlor; p,p DDD; p.p DDE; p,p DDT, aqnd Transnonachlor (Detection limit = 0,010 ƒÊg/L). All individuals completed a questionnaire on age, sex, weight, occupation, place of residency, and contact with pesticides. All urban samples were negative for the organochlorines analyzed. Samples collected in the areas of agricultural activity were positive on a 10.5 per cent level. The results of the analyses of the present study were compared to results of previus studies also carried out in Rio Grande do Sul. This comparison showed a decrease over time in the incidence of organochlorines...

Residues of organochloric pesticides in reservoirs in Säo Paulo State

Descreve-se e discute-se a concentraçäo de pesticidas organoclorados em águas de 38 reservatórios de sete bacias hidrográfica localizadas no Estado de Säo Paulo. Em todas as amostras analisadas, foram encontrados resíduos de BHC e DDT. A bacia hidrográfica mais contaminada por BHC mostrou valores da ordem de 0,0014 mg/l, enquanto a menos contaminada apresentou valores da ordem de 0,004 mg/l. O DDT e o BHC estavam presentes em concentraçöes mais altas nos mesmos reservatórios. A menor concentraçäo de DDT foi de 0,0002 mg/l. Os demais resíduos tais como Heptacloro, Clordana, Aldrin, Dieldrin e Endrin apresentaram distribuiçäo muito variável, com valores da ordem de 10**-5 a 10**-4 mg/l, os quais podem ser considerados, separadamente, como traços, mas tornam-se significativos em conjunto. Foi possível mostrar que reservatórios situados em bacias hidrográfica com atividades agrícolas mais intensas apresentaram níveis de DDT e BHC mais elevados. As concentraçöes desses pesticidass foram, na maioria das represas, menores do que aqueles comumente citados na literatura para lagos e represas de regiöes temperadas. Todavia o incremento de atividades agrícolas poderá provocar aumento nos níveis desses resíduos nas águas dos rios e represas do Estado de Säo Paulo, bem como em outras partes do sul do Brasil nos próximo anos

Resíduos de praguicidas organoclorados em peixes da Represa do Ribeiräo do Lobo (Broa), Säo Carlos, Säo Paulo / Organochloric pesticides residues in fishes of Represa do Ribeiräo do Lobo (Broa), Säo Carlos, Säo Paulo

O presente trabalho teve por finalidade a deteminaçäo de resíduos de organoclorados em peixes da represa do ribeiräo do Lobo (Broa). As amostras foram analisadas pelo método de cromatografia gasosa com detector de captura de elétrons. Nessas análises foram encontradas resíduos de Aldrin, BHC, Clordane, DDE, DDT, Dieldrin, Endossulfan, Heptacloro e Lindane. As concentraçöes destes praguicidas säo inferiores àquelas encontradas em outras regiöes, bem como säo compatíveis com os limites de tolerância para alimentos permitidos no Brasil e em outros países. Apesar desses resultados mostrarem que a contaminaçäo dos peixes näo é täo elevada até o momento, näo deixa de servir de alerta, pois estes compostos interferem na dinâmica dos ecossistemas

Biological monitoring of organochlorine pesticides using Anodontites trapesialis (Lam, 1819), (Bivalvia: Mycetopodidae) in a lotic environment-urban sewage

The contribution of domestic and industrial waste to the discharge of organochlorine compounds into the Pardo river, the major body of water in the northeast region of the state of São Paulo, was studied through the biological monitoring of the limnal bivalve anodontites trapesialis. The method used was gas-phase chromatography using a CG 35370 chromatograph. The results showed the abscense of organochlorine pesticide waste from the urban sewage of the city of Ribeirão Preto.

Monitoramento de resíduos de pesticidas em alimentos comercializados no Estado de Säo Paulo em 1994 / Monitoring of pesticides residues in commercialized food in the State of Säo Paulo in 1994

Como parte do programa de monitoramento realizado em 1994, com o propósito de avaliar as condiçoes dos alimentos consumidos pela populaçao do Estado de Sao Paulo, quanto aos resíduos de organoclorados e organofosforados, foram realizadas 4.809 determinaçoes em 242 amostras de alimentos básicos, que chegam aos consumidores através das redes de mercados. Utilizou-se para as análises o método multirresíduo seguido de cromatografia gasosa com detector de captura de elétrons, tendo como limite de determinaçao para pesticidas organoclorados e organofosforados O.01 mg/kg e O.02 mg/kg, respectivamente. Todos os alimentos pesquisados apresentaram níveis satisfatórios para os pesticidas analisados, exceto uma amostra de tomate com O.01 mg/kg (ppm) de Endosulfan, nao permitido pela legislaçao, indicando emprego inadequado para esta cultura.

Biological monitoring of organochlorides using the limnic bisalves anodontites trapesialis: (Lam., 1819)

The mussel Anodontites trapesialis (Lam, 1819) was used as an indicator of organochloride pollutans in the Canoas River, located in the municpality of Mococa (21-25'08"S and 47W), State of Säo Paulo, Brazil. Biological monitoring was performed for one year at the site of an orange grove on the left bank of the river. Forty-five animals were placed in aluminum enclosures on the river bottom at this site and 4 animals were sacrificed for pesticide analysis at 3-month intevals, each corrsponding to one season of the year. Pesticides were extracted by the method of Bedford et al., (1968), modified, and the analyses were performed bay gas phase chromatography equipped with an elelctron capture detector. The aninals were found to have been exposed to DDT. Lindane and Heptachlor. Variation in Aldrin and Dieldrin levels was not significant enough to permit inferences. Endrin was not detected in any of the analyses

Restos de insecticidas en la leche materna de madres panamenas / Insecticides residues in milk of Panamanian mothers

Se estudia el contenido de DDT y de sus metabolitos en la leche de madres panameñas. Aun cuando el promedio de DDT total fue tres veces superior al observado en países europeos (Italia, Gran Bretaña, Alemania Federal y Francia) el resultado ubica a la población panameña dentro de los valores observados en países de la región, como Guatemala. El autor cree que las cifras obtenidas demuestran que no existe un riesgo agudo para la salud de los nenes; pero que es recomendable reducir al máximo la exposición de las embarazadas a los insecticidas y hacer que se mantengan con una dieta haja en lípidos