RESUMEN
Human achievements are often preceded by repeated attempts that fail, but little is known about the mechanisms that govern the dynamics of failure. Here, building on previous research relating to innovation1-7, human dynamics8-11 and learning12-17, we develop a simple one-parameter model that mimics how successful future attempts build on past efforts. Solving this model analytically suggests that a phase transition separates the dynamics of failure into regions of progression or stagnation and predicts that, near the critical threshold, agents who share similar characteristics and learning strategies may experience fundamentally different outcomes following failures. Above the critical point, agents exploit incremental refinements to systematically advance towards success, whereas below it, they explore disjoint opportunities without a pattern of improvement. The model makes several empirically testable predictions, demonstrating that those who eventually succeed and those who do not may initially appear similar, but can be characterized by fundamentally distinct failure dynamics in terms of the efficiency and quality associated with each subsequent attempt. We collected large-scale data from three disparate domains and traced repeated attempts by investigators to obtain National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants to fund their research, innovators to successfully exit their startup ventures, and terrorist organizations to claim casualties in violent attacks. We find broadly consistent empirical support across all three domains, which systematically verifies each prediction of our model. Together, our findings unveil detectable yet previously unknown early signals that enable us to identify failure dynamics that will lead to ultimate success or failure. Given the ubiquitous nature of failure and the paucity of quantitative approaches to understand it, these results represent an initial step towards the deeper understanding of the complex dynamics underlying failure.
Asunto(s)
Logro , Emprendimiento/estadística & datos numéricos , Organización de la Financiación/estadística & datos numéricos , Aprendizaje , Ciencia , Medidas de Seguridad/estadística & datos numéricos , Terrorismo/estadística & datos numéricos , Conjuntos de Datos como Asunto , Emprendimiento/economía , Organización de la Financiación/economía , Humanos , Invenciones , Inversiones en Salud/economía , Modelos Teóricos , National Institutes of Health (U.S.) , Investigadores/psicología , Investigadores/normas , Investigadores/estadística & datos numéricos , Ciencia/economía , Medidas de Seguridad/economía , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Presupuestos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Gobierno Federal , Investigadores , Ciencia/economía , Ciencia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Medidas de Seguridad/economía , Medidas de Seguridad/legislación & jurisprudencia , China , Conducta Competitiva , Cooperación Internacional/legislación & jurisprudencia , Invenciones/economía , Invenciones/legislación & jurisprudencia , Ciencia Militar , Política , Estados Unidos , Universidades/economíaAsunto(s)
Presupuestos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Gobierno Federal , Calentamiento Global/legislación & jurisprudencia , Calentamiento Global/prevención & control , Ciencia Militar/economía , Ciencia Militar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Pandemias/legislación & jurisprudencia , Conflictos Armados/economía , Conflictos Armados/prevención & control , Conflictos Armados/estadística & datos numéricos , Inteligencia Artificial , COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/economía , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Clima Extremo , Calentamiento Global/economía , Objetivos , Humanos , Cooperación Internacional/legislación & jurisprudencia , Pandemias/economía , Pandemias/prevención & control , Neumonía Viral/economía , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Neumonía Viral/prevención & control , Medidas de Seguridad/economía , Medidas de Seguridad/legislación & jurisprudencia , Violencia/prevención & control , Violencia/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
A strategic multilateral dialogue related to biosecurity risks in Southeast Asia, established in 2014, now includes participants from Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and the United States. This dialogue is conducted at the nonministerial level, enabling participants to engage without the constraints of operating in their official capacities. Participants reflect on mechanisms to detect, mitigate, and respond to biosecurity risks and highlight biosecurity issues for national leadership. Participants have also identified factors to improve regional and global biosecurity, including improved engagement and collaboration across relevant ministries and agencies, sustainable funding for biosecurity programs, enhanced information sharing for communicable diseases, and increased engagement in international biosecurity forums.
Asunto(s)
Contención de Riesgos Biológicos , Medidas de Seguridad , Asia Sudoriental , Contención de Riesgos Biológicos/economía , Salud Global , Cooperación Internacional , Medidas de Seguridad/economíaAsunto(s)
Presupuestos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Gobierno Federal , Salud Global/economía , Salud Global/tendencias , Cooperación Internacional/legislación & jurisprudencia , Ciencia/economía , Ciencia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Niño , Difusión de Innovaciones , Humanos , Medidas de Seguridad/economía , Medidas de Seguridad/legislación & jurisprudencia , Tecnología/economía , Tecnología/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados Unidos , United States Agency for International DevelopmentAsunto(s)
Planificación en Desastres/economía , Brotes de Enfermedades/economía , Gastos en Salud , Infecciones/economía , Infecciones/epidemiología , Medidas de Seguridad/economía , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/economía , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/mortalidad , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/prevención & control , Planificación en Desastres/tendencias , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Salud Global/economía , Salud Global/tendencias , Humanos , Infecciones/mortalidad , Cooperación Internacional , Pandemias/economía , Pandemias/prevención & control , Política Pública , Asociación entre el Sector Público-Privado/economía , Medidas de Seguridad/tendencias , Virus ZikaRESUMEN
Is security an investment or a cost? Since the preventative value of security is difficult to prove, each professional security practitioner must do his or her best to take existing data and translate it into a language that the C-Suite will understand, the author says. In this article he describes ways that appropriate resourcesfor security in the healthcare environment can be validated.
Asunto(s)
Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Administradores de Hospital/psicología , Medidas de Seguridad/economía , Costos y Análisis de CostoRESUMEN
National security organizations in the United States, including the armed services and the intelligence community, have developed a close relationship with the scientific establishment. The latest technology often fuels warfighting and counter-intelligence capacities, providing the tactical advantages thought necessary to maintain geopolitical dominance and national security. Neuroscience has emerged as a prominent focus within this milieu, annually receiving hundreds of millions of Department of Defense dollars. Its role in national security operations raises ethical issues that need to be addressed to ensure the pragmatic synthesis of ethical accountability and national security.
Asunto(s)
Experimentación Humana/ética , Medicina Militar/ética , Neurociencias/ética , Medidas de Seguridad/economía , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/administración & dosificación , Cognición , Ética en Investigación , Humanos , Medicina Militar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Personal Militar/psicología , Neurociencias/economía , Neurociencias/métodos , Medidas de Seguridad/organización & administración , Estimulación Magnética Transcraneal , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Atención a la Salud , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/epidemiología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/prevención & control , Cooperación Internacional , África Occidental/epidemiología , Atención a la Salud/economía , Atención a la Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Brotes de Enfermedades/economía , Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/economía , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/transmisión , Humanos , Liberia/epidemiología , Personal Militar , Medidas de Seguridad/economía , Medidas de Seguridad/organización & administración , Naciones Unidas/economía , Naciones Unidas/organización & administración , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
This article presents a framework for economic consequence analysis of terrorism countermeasures. It specifies major categories of direct and indirect costs, benefits, spillover effects, and transfer payments that must be estimated in a comprehensive assessment. It develops a spreadsheet tool for data collection, storage, and refinement, as well as estimation of the various components of the necessary economic accounts. It also illustrates the usefulness of the framework in the first assessment of the tradeoffs between enhanced security and changes in commercial activity in an urban area, with explicit attention to the role of spillover effects. The article also contributes a practical user interface to the model for emergency managers.
Asunto(s)
Comercio , Medidas de Seguridad/economía , Terrorismo/prevención & control , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/envenenamiento , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Humanos , Modelos Económicos , Modelos Estadísticos , Medición de Riesgo , Sarín/envenenamiento , Televisión/economía , Terrorismo/economía , Estados Unidos , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
The author, who has managed both in-house and contracted security services, states unequivocally that hospitals can save money by hiring a security company, but cautions that there may be other considerations involved. In this article he provides guidance on making valid and meaningful comparisons between the two options.
Asunto(s)
Toma de Decisiones en la Organización , Hospitales , Servicios Externos , Medidas de Seguridad , Servicios Externos/economía , Reorganización del Personal , Medidas de Seguridad/economía , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Hundreds of billions of dollars have been spent in homeland security since September 11, 2001. Many mathematical models have been developed to study strategic interactions between governments (defenders) and terrorists (attackers). However, few studies have considered the tradeoff between equity and efficiency in homeland security resource allocation. In this article, we fill this gap by developing a novel model in which a government allocates defensive resources among multiple potential targets, while reserving a portion of defensive resources (represented by the equity coefficient) for equal distribution (according to geographical areas, population, density, etc.). Such a way to model equity is one of many alternatives, but was directly inspired by homeland security resource allocation practice. The government is faced with a strategic terrorist (adaptive adversary) whose attack probabilities are endogenously determined in the model. We study the effect of the equity coefficient on the optimal defensive resource allocations and the corresponding expected loss. We find that the cost of equity (in terms of increased expected loss) increases convexly in the equity coefficient. Furthermore, such cost is lower when: (a) government uses per-valuation equity; (b) the cost-effectiveness coefficient of defense increases; and (c) the total defense budget increases. Our model, results, and insights could be used to assist policy making.
Asunto(s)
Asignación de Recursos , Medidas de Seguridad/economía , Presupuestos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Obtaining effective security resourcing and staffing for smaller healthcare facilities presents many difficulties, according to the author In this article, he provides guidance to security practitioners on taking existing data and translating it into a language that administration will understand and appreciate.
Asunto(s)
Sistemas de Apoyo a Decisiones Administrativas , Administración de Instituciones de Salud , Admisión y Programación de Personal/organización & administración , Medidas de Seguridad/organización & administración , Humanos , Admisión y Programación de Personal/economía , Admisión y Programación de Personal/normas , Medidas de Seguridad/economía , Medidas de Seguridad/normasRESUMEN
Implementing management science into security isn't hard and is more necessary than ever according to the author who presents and illustrates a five point plan that he says will get the security job done easier and with more commitment from the Board.
Asunto(s)
Administración Financiera de Hospitales/organización & administración , Administración Hospitalaria/economía , Medidas de Seguridad/economía , Administración Financiera de Hospitales/métodos , Administración Hospitalaria/normas , Humanos , Medidas de Seguridad/organización & administración , Medidas de Seguridad/normasRESUMEN
Natural disasters, new diseases, increased violence, combined with cuts in Medicare and Medicaid funding will be among a host of developments that will challenge healthcare security professionals in the next three decades, according to the authors, and require changes in crime control methods, greater reliance on metrics, and development of innovative practices to survive and flourish.