RESUMO
The Mexican nut or Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) is considered an alternative biodiesel source (2). This species is native to Mexico, but is widely distributed in Latin America, Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. Mexico has 6 million hectares with potential for cultivation of this crop (4). In Tamaulipas, Mexico, several adaptation trials have been conducted since 2008. In 2009, symptoms of Curvularia leaf spot were observed on basal leaves of 1-year-old J. curcas plants of the ecotype 'Yautepec' growing in El Mante, Tamaulipas. Spots with yellow borders originated on the edge of leaves, coalesced, and often resulted in approximately 20% leaf abscission on infected plants. Symptomatic leaves were sectioned into small pieces (0.5 cm) and gently washed with a 3:1 solution of 5% sodium hypochlorite to water and rinsed three times with sterilized distilled water. The leaf pieces were dried for 24 h on sterile filter paper, cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 27°C under continuous light for 7 days. Cultures produced pale brown conidia, relatively fusiform and cylindrical (25.6 ± 2.6 to 14.0 ± 1.6 µm) with a central cell that was slightly curved and larger and darker than the end cells. Conidia were loosely arranged on conidiophores sparsely distributed or in closer verticils (1). On the basis of the morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Curvularia lunata. A fraction of the mycelium grown on solid medium was inoculated into potato dextrose broth and grown for 72 h and DNA extraction was performed. PCR with primers designed for 26S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were used to amplify and sequence 16S rRNA and the D2 region. This analysis resulted in 100% identity of the test isolate to GenBank Accession No. GQ328852.1 and the sequence of our isolate was submitted with Accession No. JF798505.1. Dried specimens were sent to the USA National Collection BPI. Koch's postulates were completed by testing for pathogenicity on 20 70-day-old Jatropha plants grown under greenhouse conditions. A conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia ml-1) was prepared from monosporic cultures and hand sprayed onto test plants. Twenty plants were treated only with sterile water and used as controls. Symptoms appeared 2 weeks after inoculation, and 40 days later, all inoculated plants showed the same symptoms as those recorded in the field. Control plants did not show any disease symptoms. C. lunata was reisolated from 70% of the inoculated leaves. In Mexico, C. lunata was found on leaves of Quercus, Liquidambar, and Ananas, and was reported on cassava (Manihot esculentum), another member of the Euphorbiacea (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. lunata on Jatropha in Mexico. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971. (2) L. N. Lourenco et al. Crop Sci. 47:2228, 2007. (3) W. Msikita et al. Plant Dis. 91:1430, 2007. (4) C. A. Zamarripa et al. Biocombustibles: Perspectivas de producción de biodiesel a partir de Jatropha curcas L., en el trópico de Mexico. INIFAP-SAGARPA-MEXICO, 2009.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Scapular fractures comprise 1% of all fractures and 3 to 5% of the shoulder, they occur in young patients by high energy trauma. Only 10% have surgical indication based on the alteration of the shoulders suspensory complex. The objective is to assess the outcome of patients with surgical indication as well as a review of the literature. CASE REPORT: We present two patients with Bartonicek D fracture of the right scapular body with mediolateral displacement, anteroposterior angular deformity and alteration of the glenopolar angle. Surgery was performed on both cases with conventional and special anatomical plates. Functional assessment and radiographic follow-up of both cases were performed at 6 months, obtaining flexion mobility of 180º/170º in both cases, as well as functional scales DASH 22/25, Constant 90/89 and Simple Shoulder Test 11/11 respectively; with bone consolidation grade III-IV of Montoya. DISCUSSION: Due to the low degree of satisfaction with conservative treatment in patients with high functional demand, and multiple complications consisting in residual pain, impingement and scapular dyskinesia; it is important to perform an adequate reduction and stabilization of the fracture. We recommend surgical management for this type of fractures since they compromise the kinetic chain of the shoulder and impact the functional outcome in the short and medium term.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Las fracturas escapulares comprenden 1% del total de las fracturas en general y de 3 a 5% del hombro, las cuales se presentan por alta energía en pacientes jóvenes. Sólo 10% tiene indicación quirúrgica al tomarse como base la alteración de complejo suspensorio del hombro. El objetivo es valorar el resultado de pacientes con indicación quirúrgica así como una revisión de la literatura. REPORTE DE CASOS: Presentamos dos pacientes con fractura del cuerpo escapular derecho Bartonicek D con desplazamiento mediolateral, deformidad angular anteroposterior y alteración del ángulo glenopolar. Se realizó el manejo quirúrgico con osteosíntesis y placas convencionales y anatómicas. Se realizó valoración funcional y seguimiento radiográfico de ambos casos a los seis meses y se obtuvo arcos de movilidad flexión 180o/170o en ambos casos, así como escalas funcionales DASH 22/25, Constant 90/89 y Simple Shoulder Test 11/11 respectivamente; se obtuvo una consolidación ósea grado III-IV de Montoya. DISCUSIÓN: Se considera importante realizar una adecuada reducción y estabilización del trazo de fractura debido al bajo grado de satisfacción con tratamiento conservador en pacientes con alta demanda funcional, que consiste en dolor residual, pinzamiento y disquinesia escapular. Se recomienda la cirugía para estas fracturas ya que comprometen la cadena cinética del hombro e impactan en el resultado funcional a corto y mediano plazo.