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BACKGROUND: In addition to other stroke-related deficits, the risk of seizures may impact driving ability after stroke. METHODS: We analysed data from a multicentre international cohort, including 4452 adults with acute ischaemic stroke and no prior seizures. We calculated the Chance of Occurrence of Seizure in the next Year (COSY) according to the SeLECT2.0 prognostic model. We considered COSY<20% safe for private and <2% for professional driving, aligning with commonly used cut-offs. RESULTS: Seizure risks in the next year were mainly influenced by the baseline risk-stratified according to the SeLECT2.0 score and, to a lesser extent, by the poststroke seizure-free interval (SFI). Those without acute symptomatic seizures (SeLECT2.0 0-6 points) had low COSY (0.7%-11%) immediately after stroke, not requiring an SFI. In stroke survivors with acute symptomatic seizures (SeLECT2.0 3-13 points), COSY after a 3-month SFI ranged from 2% to 92%, showing substantial interindividual variability. Stroke survivors with acute symptomatic status epilepticus (SeLECT2.0 7-13 points) had the highest risk (14%-92%). CONCLUSIONS: Personalised prognostic models, such as SeLECT2.0, may offer better guidance for poststroke driving decisions than generic SFIs. Our findings provide practical tools, including a smartphone-based or web-based application, to assess seizure risks and determine appropriate SFIs for safe driving.
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Condução de Veículo , AVC Isquêmico , Convulsões , Humanos , Convulsões/etiologia , Convulsões/complicações , AVC Isquêmico/complicações , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Prognóstico , Estudos de Coortes , AdultoRESUMO
AIM: To evaluate the impact of nurse care changes in implementing a blood pressure management protocol on achieving rapid, intensive and sustained blood pressure reduction in acute intracerebral haemorrhage patients. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of prospectively collected data over 6 years. METHODS: Intracerebral haemorrhage patients within 6 h and systolic blood pressure ≥ 150 mmHg followed a rapid (starting treatment at computed tomography suite with a target achievement goal of ≤60 min), intensive (target systolic blood pressure < 140 mmHg) and sustained (maintaining target stability for 24 h) blood pressure management plan. We differentiated six periods: P1, stroke nurse at computed tomography suite (baseline period); P2, antihypertensive titration by stroke nurse; P3, retraining by neurologists; P4, integration of a stroke advanced practice nurse; P5, after COVID-19 impact; and P6, retraining by stroke advanced practice nurse. Outcomes included first-hour target achievement (primary outcome), tomography-to-treatment and treatment-to-target times, first-hour maximum dose of antihypertensive treatment and 6-h and 24-h systolic blood pressure variability. RESULTS: Compared to P1, antihypertensive titration by stroke nurses (P2) reduced treatment-to-target time and increased the rate of first-hour target achievement, retraining of stroke nurses by neurologists (P3) maintained a higher rate of first-hour target achievement and the integration of a stroke advanced practice nurse (P4) reduced both 6-h and 24-h systolic blood pressure variability. However, 6-h systolic blood pressure variability increased from P4 to P5 following the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, compared to P1, retraining of stroke nurses by stroke advanced practice nurse (P6) reduced tomography-to-treatment time and increased the first-hour maximum dose of antihypertensive treatment. CONCLUSION: Changes in nursing care and continuous education can significantly enhance the time metrics and blood pressure outcomes in acute intracerebral haemorrhage patients. REPORTING METHOD: STROBE guidelines. PATIENT AND PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No Patient or Public Contribution.
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Hipertensão , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Humanos , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Pandemias , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Hemorragia Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Thrombolytic recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA) treatment is the only pharmacologic intervention available in the ischemic stroke acute phase. This treatment is associated with an increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhages, known as hemorrhagic transformations (HTs), which worsen the patient's prognosis. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between genetically determined natural hemostatic factors' levels and increased risk of HT after r-tPA treatment. METHODS: Using data from genome-wide association studies on the risk of HT after r-tPA treatment and data on 7 hemostatic factors (factor [F]VII, FVIII, von Willebrand factor [VWF], FXI, fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and tissue plasminogen activator), we performed local and global genetic correlation estimation multitrait analyses and colocalization and 2-sample Mendelian randomization analyses between hemostatic factors and HT. RESULTS: Local correlations identified a genomic region on chromosome 16 with shared covariance: fibrinogen-HT, P = 2.45 × 10-11. Multitrait analysis between fibrinogen-HT revealed 3 loci that simultaneously regulate circulating levels of fibrinogen and risk of HT: rs56026866 (PLXND1), P = 8.80 × 10-10; rs1421067 (CHD9), P = 1.81 × 10-14; and rs34780449, near ROBO1 gene, P = 1.64 × 10-8. Multitrait analysis between VWF-HT showed a novel common association regulating VWF and risk of HT after r-tPA at rs10942300 (ZNF366), P = 1.81 × 10-14. Mendelian randomization analysis did not find significant causal associations, although a nominal association was observed for FXI-HT (inverse-variance weighted estimate [SE], 0.07 [-0.29 to 0.00]; odds ratio, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.75-1.00; raw P = .05). CONCLUSION: We identified 4 shared loci between hemostatic factors and HT after r-tPA treatment, suggesting common regulatory mechanisms between fibrinogen and VWF levels and HT. Further research to determine a possible mediating effect of fibrinogen on HT risk is needed.
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Hemostáticos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Humanos , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tecidual/efeitos adversos , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tecidual/genética , Fator de von Willebrand/análise , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso , Receptores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/genética , Fibrinogênio/análise , Hemostáticos/efeitos adversos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: In addition to clinical factors, blood-based biomarkers can provide useful information on the risk of developing post-stroke epilepsy (PSE). Our aim was to identify serum biomarkers at stroke onset that could contribute to predicting patients at higher risk of PSE. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From a previous study in which 895 acute stroke patients were followed-up, 51 patients developed PSE. We selected 15 patients with PSE and 15 controls without epilepsy. In a biomarker discovery setting, 5 Olink panels of 96 proteins each, were used to determine protein levels. Biomarkers that were down-regulated and overexpressed in PSE patients, and those that showed the strongest interactions with other proteins were validated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in samples from 50 PSE patients and 50 controls. A ROC curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive ability of significant biomarkers to develop PSE. RESULTS: Mean age of the PSE discovery cohort was 68.56 ± 15.1, 40% women and baseline NIHSS 12 [IQR 1-25]. Nine proteins were down-expressed: CASP-8, TNFSF-14, STAMBP, ENRAGE, EDA2R, SIRT2, TGF-alpha, OSM and CLEC1B. VEGFa, CD40 and CCL4 showed greatest interactions with the remaining proteins. In the validation analysis, TNFSF-14 was the single biomarker showing statistically significant downregulated levels in PSE patients (p = 0.006) and it showed a good predictive capability to develop PSE (AUC 0.733, 95% CI 0.601-0.865). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Protein expression in PSE patients differs from that of non-epileptic stroke patients, suggesting the involvement of several different proteins in post-stroke epileptogenesis. TNFSF-14 emerges as a potential biomarker for predicting PSE.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: La pandemia de Covid-19 va a conllevar cambios en la asistencia neurológica, que no se pueden prever fácilmente a largo plazo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: A través de un modelo de informadores clave, se busca el consenso siendo los encuestados, jefes de servicio de Neurología con conocimiento amplio de la situación al haber actuado durante la pandemia, de cómo va a ser la especialidad en un plazo de cinco años. RESULTADOS: Aunque se obtiene un grado de acuerdo bajo entre encuestados, si se describen acuerdos por consenso a nivel mayor (85%) y menor (70%). Los principales acuerdos se refieren al incremento de precauciones, al uso de la telemedicina, al mantenimiento de las consultas telefónicas, a la reducción de asistencia a las consultas evitando que hayan salas de espera con un número alto de personas, al desarrollo de técnicas docentes no presenciales y a la adaptación en el desarrollo de ensayos clínicos en relación a la visita de los monitores. Sin embargo, no se acuerda que haya cambios en la indicación de exploraciones complementarias, ni en la propia exploración neurológica. CONCLUSIÓN: El método de informadores clave ha permitido conocer que cambios se pueden prever tras la pandemia
INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic will give rise to long-term changes in neurological care, which are not easily predictable. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A key informant survey was used to enquire about the changes expected in the specialty over the next 5 years. The survey was completed by heads of neurology departments with broad knowledge of the situation, having been active during the pandemic. RESULTS: Despite a low level of consensus between participants, there was strong (85%) and moderate consensus (70%) about certain subjects, mainly the increase in precautions to be taken, the use of telemedicine and teleconsultations, the reduction of care provided in in-person consultations to avoid the presence of large numbers of people in waiting rooms, the development of remote training solutions, and the changes in monitoring visits during clinical trials. There was consensus that there would be no changes to the indication of complementary testing or neurological examination. CONCLUSION: The key informant survey identified the foreseeable changes in neurological care after the pandemic
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Humanos , Neurologia/tendências , Administração da Prática Médica/tendências , Administração dos Cuidados ao Paciente/tendências , Infecções por Coronavirus , Pneumonia Viral , Betacoronavirus , Pandemias , Conferências de Consenso como AssuntoRESUMO
FUNDAMENTO Y OBJETIVO: Actualizar las guías terapéuticas del Comité ad hoc del Grupo de Estudio de Enfermedades Cerebrovasculares de la SEN en el tratamiento preventivo de ictus isquémico (II) y ataque isquémico transitorio (AIT). MÉTODOS: Revisión de evidencias disponibles sobre la prevención del ictus isquémico y AIT en función del subtipo etiológico. Los niveles de evidencia y grados de recomendación se han basado en la clasificación del Centro de Medicina Basada en la Evidencia. RESULTADOS: En el II de origen aterotrombótico reducen el riesgo de recurrencias el tratamiento antiagregante y los procedimientos revascularizadores en casos seleccionados de estenosis carotidea ipsilateral (70-99%). La prevención de II de origen cardioembólico (fibrilación auricular, valvulopatías, prótesis valvulares y en infarto de miocardio con trombo mural) se basa en el uso de anticoagulantes orales. En el II de origen inhabitual, las terapias preventivas dependerán de la etiología; en la trombosis venosa cerebral la anticoagulación oral es eficaz. CONCLUSIONES: Se concluye con recomendaciones de práctica clínica en prevención de ictus isquémico y AIT adaptadas al subtipo etiológico de II que ha presentado el paciente
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To update the ad hoc Committee of the Cerebrovascular Diseases Study Group of The Spanish Neurological Society guidelines on prevention of ischaemic stroke (IS) and Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA). METHODS: We reviewed the available evidence on ischaemic stroke and TIA prevention according to aetiological subtype. Levels of evidence and recommendation levels are based on the classification of the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. RESULTS: In atherothrombotic IS, antiplatelet therapy and revascularization procedures in selected cases of ipsilateral carotid stenosis (70%-90%) reduce the risk of recurrences. In cardioembolic IS (atrial fibrillation, valvular diseases, prosthetic valves and myocardial infarction with mural thrombus) prevention is based on the use of oral anticoagulants. Preventive therapies for uncommon causes of IS will depend on the aetiology. In the case of cerebral venous thrombosis oral anticoagulation is effective. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude with recommendations for clinical practice in prevention of IS according to the aetiological subtype presented by the patient
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Humanos , Isquemia Encefálica/prevenção & controle , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/prevenção & controle , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/prevenção & controle , Isquemia Encefálica/etiologia , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/classificação , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/etiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/classificação , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologiaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Actualización de la guía para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la hemorragia subaracnoidea de la Sociedad Española de Neurología. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Revisión y análisis de la bibliografía existente. Se establecen recomendaciones en función del nivel de evidencia que ofrecen los estudios revisados. RESULTADOS: La causa más frecuente de hemorragia subaracnoidea espontánea (HSA) es la rotura de un aneurisma cerebral. Su incidencia se sitúa en torno 9 casos por 100.000 habitantes/año y supone un 5% de todos los ictus. La hipertensión arterial y el tabaquismo son sus principales factores de riesgo. Se ha de realizar el tratamiento en centros especializados. Se debe considerar el ingreso en unidades de ictus de aquellos pacientes con HSA y buena situación clínica inicial (grados I y II en la escala de Hunt y Hess). Se recomienda la exclusión precoz de la circulación del aneurisma. El estudio diagnóstico de elección es la tomografía computarizada (TC) craneal sin contraste. Si esta es negativa y persiste la sospecha clínica se aconseja realizar una punción lumbar. Los estudios de elección para identificar la fuente de sangrado son la resonancia magnética (RM) y la angiografía. Los estudios ultrasonográficos son útiles para el diagnóstico y seguimiento del vasoespasmo. Se recomienda el nimodipino para la prevención de la isquemia cerebral diferida. La terapia hipertensiva y el intervencionismo neurovascular pueden plantearse para tratar el vasoespasmo establecido. CONCLUSIONES: La HSA es una enfermedad grave y compleja que debe ser atendida en centros especializados, con suficiente experiencia para abordar el proceso diagnóstico y terapéutico
OBJECTIVE: To update the Spanish Society of Neurology's guidelines for subarachnoid haemorrhage diagnosis and treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review and analysis of the existing literature. Recommendations are given based on the level of evidence for each study reviewed. RESULTS: The most common cause of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is cerebral aneurysm rupture. Its estimated incidence in Spain is 9/100 000 inhabitants/year with a relative frequency of approximately 5% of all strokes. Hypertension and smoking are the main risk factors. Stroke patients require treatment in a specialised centre. Admission to a stroke unit should be considered for SAH patients whose initial clinical condition is good (Grades I or II on the Hunt and Hess scale). We recommend early exclusion of aneurysms from the circulation. The diagnostic study of choice for SAH is brain CT (computed tomography) without contrast. If the test is negative and SAH is still suspected, a lumbar puncture should then be performed. The diagnostic tests recommended in order to determine the source of the haemorrhage are MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and angiography. Doppler ultrasonography studies are very useful for diagnosing and monitoring vasospasm. Nimodipine is recommended for preventing delayed cerebral ischaemia. Blood pressure treatment and neurovascular intervention may be considered in treating refractory vasospasm. CONCLUSIONS: SAH is a severe and complex disease which must be managed in specialised centres by professionals with ample experience in relevant diagnostic and therapeutic processes
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Humanos , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/diagnóstico por imagem , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/terapia , Isquemia Encefálica/complicações , Angiografia Cerebral , Aneurisma Intracraniano/complicações , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Nimodipina/uso terapêutico , Fatores de Risco , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/etiologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Introducción. El ictus es una emergencia médica dependiente del tiempo. La rapidez en su reconocimiento y en la atención que reciben los pacientes es clave en el pronóstico. Objetivos. Analizar los tiempos de actuación médica, evaluar posibles áreas de mejora y estudiar la dotación de recursos de los centros. Pacientes y métodos. Registro prospectivo de pacientes atendidos en ocho unidades de ictus experimentadas españolas con sospecha de ictus y activación del código ictus. Se recogieron los tiempos inicio-puerta, puerta-tomografía computarizada (TC), puerta-aguja, TC-aguja e inicio-aguja. También se recogieron el método de trasporte al hospital, el tipo de ictus y las terapias de reperfusión. En cuanto a la dotación estructural de los centros, se recogieron la ratio de enfermería, la monitorización de camas, la disponibilidad de TC multimodal y resonancia magnética, y la realización de cursos de información o formación. Resultados. Se incluyeron 197 pacientes, de los cuales fueron válidos 181 (151 infartos y 30 hemorragias cerebrales). Las medianas (p25-p75) en minutos fueron: inicio-puerta, 104 (70-188); puerta-TC, 27 (19-41); TC-aguja, 30 (21-43); puertaaguja, 64 (49-83); e inicio-aguja, 156 (129-202). Se aplicaron terapias de reperfusión en 68 pacientes (el 45% de los infartos cerebrales), de los cuales el 81% fueron trombólisis intravenosas; el 7%, tratamientos endovasculares; y el 12%, una combinación de ambos. Los recursos de los centros estuvieron de acuerdo con lo recomendado por las guías clínicas. Hubo un bajo porcentaje de pacientes estudiados con resonancia magnética. Conclusión. El porcentaje de pacientes tratados con trombólisis fue muy elevado y los tiempos de los circuitos intrahospitalarios, aunque buenos, tienen margen de mejora (AU)
Introduction. A stroke is a time-dependent medical emergency. Swiftness in its recognition and in the care received by the patients plays a key role in the prognosis. Aims. To analyse the medical intervention times, to evaluate possible areas where improvements can be made and to examine the allocation of resources in the centres. Patients and methods. The study was based on a prospective register of patients with suspected stroke and stroke code activation treated in eight experienced Spanish stroke units. Onset-to-door, door-to-computed tomography (CT), door-toneedle, CT-to-needle and onset-to-needle times were collected. Information about the means of transport used to get to the hospital, the type of stroke and reperfusion therapies was also collected. With regard to the structural resources of the centres, data were gathered about the nurse-to-patient ratio, bed monitoring, availability of multimodal CT and magnetic resonance, and doing information or training courses. Results. Altogether 197 patients were included, of whom 181 (151 infarctions and 30 brain haemorrhages) were valid. The medians (p25-p75) in minutes were: onset-to-door, 104 (70-188); door-to-CT, 27 (19-41); CT-to-needle, 30 (21-43); doorto-needle, 64 (49-83); and onset-to-needle, 156 (129-202). Reperfusion therapies were applied in 68 patients (45% of the cerebral infarctions), of which 81% were intravenous thrombolyses; 7%, endovascular treatments; and 12%, a combination of the two. The resources available in the centres were in accordance with those recommended by the clinical guidelines. There was a low percentage of patients who were studied by means of magnetic resonance. Conclusion. The percentage of patients treated with thrombolysis was very high and although the times of the in-hospital circuits were good, there is still room for further improvement (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/métodos , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/organização & administração , Infarto Cerebral/diagnóstico , Infarto Cerebral/epidemiologia , Reperfusão/métodos , Reperfusão/tendências , Medicina de Emergência/organização & administração , Medicina de Emergência/normas , Projetos , Terapia Trombolítica/instrumentação , Terapia Trombolítica/métodos , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
No disponible
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Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Hipestesia/tratamento farmacológico , Queixo/lesões , Parestesia , Mieloma Múltiplo/diagnóstico , Mieloma Múltiplo/tratamento farmacológico , Ascite , Progressão da Doença , Nervo Mandibular , Neoplasias Hematológicas , Metástase NeoplásicaRESUMO
La fibrilación auricular es la arritmia más frecuente en la práctica clínica y es uno de los factores de riesgo más importantes para padecer un ictus. Los ictus asociados a la fibrilación auricular son más graves, presentan una mayor mortalidad y discapacidad, y el riesgo de recurrencias es mayor. En consecuencia, la prevención, tanto primaria como secundaria, del ictus asociado a la fibrilación auricular mediante el adecuado tratamiento antitrombótico es claramente esencial y crucial para disminuir este riesgo. La anticoagulación oral crónica supone la piedra angular del tratamiento antitrombótico en el paciente con fibrilación auricular no valvular, especialmente en el paciente que ya ha tenido un ictus. Para este fin, tradicionalmente se han empleado los antagonistas de la vitamina K. Sin embargo, estos fármacos poseen importantes desventajas (estrecha ventana terapéutica, respuesta impredecible, numerosas interacciones con fármacos y alimentos, así como un comienzo y final de acción lentos) que limitan su uso en la práctica clínica. Los nuevos anticoagulantes orales no sólo superan estas desventajas, sino que, además, han demostrado ser, al menos, tan eficaces como la warfarina en la prevención de ictus y embolia sistémica en los pacientes con fibrilación auricular no valvular, y poseer un mejor perfil de seguridad, en particular con una importante disminución del riesgo de hemorragia intracraneal, independientemente de los antecedentes de ictus o ataque isquémico transitorio, lo que hace que sean fármacos de primera línea en el tratamiento de estos pacientes (AU)
Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent arrhythmia seen in clinical practice and is one of the most important risk factors for suffering a stroke. Strokes associated to atrial fibrillation are more severe, present higher mortality and disability rates, and there is a greater risk of recurrence. Consequently, both primary and secondary prevention of stroke associated to atrial fibrillation by means of suitable antithrombotic treatment is clearly essential in order to lower this risk. Chronic oral anticoagulants are the cornerstone of antithrombotic treatment in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation, especially in those who have already had a stroke. Vitamin K antagonists have traditionally been used for this purpose. Yet, these drugs have several important disadvantages (narrow therapeutic window, unpredictable response, numerous interactions with drugs and foods, as well as starting and finishing their action slowly), which limit their use in clinical practice. The new oral anticoagulants not only overcome these disadvantages but also have proved to be at least as effective as warfarin in the prevention of strokes and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Additionally, they have been shown to have a better safety profile, especially with an important drop in the risk of intracranial haemorrhage, regardless of the antecedents of stroke or transient ischaemic attack, which makes them firstchoice drugs in the treatment of these patients (AU)
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Humanos , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/tratamento farmacológico , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Fibrilação Atrial/tratamento farmacológico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Acenocumarol/uso terapêutico , Vitamina K/antagonistas & inibidores , Varfarina/uso terapêutico , Anticoagulantes/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Introducción. Las malformaciones del desarrollo cortical (MDC) son una causa importante de epilepsia, retraso del desarrollo psicomotor o déficits neurológicos. Objetivo. Describir la evolución clínica a largo plazo y las características diferenciales de los distintos grupos de MDC en adultos con epilepsia. Pacientes y métodos. Pacientes mayores de 16 años con MDC confirmada por resonancia magnética y epilepsia. Se analizaron las características de la epilepsia, la presencia de déficits neurológicos, la discapacidad intelectual, los antecedentes de patología perinatal y el electroencefalograma. Los pacientes se clasificaron en tres grupos (G) según la clasificación de Barkovich. Resultados. Se identificaron 85 pacientes con MDC de 2.630 pacientes con epilepsia, y se incluyeron 79 pacientes. Edad media: 37 años, el 57% mujeres. Edad media al inicio de las crisis: 17,8 años. El 59,5% era farmacorresistente. La distribución de los casos según la clasificación de Barkovich fue: G1 (alteraciones de la proliferación neuronal): 59,5%; G2 (alteraciones de la migración): 25,3%; y G3 (alteraciones de la organización cortical): 15,2%. El 19% presentaba un déficit neurológico focal y el 34,2% tenía un cociente intelectual < 80. Al analizar por grupos, el G3 mostraba un mayor porcentaje de déficits neurológicos focales y discapacidad intelectual que el G1 y el G2 (p < 0,05). Conclusión. Los pacientes con MDC del G3 tienen mayor probabilidad de tener déficit neurológico, discapacidad intelectual y mejor control de las crisis que los pacientes del G1 y G2, que se manifiestan, predominantemente, con epilepsia farmacorresistente (AU)
Introduction. Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are an important cause of epilepsy, delayed psychomotor development or neurological deficits. Aim. To report on the long-term clinical course and differential characteristics of several groups of MCD in adults with epilepsy. Patients and methods. Our sample consisted of patients over 16 years of age with MCD confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging, and epilepsy. The characteristics of the epilepsy, presence of neurological deficits, intellectual disability, history of perinatal pathology and electroencephalogram recordings were analysed. The patients were classified into three groups (G) in accordance with the Barkovich classification. Results. A total of 85 patients with MCD were identified from 2630 patients with epilepsy and 79 of them were finally included in the sample. Mean age: 37 years, 57% were females. Mean age at onset of the crises: 17.8 years, and 59.5% were medication resistant. The distribution of the cases according to the Barkovich classification was: G1 (alterations affecting neuronal proliferation): 59.5%; G2 (alterations affecting migration): 25.3%; and G3 (alterations affecting cortical organisation): 15.2%. Focal neurological deficit was observed in 19% and 34.2% had an intelligence quotient < 80. On analysing by groups, G3 was found to display a higher percentage of focal neurological and intelligence quotient deficits than G1 and G2 (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Patients with MCD in G3 are more likely to have neurological deficit, intellectual disability and better control over their crises than patients from G1 and G2, most of whom present refractory epilepsy (AU)
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Humanos , Córtex Cerebral/anormalidades , Malformações do Desenvolvimento Cortical/diagnóstico , Epilepsias Parciais/diagnóstico , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Resistência a Medicamentos , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Introducción. El corea por mutación en el gen TITF1, también denominado corea hereditario benigno, es un trastorno autosómico dominante que suele iniciarse antes de los 5 años. En la mayoría de casos, el corea tiende a mejorar con la edad. Puede asociar hipotiroidismo y problemas respiratorios, como el síndrome de distrés respiratorio alveolar neonatal o la enfermedad pulmonar intersticial, ya que TITF1 es un factor de transcripción esencial para el desarrollo del cerebro, tiroides y pulmón. Casos clínicos. Presentamos el fenotipo clínico de una familia con corea, en la cual dos hermanas presentan hipotiroidismo congénito, y una de ellas, síndrome de distrés respiratorio alveolar. En ambas se identificó una mutación en TITF1 (c.825delC) y se observó mejoría clínica en respuesta al tratamiento con levodopa-carbidopa en dosis bajas. Conclusiones. El corea por mutación de TITF1 es una causa infradiagnosticada de corea en niños. Debido a la posibilidad de realizar diagnóstico genético, creemos indicado realizarlo siempre en casos familiares dominantes, teniendo en cuenta la penetrancia variable, así como en pacientes que presenten afectación concomitante de pulmón o hipotiroidismo. Encasos esporádicos, puede ser recomendable en coreas de causa no filiada, lo que nos permitirá evitar otras pruebas, dar un pronóstico no degenerativo, permitir un consejo genético, y hacer ensayos terapéuticos más dirigidos y eficaces. Por el momento, la levodopa parece el tratamiento sintomático de elección (AU)
Introduction. Chorea due to a mutation in the TITF1 gene, which is also known as benign hereditary chorea, is an autosomal dominant disorder that usually begins before the age of 5 years. In most cases, the chorea tends to improve as the child gets older. It may be associated to hypothyroidism and respiratory problems, such as neonatal alveolar respiratory distress syndrome or interstitial disease, since TITF1 is a transcription factor that is essential for the development of the brain, thyroid gland and lung. Case reports. We report on the clinical phenotype of a family with chorea, in which two sisters presented congenital hypothyroidism and one of them also had alveolar respiratory distress syndrome. A mutation was detected in TITF1 (c.825delC) in both of them and clinical improvement was observed in the response to treatment with low doses of levodopa-carbidopa. Conclusions. Chorea due to mutation of TITF1 is an underdiagnosed cause of chorea in children. Since it is possible to conduct a genetic diagnosis, we believe that performing it is always indicated in dominant familial cases, bearing in mind the variable penetrance, as well as in patients who present concomitant involvement of the lungs or hypothyroidism. Occasionally, it may be recommendable in cases of chorea with an unknown causation, which will enable us to avoid other tests, give a non-degenerative prognosis, offer genetic counselling and carry out more guided and effective therapeutic trials. For the time being, levodopa seems to be the preferred symptomatic treatment (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Coreia/genética , Mutação/genética , Fenótipo , Hipotireoidismo Congênito/genética , Levodopa/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Introducción. La etiología de la epilepsia es un determinante importante del tratamiento y el pronóstico. Los avances diagnósticos y terapéuticos hacen pensar que la distribución causal, el tratamiento y el pronóstico de la población con epilepsia se hayan podido ver modificados. Objetivo. Describir la distribución sindrómica, etiológica y el tratamiento farmacológico en los pacientes con epilepsia. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal de pacientes con epilepsia atendidos de manera consecutiva en la consulta de nuestra unidad de epilepsia. Se recogieron datos demográficos, de síndrome, etiología y tratamiento farmacológico en el momento de la inclusión. Se analizaron los datos de modo conjunto y por grupos de edad. Resultados. Se incluyeron 1.557 pacientes, el 54% varones. El 73% de la muestra tenía una epilepsia focal, que era secundaria a una lesión estructural en el 56%. Las epilepsias generalizadas representaron el 20%. El 5% fue inclasificable. Por edad, la etiología vascular predominaba en prácticamente todos los grupos y su prevalencia aumentaba en relación con la edad. Los fármacos antiepilépticos más utilizados fueron ácido valproico (29%), levetiracetam (27%) y carbamacepina (20%). El 70% de las epilepsias generalizadas y el 57% de las focales seguían tratamiento en monoterapia. Conclusiones. La prevalencia por grupos de edad fue similar a la descrita en países desarrollados aunque se observó una menor prevalencia de epilepsias criptogénicas. Más del 60% de los pacientes seguía monoterapia y el ácido valproico fue el más utilizado (AU)
Introduction. The aetiology of epilepsy is an important decisive factor in its treatment and prognosis. Diagnostic and therapeutic advances suggest that the causal distribution, treatment and prognosis of the population with epilepsy may have undergone some modification. Aim. To describe the distribution of syndromes, aetiology and pharmacological treatment in patients with epilepsy. Patients and methods. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study of patients with epilepsy who were treated consecutively in our epilepsy department. Demographic data were collected, together with information about syndromes, aetiology and pharmacological treatment at the time of eligibility. The data were analysed jointly and by age groups Results. Altogether 1,557 patients were included, 54% of them males. Seventy-three per cent of the sample had focal epilepsy, which was secondary to a structural lesion in 56% of patients. Generalised epilepsies accounted for 20%. Five per cent were unclassifiable. By ages, vascular causation predominated in practically all the groups and its prevalence increased with age. The most commonly used antiepileptic drugs were valproic acid (29%), levetiracetam (27%) and carbamazepine (20%). Seventy per cent of the generalised epilepsies and 57% of the focal ones were on monotherapy treatment. Conclusions. The prevalence by age groups was similar to that reported in developed countries, although a lower prevalence of cryptogenic epilepsies was observed. More than 60% of patients followed monotherapy and valproic acid was the most widely used (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Epilepsia/tratamento farmacológico , Epilepsia/etiologia , Estudos Transversais , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Distribuição por IdadeRESUMO
Introducción y objetivos. Análisis coste-efectividad de dabigatrán para la prevención de ictus y embolia sistémica por fibrilación auricular no valvular en España, según la perspectiva del Sistema Nacional de Salud. Métodos. Adaptación de un modelo de Markov secuencial que simula la historia natural de la enfermedad para una cohorte de 10.000 pacientes con fibrilación auricular no valvular a lo largo de su vida. Los comparadores son warfarina en un primer escenario y el patrón de prescripción habitual (el 60% con antagonistas de la vitamina K, el 30% con ácido acetilsalicílico y el 10% no tratados) en el segundo. Se realizaron análisis de sensibilidad determinístico y probabilístico. Resultados. En ambos escenarios dabigatrán disminuyó los eventos sufridos y consiguió ganancias en cantidad y calidad de vida. La razón coste-efectividad incremental de dabigatrán comparado con warfarina fue de 17.581 euros/año de vida ajustado por calidad ganado y de 14.118 euros/año de vida ajustado por calidad ganado respecto al patrón de prescripción habitual. Se demostró eficiencia en subgrupos. Incorporando los costes sociales al análisis, dabigatrán es una estrategia dominante (más efectiva y de menor coste). El modelo demostró ser robusto. Conclusiones. Desde la perspectiva del Sistema Nacional de Salud, dabigatrán resulta una estrategia eficiente para la prevención de ictus en pacientes con fibrilación auricular no valvular en comparación con warfarina y con el patrón de prescripción habitual; en ambas comparaciones realizadas, los valores de la razón coste-efectividad incremental estuvieron por debajo del umbral de 30.000 euros/año de vida ajustado por calidad. Desde la perspectiva de la sociedad, dabigatrán sería además una estrategia dominante que aporta más efectividad y menores costes que las dos alternativas (AU)
Introduction and objectives. Assessment of the cost-effectiveness of dabigatran for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation in Spain, from the perspective of the National Health System. Methods. Adaptation of a Markov chain model that simulates the natural history of the disease over the lifetime of a cohort of 10 000 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Model comparators were warfarin in a first scenario, and a real world prescribing pattern in a second scenario, in which 60% of the patients were treated with vitamin K antagonists, 30% with acetylsalicylic acid, and 10% received no treatment. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. Results. Dabigatran reduced the occurrence of clinical events in both scenarios, providing gains in quantity and quality of life. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for dabigatran compared to warfarin was 17581 euros/quality-adjusted life year gained and 14118 euros/quality-adjusted life year gained when compared to the real world prescribing pattern. Efficiency in subgroups was demonstrated. When the social costs were incorporated into the analysis, dabigatran was found to be a dominant strategy (ie, more effective and less costly). The model proved to be robust. Conclusions. From the perspective of the Spanish National Health System, dabigatran is an efficient strategy for the prevention of stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation compared to warfarin and to the real-world prescribing pattern; incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were below the 30 000 euros/quality-adjusted life year threshold in both scenarios. Dabigatran would also be a dominant strategy from the societal perspective, providing society with a more effective therapy at a lower cost compared to the other 2 alternatives (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/prevenção & controle , Avaliação de Eficácia-Efetividade de Intervenções , 50303 , Embolia/tratamento farmacológico , Embolia/prevenção & controle , Fibrilação Atrial/prevenção & controle , Qualidade de Vida , Trombina/antagonistas & inibidores , Trombina/uso terapêutico , Fibrilação Atrial/tratamento farmacológico , Fibrilação Atrial/economia , Cadeias de Markov , Tempo de Trombina/tendências , Embolia/economia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/economia , Vitamina K/uso terapêutico , Aspirina/uso terapêutico , Varfarina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Introducción y objetivos. El foramen oval permeable (FOP) es la causa más frecuente de ictus criptogénico en menores de 55 años. La ecocardiografía transesofágica (ETE) ha sido aceptada como la técnica diagnóstica de referencia. El propósito del estudio es comparar la exactitud de la ecocardiografía transtorácica (ETT), la ETE y el Doppler transcraneal (DTC) en el diagnóstico y la cuantificación del FOP. Métodos. Se estudió de forma prospectiva a 134 pacientes. Se practicaron simultáneamente DTC y ETT, y DTC y ETE con moderada sedación, utilizando la inyección de suero salino agitado para detectar cortocircuito derecha-izquierda. Resultados. Se diagnosticó FOP a 93 pacientes. El cortocircuito se visualizó basalmente por DTC en el 69% de los FOP, por ETT en el 74% y por ETE en el 58%. La maniobra de Valsalva aumentó el diagnóstico del cortocircuito de forma similar en las tres técnicas (26-28%). La ETT y el DTC mostraron mayor sensibilidad (el 100 y el 97%; diferencias no significativas) que la ETE en el diagnóstico de FOP (86%; p<0,001). El DTC practicado durante la ETE no diagnosticó 12 (13%) cortocircuitos previamente diagnosticados en el estudio durante la ETT. La severidad del cortocircuito también se subestimó mediante la ETE. Conclusiones. La ETT permite un adecuado diagnóstico y cuantificar la severidad del FOP. La ETE tiene menor sensibilidad y tiende a subestimar la severidad del cortocircuito (AU)
Introduction and objectives: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is the most common cause of cryptogenic stroke n patients younger than 55. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been accepted as the reference diagnostic technique. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), TEE and transcranial Doppler (TCD) in the diagnosis and quantification of patent foramen ovale. Methods: We studied 134 patients prospectively. Simultaneous TTE with TCD and TEE with TCD were performed, using agitated saline solution to detect right to left shunt. Results: In 93 patients diagnosed with PFO, the shunt was visualized at baseline by TCD in 69% of cases, by TTE in 74% and by TEE in 58%. The Valsalva maneuver produced a similar improvement in shunt diagnosis with all 3 techniques (26%-28%). TTE and TCD showed higher sensitivity (100% vs 97%; non significant difference) than TEE in the diagnosis of PFO (86%; P < .001). TCD performed during TEE did not diagnose 12 (13%) shunts previously diagnosed during TTE. Similarly, TEE underestimated shunt severity. Conclusions: TTE enables adequate diagnosis and quantification of PFO. TEE is less sensitive and tends to underestimate the severity of the shunt (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Forame Oval Patente/diagnóstico , Ultrassonografia Doppler Transcraniana/instrumentação , Ultrassonografia Doppler Transcraniana , Ecocardiografia/tendências , Ecocardiografia , Ecocardiografia Transesofagiana , Forame Oval Patente , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Estudos Prospectivos , 28599 , Valor Preditivo dos TestesRESUMO
Introducción. En enero de 2007 se instaló un sistema de telemedicina entre un hospital comarcal carente de neurólogo de guardia y el hospital de referencia, situado a 70 km de distancia, para la atención en la fase aguda del ictus isquémico. Objetivo. Estudiar el impacto de un sistema de telemedicina para la atención urgente de los ictus agudos (teleictus) atendidos en un hospital comarcal y la seguridad en la administración de tratamiento fibrinolítico endovenoso a distancia. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio observacional, prospectivo, de 334 pacientes consecutivos con ictus isquémico agudo atendidos n urgencias de un hospital comarcal entre 2007 y 2010. Resultados. Se realizó teleconsulta en 133 (37,6%) pacientes y 46 de ellos recibieron tratamiento trombolítico en el hospital comarcal. El tiempo medio puerta-aguja fue de 53,4 ± 38,2 minutos. Un 60,9% de los pacientes fue tratado entro de las tres primeras horas desde el inicio de los síntomas, y el 100% dentro de las primeras 4,5 horas. El 71,7% de los pacientes presentó mejoría neurológica a las 24 horas, 4 pacientes (8,7%) tuvieron transformación hemorrágica y en 2 (4,3%) fue sintomática. La frecuencia de evolución favorable (escala de Rankin modificada igual o inferior a 2) a los tres meses fue del 53,6% y la mortalidad del 10,9%. Un total de 39 pacientes (29,3%) se trasladaron al hospital de referencia y 9 pacientes recibieron tratamiento intraarterial. Conclusiones. La administración de tratamiento trombolítico en un hospital comarcal mediante teleictus es segura y eficaz. La telemedicina puede ayudar a la selección de pacientes tributarios de traslado urgente para la realización de procedimientos de rescate intraarterial (AU)
Aim. To study the impact of a telemedicine system for acute stroke care in a community hospital and the security of thrombolytic treatment. Patients and methods. Observational study of acute stroke patients attended in the emergency room in a community hospital between 2007 and 2010. Results. 662 acute stroke patients were attended. 133 tele-consults were done (37.6% ischemic stroke established). 39 patients (29.3%) were transferred to the stroke centre, 5 (12.8%) of them were considered unnecessary. 46 patients received thrombolytic treatment in the community hospital. The average time door-needle was 53.4 ± 38.2 minutes. 60.9% patients were treated during the first three hours since symptoms onset, and 100% in less than 4.5 hours. 9 patients received intra-arterial treatment. 4 patients (8.69%) presented hemorrhagic transformation 2 (4.3%) were symptomatic. 71.7% presented neurological improvement in 24 hours. 53.65% were functionally independent (mRS equal or less than 2) to three months. The mortality was 10.86%. Conclusions. Tele-stroke allows a specialized attention for acute stroke in a community hospital, to administer thrombolytic treatment and could be an indispensable tool for select patient to transfer to the stroke centre for intra-arterial rescue procedures (AU)
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Humanos , Terapia Trombolítica/métodos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapia , Telemedicina/métodos , Tratamento de Emergência/métodosRESUMO
No disponible
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Doença de Moyamoya/diagnóstico , Infarto Cerebral/diagnóstico , Coreia/diagnóstico , Discinesias/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico DiferencialRESUMO
No disponible
No disponible
Assuntos
Humanos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/mortalidade , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Fundamento y objetivo: El riesgo de recurrencia precoz tras un ataque isquémico transitorio (AIT) es elevado. Recientemente se ha descrito una escala clínica (ABCD score) para predecir los pacientes con mayor riesgo de nuevos ictus dentro de los primeros 7 días de seguimiento. Validamos dicha escala en una población de pacientes con AIT atendidos en nuestro centro. Pacientes y método: Estudiamos a 325 pacientes con AIT consecutivos. En todos ellos se cuantificó la escala ABCD, que tiene una puntuación máxima de 6 puntos (edad >= 65 años = 1; hipertensión arterial = 1; síntomas clínicos: paresia unilateral = 2; alteración del lenguaje = 1; duración de los síntomas: >= 60 min = 2; 10-59 min = 1; < 10 min = 0). Además se recogieron datos clínicos, de neuroimagen y de ultrasonografía de troncos supraaórticos y transcraneal. Resultados: Durante la primera semana de seguimiento, 16 (4,9%) pacientes sufrieron un infarto cerebral. Seis de 16 accidentes vasculares cerebrales (37,5%) tuvieron lugar en 115 (35,4%) pacientes con una escala igual o mayor de 5, mientras que el riesgo a los 7 días fue de 4,8% (IC del 95%, 2,04-7,56) en 210 (63,5%) pacientes con un valor inferior a 5. El análisis multivariante (regresión de Cox) identificó únicamente la etiología aterotrombótica como predictor independiente de recurrencia de ictus a los 7 días (razón de riesgos = 5,66; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 2,06-15,57; p = 0,001). Conclusiones: El riesgo de infarto cerebral precoz de los pacientes con un AIT no puede establecerse únicamente con variables clínicas, sino que es necesario un estudio etiológico exhaustivo y precoz que incluya un estudio ultrasonográfico tanto de los troncos supraaórticos como de la circulación intracraneal, para detectar a los pacientes en mayor riesgo de recurrencia e iniciar las medidas terapéuticas más adecuadas
Background and objective: Recently a clinical score (ABCD) to identify individuals at high seven-day risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack (TIA) was proposed. The aim of this study was to test this clinical model. Patients and method: We validated the ABCD score (age >= 65 years = 1; hypertension = 1; unilateral weakness = 2, speech disturbance without weakness = 1, duration of symptoms in minutes >= 60 = 2; 10-59 = 1; < 10 = 0) in 325 consecutive TIA patients. Clinical data, symptoms duration, CT scan, and ultrasonographic (carotid and transcranial) findings were collected. Seven-day risk of stroke was recorded. Results: A total of 16 (4.9%) patients had a stroke recurrence within the first seven days after symptoms onset. Six out of 16 (37.5%) strokes occurred in 115 (35.4%) patients with a score of 5 or greater, while the 7-day risk was 4.8% (95% CI 2.04-7.56) in 210 (63.5%) patients with a score less than 5. In cox proportional hazards multivariate analyses only large-artery occlusive disease remained an independent predictor of stroke recurrence [hazard ratio = 5.66 (95% CI 2.06-15.57; p = 0.001)]. Conclusions: Clinical data are not enough to identify patients at higher risk. The combination of clinical, radiological and vascular information may improve the predictive accuracy of stroke recurrence risk. The routine use of combined carotid/transcranial ultrasound testing performed early will be useful for identifying high risk individuals in order to plan urgent aggressive prevention therapies