Perceptions on the impact of a structured community-based training model in undergraduate medical training during the first phase of clinical exposure: A qualitative study from Kerala.

The new competency-based undergraduate medical curriculum advocates early clinical exposure in medical training for adequate orientation to societal and patient needs. The present study aimed to explore the experiences of medical students about community-based training in rural hospitals during the first phase of clinical exposure. An exploratory qualitative study was conducted among 75 Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery students who underwent the training program as part of their undergraduate medical training using "most significant change" technique. The responses collected were analyzed using the inductive approach of thematic analysis. Majority of the participants opined that the program not only has enabled them to better understand their academic learning but also has provided a social learning experience. The student feedback throws light on the potential of such community-based learning programs to inspire the students to become a more humane version of themselves. This study observed that the remote hospital-based training has positively influenced the students.

Reducing 14-3-3ζ expression influences adipocyte maturity and impairs function.

One of the primary metabolic functions of a mature adipocyte is to supply energy via lipolysis, or the catabolism of stored lipids. Adipose triacylglycerol lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) are critical lipolytic enzymes, and their phosphorylation generates phospho-binding sites for 14-3-3 proteins, a ubiquitously expressed family of molecular scaffolds. Although we previously identified essential roles of the 14-3-3ζ isoform in murine adipogenesis, the presence of 14-3-3 protein binding sites on ATGL and HSL suggests that 14-3-3ζ could also influence mature adipocyte processes like lipolysis. Here we demonstrate that 14-3-3ζ is necessary for lipolysis in male mice and fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, as depletion of 14-3-3ζ significantly impaired glycerol and free fatty acid (FFA) release. Unexpectedly, reducing 14-3-3ζ expression was found to significantly impact adipocyte maturity, as observed by reduced abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ2 protein and expression of mature adipocyte genes and those associated with de novo triglyceride synthesis and lipolysis. The impact of 14-3-3ζ depletion on adipocyte maturity was further examined with untargeted lipidomics, which revealed that reductions in 14-3-3ζ abundance promoted the acquisition of a lipidomic signature that resembled undifferentiated preadipocytes. Collectively, these findings reveal a novel aspect of 14-3-3ζ in adipocytes, as reducing 14-3-3ζ was found to have a negative effect on adipocyte maturity and adipocyte-specific processes like lipolysis.

Can 14-3-3 proteins serve as therapeutic targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases?

Since their initial characterization as abundant brain proteins more than 5 decades ago, a resurgence into understanding the cellular functions of 14-3-3 proteins has emerged. While one of the earliest functions attributed to this eukaryotic scaffold protein family was the activation of enzymes involved in catecholamine and serotonin biosynthesis, 14-3-3 proteins have since been implicated in the regulation of several cellular processes including cell-cycle control, apoptosis, and metabolism. Moreover, increasing lines of evidence demonstrate links between changes in 14-3-3 protein function and the pathogenesis of chronic diseases. As a result, this has raised the question of whether 14-3-3 proteins represent viable targets for pharmacological intervention against diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cancer. In addition to providing an overview of the 14-3-3 protein family, we will discuss their connections to metabolism and metabolic diseases. We will also elaborate on the potential of targeting 14-3-3 proteins, as well as components of their interactomes, for developing novel therapies for treating metabolic diseases, including diabetes and obesity.

Prevalence of osteoarthritis of knee joint among adult population in a rural area of Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu.

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common degenerative disorders among the elderly population; although aging is the most important cause, research has shown that it is a complex disease with many etiologies. It is not an inevitable part of aging but rather the result of a combination of factors, many of which can be modified or prevented. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the burden and determinants of OA knee among the adult population. METHODS: A community-based, cross-sectional study among 1986 adult persons living in a rural area in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, South India, was interviewed and examined from January 2014 to December 2014. Data collection was done by the postgraduates, trained health workers under the supervision of principal investigator. Written and informed consent was obtained before data collection. OA was diagnosed using the criteria laid down by the American College of Rheumatology, and it was validated and tested in the study area. RESULTS:: A total of 1986 adult respondents were interviewed out of which 27.1% had OA of knee. Age more than 50 years, female gender, tobacco usage, illiteracy, lower socioeconomic class, positive family history of OA, diabetes, and hypertension were found to be associated with OA knee (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The burden of osteoarthritis knee was high in this region. Hence, effective preventive strategy has to be taken to minimize this burden.

[Fear of progression in parents of children with cancer: adaptation of the Fear of Progression Questionnaire and correlates]. / Progredienzangst bei Eltern krebskranker Kinder: Adaptation eines Fragebogens und Korrelate.

BACKGROUND: Fear of Progression (FoP), the fear of further disease progression, is one of the most common psychological strains of chronically ill patients and can also be found in healthy partners of cancer patients. Parents of children with cancer are also at risk of developing distinct fears that may persist after medical treatment. This study aimed to assess FoP in parents of children with cancer and to investigate relationships between FoP in parents of children with cancer and disease- and treatment-related issues, the child's current medical condition and parents' quality of life. PATIENTS: In this study 76 parents (51 mothers, 25 fathers) whose children were in inpatient treatment or follow-up care were surveyed. METHOD: The short form of the FoP Questionnaire was adapted by rephrasing the items for the parental perspective (FoP-Q-SF/PR). RESULTS: The FoP-Q-SF/PR is a short questionnaire with adequate psychometric properties (e. g. Cronbach's α=0.90) and satisfying results in terms of construct validity. Significant correlations with FoP are found for the child's current medical condition (r=0.35), time since diagnosis (r=- 0.30), parents' capacity to cope with disease-related fears (r=- 0.45) and parents' quality of life (r=- 0.55). A cut-off value of 46 points is recommended. CONCLUSION: The FoP-Q-SF/PR offers a feasible and sensitive battery to assess disease-related fears. For clinicians, evaluation of individual results can provide insight into specific problem areas for parents of children with cancer. The questionnaire is thus well suited for use in psychosocial care of families within the field of paediatric oncology.

Offspring psychopathology following preconception, prenatal and postnatal maternal bereavement stress.

BACKGROUND: Preconception, prenatal and postnatal maternal stress is associated with increased offspring psychopathology, but findings are inconsistent and need replication. We estimated associations between maternal bereavement stress and offspring autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, suicide attempt and completed suicide. METHOD: Using Swedish registers, we conducted the largest population-based study to date examining associations between stress exposure in 738,144 offspring born 1992-2000 for childhood outcomes and 2,155,221 offspring born 1973-1997 for adult outcomes with follow-up to 2009. Maternal stress was defined as death of a first-degree relative during (a) the 6 months before conception, (b) pregnancy or (c) the first two postnatal years. Cox proportional survival analyses were used to obtain hazard ratios (HRs) in unadjusted and adjusted analyses. RESULTS: Marginal increased risk of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia following preconception bereavement stress was not significant. Third-trimester prenatal stress increased the risk of ASD [adjusted HR (aHR) 1.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15-2.17] and ADHD (aHR 1.31, 95% CI 1.04-1.66). First postnatal year stress increased the risk of offspring suicide attempt (aHR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.25) and completed suicide (aHR 1.51, 95% CI 1.08-2.11). Bereavement stress during the second postnatal year increased the risk of ASD (aHR 1.30, 95% CI 1.09-1.55). CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed regarding associations between preconception stress and psychopathological outcomes. Prenatal bereavement stress increases the risk of offspring ASD and ADHD. Postnatal bereavement stress moderately increases the risk of offspring suicide attempt, completed suicide and ASD. Smaller previous studies may have overestimated associations between early stress and psychopathological outcomes.

1,2,3-triazole and chiral Schiff base hybrids as potential anticancer agents: DFT, molecular docking and ADME studies.

A series of novel 1,2,3-triazole and chiral Schiff base hybrids 2-6 were synthesized by Schiff base condensation reaction from pre-prepared parent component of the hybrids (1,2,3-triazole 1) and series of primary chiral amines and their chemical structure were confirmed using NMR and FTIR spectroscopies, and CHN elemental analysis. Compounds 1-6 were evaluated for their anticancer activity against two cancer PC3 (prostate) and A375 (skin) and MRC-5 (healthy) cell lines by Almar Blue assay method. The compounds exhibited significant cytotoxicity against the tested cancer cell lines. Among the tested compounds 3 and 6 showed very good activity for the inhibition of the cancer cell lines and low toxicity for the healthy cell lines. All the compounds exhibited high binding affinity for Androgen receptor modulators (PDB ID: 5t8e) and Human MIA (PDB ID: 1i1j) inhibitors compared to the reference anticancer drug (cisplatin). Structure activity relationships (SARs) of the tested compounds is in good agreement with DFT and molecular docking studies. The compounds exhibited desirable physicochemical properties for drug likeness.

Dataset on anti-human insulin-degrading enzyme activities of cyclic tetra peptides: Insight from insilico approach.

In this work, the biochemical activities of seven cyclic peptides were investigated using the insilico approach. The materials used in this work were Spartan 14 for quantum chemical analysis, molecular operating environment software for molecular docking and ADMETSAR 2.0 for pharmacokinetic investigation. The calculated features obtained for each compound were explored and it was observed that the molecules used in this research have potential anti-human insulin-degrading enzyme activities. Also, (3S,6S,9S)-9-((R)-1-(benzyloxy)ethyl)-6-methyl-3-(4-methylphenethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-2,5,8,11-tetraone (compound 2) with highest binding affinity (-7.95349026 kcal/mol) possess utmost ability to inhibit human insulin-degrading enzyme (PDB id: 2g56) than other investigated compounds and acarbose (referenced compound). The pharmacokinetic analysis for compound 2 was examined and compared to the predicted report for the referenced compound.

Comparative investigation of derivatives of (E)-N-((E)-3-phenylallylidene)aniline: Synthesis, structural characterization, biological evaluation, density functional theory analysis, and in silico molecular docking.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics poses a significant global challenge for the public sector. Globally, researchers are actively investigating solutions to tackle the issue of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, with Schiff bases standing out as promising contenders in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. This study focused on synthesizing a series of Schiff bases (CA1-CA10) by reacting cinnamaldehyde with various aniline derivatives. Various analytical techniques, such as NMR, FTIR, UV-Vis, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry, were employed to elucidate the structures of the synthesized compounds. Furthermore, crystal structure of CA8 was obtained using single crystal X-ray spectroscopy. The compounds were subjected to in vitro testing to assess their antibacterial and antifungal properties against eleven bacterial strains and four fungal strains. The results revealed diverse activity levels against the pathogens at varying concentrations, with notable potency observed in compounds CA3, CA4, CA9, and CA10, as indicated by their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values. The observed activity of the compounds seemed to be influenced by the specific substituents attached to their molecular structure. By conducting computational and molecular docking studies, the electronic properties of the compounds were investigated, further substantiating their potential as effective antimicrobial agents.

Silencing ANGPTL8 reduces mouse preadipocyte differentiation and insulin signaling.

ANGPTL8, expressed mainly in the liver and adipose tissue, regulates the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) present in the extracellular space and triglyceride (TG) metabolism through its interaction with ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4. Whether intracellular ANGPTL8 can also exert effects in tissues where it is expressed is uncertain. ANGPTL8 expression was low in preadipocytes and much increased during differentiation. To better understand the role of intracellular ANGPTL8 in adipocytes and assess whether it may play a role in adipocyte differentiation, we knocked down its expression in normal mouse subcutaneous preadipocytes. ANGPTL8 knockdown reduced adipocyte differentiation, cellular TG accumulation and also isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis at day 7 of differentiation. RNA-Seq analysis of ANGPTL8 siRNA or control siRNA transfected SC preadipocytes on days 0, 2, 4 and 7 of differentiation showed that ANGPTL8 knockdown impeded the early (day 2) expression of adipogenic and insulin signaling genes, PPARγ, as well as genes related to extracellular matrix and NF-κB signaling. Insulin mediated Akt phosphorylation was reduced at an early stage during adipocyte differentiation. This study based on normal primary cells shows that ANGPTL8 has intracellular actions in addition to effects in the extracellular space, like modulating LPL activity. Preadipocyte ANGPTL8 expression modulates their differentiation possibly via changes in insulin signaling gene expression.

Hearing and speech impairment at age 4 and risk of later non-affective psychosis.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia often becomes manifest in late adolescence and young adulthood but deviations in physical and behavioural development may already be present in childhood. We investigated the relationship between hearing impairment (measured with audiometry) and speech impairment (broadly defined) at age 4 years and adult risk of non-affective psychosis. METHOD: We performed a population-based, case­control study in Sweden with 105 cases of schizophrenia or other non-affective psychoses and 213 controls matched for sex, date and place of birth. Information on hearing and speech impairment at age 4, along with potential confounding factors, was retrieved from Well Baby Clinic (WBC) records. RESULTS: Hearing impairment [odds ratio (OR) 6.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6­23.2] and speech impairment (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.4­4.9) at age 4 were associated with an increased risk of non-affective psychotic illness. These associations were mutually independent and not explained by parental psychiatric history, occupational class or obstetric complications. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that psychosis has a developmental aspect with presentation of antecedent markers early in childhood, long before the disease becomes manifest. Our findings add to the growing evidence that early hearing impairment and speech impairment are risk indicators for later non-affective psychosis and possibly represent aetiological clues and potentially modifiable risk factors. Notably, speech impairment and language impairment are both detectable with inexpensive, easily accessible screening.

Degree of fetal growth restriction associated with schizophrenia risk in a national cohort.

BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence suggests that fetal growth restriction may increase risk of later schizophrenia but this issue has not been addressed directly in previous studies. We examined whether the degree of fetal growth restriction was linearly related to risk of schizophrenia, and also whether maternal pre-eclampsia, associated with both placental dysfunction and poor fetal growth, was related to risk of schizophrenia. METHOD: A population-based cohort of single live births in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN) between 1967 and 1982 was followed to adulthood (n=873 612). The outcome was schizophrenia (n=2207) registered in the National Insurance Scheme (NIS). The degree of growth restriction was assessed by computing sex-specific z scores (standard deviation units) of ' birth weight for gestational age' and ' birth length for gestational age'. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. Maternal pre-eclampsia was recorded in the Medical Birth Registry by midwives or obstetricians using strictly defined criteria. RESULTS: The odds ratio (OR) for schizophrenia increased linearly with decreasing birth weight for gestational age z scores (p value for trend=0.005). Compared with the reference group (z scores 0.01­1.00), the adjusted OR [95% confidence interval (CI)] for the lowest z-score category (

The developmental pattern of Brca1 expression implies a role in differentiation of the breast and other tissues.

We have examined the developmental expression of the murine breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene, Brca1, to investigate its role in the control of cell growth and differentiation. Specifically, we have analysed Brca1 expression during embryonic development, in adult tissues, and during postnatal mammary gland development, particularly in response to ovarian hormones. Our results suggest that Brca1 is expressed in rapidly proliferating cell types undergoing differentiation. In the mammary gland, Brca1 expression is induced during puberty, pregnancy, and following treatment of ovariectomized animals with 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone. These observations imply that Brca1 is involved in the processes of proliferation and differentiation in multiple tissues, notably in the mammary gland in response to ovarian hormones.

Poultry fecal imagery dataset for health status prediction: A case of South-West Nigeria.

Feces is one quick way to determine the health status of the birds and farmers rely on years of experience as well as professionals to identify and diagnose poultry diseases. Most often, farmers lose their flocks as a result of delayed diagnosis or a lack of trustworthy experts. Prevalent diseases affecting poultry birds may be quickly noticed from image of poultry bird's droppings using artificial intelligence based on computer vision and image analysis. This paper provides description of a dataset of both healthy and unhealthy poultry fecal imagery captured from selected poultry farms in south-west of Nigeria using smartphone camera. The dataset was collected at different times of the day to account for variability in light intensity and can be applied in machine learning models development for abnormality detection in poultry farms. The dataset collected is 19,155 images; however, after preprocessing which encompasses cleaning, segmentation and removal of duplicates, the data strength is 14,618 labeled images. Each image is 100 by 100 pixels size in jpeg format. Additionally, computer vision applications like picture segmentation, object detection, and classification can be supported by the dataset. This dataset's creation is intended to aid in the creation of comprehensive tools that will aid farmers and agricultural extension agents in managing poultry farms in an effort to minimize loss and, as a result, optimize profit as well as the sustainability of protein sources.

Enhancing poultry health management through machine learning-based analysis of vocalization signals dataset.

Population expansion and rising consumer demand for nutrient-dense meals have both contributed to an increase in the consumption of animal protein worldwide. A significant portion of the meat and eggs used for human consumption come from the poultry industry. Early diagnosis and warning of infectious illnesses in poultry are crucial for enhancing animal welfare and minimizing losses in the breeding and production systems for poultry. On the other hand, insufficient techniques for early diagnosis as well as infectious disease control in poultry farms occasionally fail to stop declining productivity and even widespread death. Individual physiological, physical, and behavioral symptoms in poultry, such as fever-induced increases in body temperature, abnormal vocalization due to respiratory conditions, and abnormal behavior due to pathogenic infections, frequently represent the health status of the animal. When birds have respiratory problems, they make strange noises like coughing and snoring. The work is geared towards compiling a dataset of chickens that were both healthy and unhealthy. 100 day-old poultry birds were purchased and split into two groups at the experimental site, the poultry research farm at Bowen University. For respiratory illnesses, the first group received treatment, whereas the second group did not. After that, the birds were separated and caged in a monitored environment. To eliminate extraneous sounds and background noise that might affect the analysis, microphones were set a reasonable distance away from the birds. The data was gathered using 24-bit samples at 96 kHz. For 65 days, three times per day (morning, afternoon, and night) of audio data were continually collected. Food and water are constantly provided to the birds during this time. During this time, the birds have constant access to food and water. After 30 days, the untreated group started to sound sick with respiratory issues. This information was also noted as being unhealthy. Chickens' audio signals were recorded, saved in MA4, and afterwards converted to WAV format. This dataset's creation is intended to aid in the design of smart technologies capable of early detection and monitoring of the status of birds in poultry farms in a continuous, noninvasive, and automated way.

30-day morbidity and mortality after transoral robotic surgery for human papillomavirus (HPV) associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A retrospective analysis of two prospective adjuvant de-escalation trials (MC1273 & MC1675).

OBJECTIVE: Dose de-escalation of adjuvant therapy (DART) in patients with HPV(+)OPSCC was investigated in two prospective Phase II and III clinical trials (MC1273 and MC1675). We report the 30-day morbidity and mortality associated with primary TORS resection in patients enrolled in these trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with HPV(+)OPSCC, who underwent TORS resection between 2013 and 2020 were considered in this analysis. The severity of postoperative transoral bleeding was graded using both the Hinni Grade (HG) transoral surgery bleeding scale and the Common Terminology for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5.0. Post-surgical complications within 30 days of surgery, as well as rates of tracheostomy, PEG and nasogastric tube placement. RESULTS: 219 patients were included. A total of 7 (3.2 %) patients had a tracheostomy placed at the time of surgery, and all were decannulated within 26 days (median: 5, range: 2-26). There were 33 (15.1 %) returns to the emergency department (ED) with 10 (4.6 %) patients requiring readmission. Using the HG scale, 10 (4.6 %) patients experienced ≥ Grade 3 bleeding with no Grade 5 or 6 bleeds. In contrast, using the CTCAE scale, 15 patients (6.8 %) experienced ≥ Grade 3 bleeding with no Grade 5 bleeds. There was one post-operative death in a patient withdrawn from the trial, and no deaths related to hemorrhage. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: TORS for HPV(+)OPSCC in carefully selected patients at a high volume center was associated with low morbidity and mortality.

Evaluation in vitro of synthetic curcumins as agents promoting monocytic gene expression related to ß-amyloid clearance.

Accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aß) is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and efficient clearance of Aß by cells of the innate immune system may be an important mechanism for controlling or preventing disease onset. It was reported that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of most AD patients are defective in the phagocytosis of soluble Aß. Natural curcumins were shown to restore Aß phagocytosis by AD PBMCs and to up-regulate the expression of key genes including MGAT3 and those encoding Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDC), a minor component of natural curcumin, was shown to have the greatest potency for stimulating AD PBMCs. Because natural curcumins have inherent limitations with regard to physicochemical properties, synthetic curcumin analogues were developed that showed improved solubility, stability, and bioavailability. An in vitro system using human monocytic cell lines (U-937, THP-1) was used to evaluate analogues for the potency of innate immune cell stimulation. These cell lines showed responses to curcuminoids and to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) resembling those seen in human PBMCs. From more than 45 curcuminoids analyzed, the most potent compounds possessing enhanced pharmaceutical properties were identified. The most promising candidates included prodrug versions containing water solubility-enhancing amino acids and stability-increasing modifications near the central diketone. In vivo studies showed compound (5) substantially increased bioavailability by combining several promising structural modifications. Studies examining ex vivo phagocytosis of Aß and bead particles in mouse microglia showed that BDC and several water-soluble analogues were quite effective compared to curcumin or an unnatural analogue. In vitro studies using monocytic cell lines reported herein complement those using human PBMCs and represent a routinely accessible and uniform cellular resource allowing direct comparisons between compounds.

Curcumins promote monocytic gene expression related to ß-amyloid and superoxide dismutase clearance.

Neurodegenerative diseases are associated with accumulation of modified proteins or peptides including amyloid-ß (Aß) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and misfolded superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Clearance of Aß or SOD-1 by the innate immune system may be important for controlling or preventing disease onset. Curcumins restore Aß phagocytosis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from AD patients and Aß clearance with upregulation of key genes including MGAT3, vitamin D receptor (VDR) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Certain curcumins inhibit inflammatory processes of PBMCs from ALS patients. We developed an in vitro system using human monocytes from patients and monocytic cell lines (i.e. U-937, THP-1) for evaluating curcuminoid potency of innate immune cell stimulation. Bisdemethoxycurcumin and certain analogs potentiated MGAT3,VDR and TLR gene expression 3- to 300-fold in U-937 cells. The effect of curcumins on inflammation in monocytes from patients with ALS was examined. Recursive medicinal chemistry was applied to identify compounds that stimulate the innate immune system for use in the clearance of Aß in AD and the reversal of neuroinflammation and defective SOD-1 accumulation in ALS.

Evaluation of chromogenic agar medium, can it be a suitable alternative to conventional culture system for identification of uropathogens?

Background and Objectives: Urinary tract infections (UTI) account for major proportion of outpatient load and hospital admission globally. In most of the clinical microbiology laboratories MacConkey agar (MAC) and Cystine lactose electrolyte-deficient (CLED) agar are being used for identification of uropathogens. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of HiCromeTM UTI by comparing isolation rate and presumptive identification of uropathogens against CLED and MAC agar. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted over a period of three months on 672 non-duplicate midstream and/or catheter-catch urine samples. All samples were inoculated on to HiCromeTM UTI, CLED agar and MacConkey agar. Results: Among the 672 samples received for culture, 113 (16.8%) showed significant growth. Among the 672 samples, 95 (14.1%) showed growth of a single organism while 18 (2.7%) showed polymicrobial growth. The rate of isolation and presumptive identification of the isolates and polymicrobial growth was found significantly higher on HiCromeTM UTI Agar. Conclusion: HiCromeTM UTI Agar has the potential to streamline processing of samples for urine culture in a way that will reduce the workload for technicians, reduce turnaround time which in turn will benefit the laboratory ultimately leading to better patient care.

Retinal drusen counts are increased in inflammatory bowel disease, and with longer disease duration, more complications and associated IgA glomerulonephritis.

Retinal drusen are deposits of inflammatory proteins that are found in macular degeneration and glomerulonephritis and result, in part, from complement activation. This was a cross-sectional observational study of individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) recruited from a Gastroenterology clinic who underwent non-mydriatic retinal photography. Deidentified images were examined for drusen, and drusen counts and size were compared with matched controls, and examined for clinical associations. The cohort with IBD comprised 19 individuals with ulcerative colitis, 41 with Crohn's disease and three with indeterminate colitis, including 34 males (54%) and an overall median age of 48 (IQR 23) years. Their median IBD duration was 7 (IQR 10) years, median CRP level was 7 (IQR 14) mg/L, and 28 (44%) had complications (fistula, stricture, bowel resection etc.), while 28 with Crohn's disease (68%) had colonic involvement. Drusen counts were higher in IBD than controls (12 ± 34, 3 ± 8 respectively, p = 0.04). Counts ≥ 10 were also more common (14, 22%, and 4, 6%, p = 0.02, OR 4.21, 95%CI 1.30 to 13.63), and associated with longer disease duration (p = 0.01, OR 1.06, 95%CI 1.00 to 1.13), an increased likelihood of complications (p = 0.003, OR 6.90, 95%CI 1.69 to 28.15) and higher CRP levels at recruitment (p = 0.008, OR1.02, 95%CI 1.00 to 1.05). Increased retinal drusen were found in all four individuals with Crohn's disease and IgA glomerulonephritis. IBD and drusen may share pathogenetic mechanisms and underlying risk factors such as complement activation.