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Interpolated climate data have become essential for regional or local climate change impact assessments and the development of climate change adaptation strategies. Here, we contribute an accessible, comprehensive database of interpolated climate data for Europe that includes monthly, annual, decadal, and 30-year normal climate data for the last 119 years (1901 to 2019) as well as multi-model CMIP5 climate change projections for the 21st century. The database also includes variables relevant for ecological research and infrastructure planning, comprising more than 20,000 climate grids that can be queried with a provided ClimateEU software package. In addition, 1 km and 2.5 km resolution gridded data generated by the software are available for download. The quality of ClimateEU estimates was evaluated against weather station data for a representative subset of climate variables. Dynamic environmental lapse rate algorithms employed by the software to generate scale-free climate variables for specific locations lead to improvements of 10 to 50% in accuracy compared to gridded data. We conclude with a discussion of applications and limitations of this database.
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RESUMEN Introducción. La enfermedad de Carrión, causada por Bartonella bacilliformis, es una enfermedad reemergente en el Perú, que se diagnostica convencionalmente mediante el frotis sanguíneo y el cultivo, los cuales son métodos poco sensibles, necesitándose métodos diagnósticos alternativos. Objetivos. Determinar la sensibilidad y especificidad de la contrainmunoelectroforesis (CIEF) utilizando un antígeno sonicado obtenido de una cepa de Bartonella sp., para detectar anticuerpos contra la bacteria comparado con el cultivo como estándar de referencia. Métodos. El antígeno para la prueba se obtuvo por sonicación de un aislado de Bartonella sp., cultivado en un medio bifásico con y sin sangre de carnero. La reactividad del antígeno sonicado fue evaluada por la CIEF empleando 123 sueros de personas, de los cuales 60 fueron de pacientes con diagnóstico clínico y bacteriológico de enfermedad de Carrión, 54 de personas con otras infecciones y 9 de personas sanas. Para la estandarización de la prueba de CIEF se evaluaron el tamaño y la distancia entre los pocillos, así como la concentración del antígeno y los volúmenes de los reactivos usados. Resultados. La concentración óptima del antígeno fue de 0,64 mg/mL, la distancia entre los pocillos de 3 mm, el tamaño de los pocillos de 3 mm y el volumen de los reactivos de 12 μL. La CIEF estandarizada tuvo una sensibilidad de 43,3% y una especificidad de 98,4%. Conclusiones. Los resultados de la CIEF revelan una baja sensibilidad de la prueba, pudiéndose usar como una prueba confirmatoria dada su elevada especificidad, pero no puede ser utilizada como prueba de tamizaje serológico por su escasa sensibilidad.
ABSTRACT Introduction. Carrion's disease, caused by the bacterium Bartonella bacilliformis, is a reemerging disease in Perú, which is conventionally diagnosed by blood smear and culture, which are not very sensitive methods, requiring alternative diagnostic methods. Objectives. To determine the sensitivity and specificity of the counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) using a sonicated antigen obtained from a Bartonella sp. strain, to detect antibodies against the bacteria compared to the culture as reference standard. Methods. The test antigen was obtained by sonication of an isolate of Bartonella sp., grown in a biphasic medium with and without sheep blood. The reactivity of the sonic antigen was evaluated by the CIEP using 123 sera from people, of which 60 were from patients with a clinical and bacteriological diagnosis of Carrion's disease, 54 from people with other infections and 9 from healthy people. For the standardization of the CIEP test, the size and distance between the wells were evaluated, as well as the concentration of the antigen and the volumes of the reagents used. Results. The optimal concentration of the antigen was 0,64 mg/mL, the distance between the 3 mm wells, the size of the 3 mm wells and the volume of the reagents of 12 μL. The standardized CIEP had a sensitivity of 43,3% and a specificity of 98,4%. Conclusions. The results of the CIEP reveal a low sensitivity of the test, being able to be used as a confirmatory test given its high specificity but cannot be used as a serological screening test due to the low sensitivity referred to.