RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Human influenza represents a major public health concern, especially in south-east Asia where the risk of emergence and spread of novel influenza viruses is particularly high. The BaliMEI study aims to conduct a five year active surveillance and characterisation of influenza viruses in Bali using an extensive network of participating healthcare facilities. METHODS: Samples were collected during routine diagnostic treatment in healthcare facilities. In addition to standard clinical and molecular methods for influenza typing, next generation sequencing and subsequent de novo genome assembly were performed to investigate the phylogeny of the collected patient samples. RESULTS: The samples collected are characteristic of the seasonally circulating influenza viruses with indications of phylogenetic links to other samples characterised in neighbouring countries during the same time period. CONCLUSIONS: There were some strong phylogenetic links with sequences from samples collected in geographically proximal regions, with some of the samples from the same time-period resulting to small clusters at the tree-end points. However this work, which is the first of its kind completely performed within Indonesia, supports the view that the circulating seasonal influenza in Bali reflects the strains circulating in geographically neighbouring areas as would be expected to occur within a busy regional transit centre.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Indonésia/epidemiologia , Lactente , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/patogenicidade , Vírus da Influenza A/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A/patogenicidade , Influenza Humana/virologia , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: With 61.4 million smokers in 2018, Indonesia makes a significant contribution to the global number of smokers. The latest data show that smoking is increasingly common in youth.OBJECTIVE: To examine the density of cigarette retailers around formal and informal educational facilities in Indonesia.METHODS: We employed geospatial and quantitative analyses using data on cigarette retailers (from surveys during July-August 2019) and educational facilities in Depok City. Data analyses, in ArcMap 10.6 and Stata v15, compared the density within 100 m and 100-200 m from the facility.RESULTS: We found a 40% higher density of cigarette retailers in areas close to educational facilities. This high density is similar between formal (i.e., primary, junior high, and senior high schools) and informal educational facilities (i.e., early years education centers and mosques). Moreover, compared to the average, the density is higher near primary schools and senior high schools.CONCLUSION: There is a higher density of cigarette retailers around formal and informal educational facilities in Indonesia. This evidence confirms there is a need to regulate cigarette retailers near educational facilities, to enforce the ban on sale to minors and to ban product displays at retailers.